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Behavioral Response of House Fly, Musca Domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) to Natural Products

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Behavioral Response of House Fly, Musca Domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) to Natural Products BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF HOUSE FLY TO NATURAL PRODUCTS BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF HOUSE FLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA L. (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) TO NATURAL PRODUCTS Sorawit Upakut1,2, Kabkaew L Sukontason1, Nophawan Bunchu3, Roberto M Pereira4 and Kom Sukontason1 1Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai; 2School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao; 3Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; 4Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA Abstract. The house fly Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) is a medically important insect worldwide because adults are an annoyance and mechanical car- riers of various pathogens, and the larvae cause myiasis in humans and animals. In order to efficiently control fly populations, information on the most suitable baits to attract adult flies, either for food source or reproductive success of ovi- position, is essential. We investigated the behavioral response of this fly species, using a dual-choice wind tunnel (T-box), to natural products, both of animal and plant origins. Correlation between wind speed and fly response showed that the wind speed set at 0.4 m/s was the optimal speed for T-box testing with this spe- cies. One hundred 5 to 7 day-old adult males or females deprived of food and water for 15 hours were transferred into a clean rearing cage for 5 minutes. Two hundred grams of a natural product (41 in total) were introduced into the cage, and response to the natural product was considered positive when the flies landed and/or stayed on the natural product within 5 minutes of placement in the cage. The natural products that attracted > 50% of flies were used as the candidate odor sources for further study in the T-box experiments. Only 12/41 natural attracted > 50% of the flies in the 5 minutes observation period, with fresh beef viscera be- ing the most attractive for both sexes (≥74%). These 12 natural products were then assessed for their attractiveness in the T-box using a wind speed of 0.4 m/s, and the assay indicated that fresh beef viscera was still the most attractive product to lure flies. Finally, we compared the three most attractive products for house fly (1st - fresh beef viscera, 2nd - ripe banana, 3rd - fresh beef liver) against each other. Fly preferred the fresh beef viscera as the most attractive product in direct com- parison with the other two products. Information on luring and trapping adult house fly can be used in the development of a suitable attractant bait to be used in fly population control programs. Keywords: Musca domestica L., bait, behavioral response, control, house fly Correspondence: Kom Sukontason, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. E-mail: [email protected] Vol 48 No. 3 May 2017 561 SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH INTRODUCTION tration (LC50)] for house fly (wild-strain Chiang Mai) was 1.9-3 μg/l and to delta- The house fly Musca domestica L. methrin 0.0185-0.1251 mg/l (Sukontason (Diptera: Muscidae) is a medically and et al, 2005). A recent study in 2014 with agronomically important insect world- the field colonies suggested that the LC50 wide. Adults are the mechanical carriers level has increased to 26.13-322.58 mg/l for of numerous kinds of pathogens, such permethrin and 86.15-382.56 mg/l for del- as bacteria (eg, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, tamethrin (Sukontason K, unpublished), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi), indicating a large increase in insecticide viruses, fungi, and other parasites (Green- resistance. Non-chemical strategies for berg, 1973; Chaiwong et al, 2014; Phoku control of house fly population are needed et al, 2014), which can cause diseases in for incorporation in IPM programs. humans. The larvae cause myiasis, which In order to implement IPM, regular can be oral (Yadav et al, 2014), pelvic monitoring of the house fly population (Shaunik, 2008), intestinal (Sehgal et al, should be conducted. Bait-trapping is 2002), cutaneous (Burgess and Davies, a useful method, based on its easy ap- 1991), scalp (Ferraz et al, 2010), furun- plication in monitoring fly population cular (Magnarelli and Andreadis, 1981), and its target specificity. For an efficient and umbilical (Ambey and Singh, 2012). trapping, a suitable bait is needed to Myiasis cases have also been reported in lure the target fly species. In Thailand, animals, eg, sheep, goat (Amin et al, 1997) fly surveys indicated that the blow fly, and cat (Gardiner et al, 1983). In agricul- Chrysomya megacephala (F.), and house fly tural settings, adult flies are the prime are of the predominant species associated nuisance pest associated with dairy and with urbanized and/or suburban areas other confined animal facilities (Hinkle (Sucharit et al, 1976; Tumrasvin et al, 1978; and Hickle, 1999). Prompt and rapid con- Ngoen-klan et al, 2011). A recent experi- trol measures are needed to reduce the fly ment conducted with a dual-choice wind population or maintain fly numbers below tunnel (T-box) indicated the most suit- the action threshold, at which pathogen able bait for C. megacephala is a one-day transmission or nuisance to humans and/ tainted pork viscera (Bunchu et al, 2008). or animals occurs (Gerry et al, 2011). For house flies, various kinds of bait have Various strategies should be incorpo- been used to attract the adults, based on rated in an integrated pest management their availability at different locations, (IPM) of house flies, including chemical, eg, raw fish (Kano et al, 1964), putrid fish mechanical and/or biological controls. For (Sucharit et al, 1976), mixture of putrefied short term strategy, applying chemical in- fish intestine and Korean rice liquor (Park secticides is the mandatory management; 1977), decomposed meat (Tumrasvin et al, however, extensive use of insecticides for 1978), salted fish preserved in oil (Nurita house fly control could lead to insecticide et al, 2008), and fresh sheep meat (Akbar- resistance (Cao et al, 2006; Jandowsky zadeh et al, 2012). et al, 2010; Scott et al, 2013). In Thailand, In nature, house flies have been found pyrethroid resistance was detected in on various fresh, dead or tainted animal house fly populations in suburban and ru- and plant materials. It is difficult to deter- ral areas of northern Chiang Mai Province. mine the most attractive material for house In 2005, permethrin [50% lethal concen- flies as a result of these regional variability. 562 Vol 48 No. 3 May 2017 BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF HOUSE FLY TO NATURAL PRODUCTS The present study determined the most ucts: 1) fresh animal materials, 2) fresh appropriate natural product to be used as plant materials, and 3) 1- and 3-day an attractant to adult house fly using a T- tainted animal or plant materials. Fresh box and products of three natural origin, animal materials were pork liver, beef namely, fresh animal materials, fresh plant liver, minced pork, pork viscera (com- materials and 1- and 3-day tainted animal prising stomach, pancreas, and small or plant materials. Such information is im- intestine), beef viscera (same as pork), portant for the development of an effective chicken viscera (comprising liver, kidney, odor/bait house fly trap. small intestine, and large intestine), swine blood (liquid and clotted), walking-catfish meat, marinated crab (Sesarma sp) and Pla MATERIALS AND METHODS ra (fermented several kinds of fish, such Flies as Java barb or freshwater cyprinid fish). M. domestica adults were obtained Plant materials included ripe banana Musa sapientum from a colony maintained at the Depart- ( ), coconut meat, Khao Oryza sativa ment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medi- Hom Mali rice ( ), cooked Khao Oryza sativa cine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, Hom Mali rice, glutinous rice ( glutinosa established from individuals collected var. ), cooked glutinous rice, mo- in Chiang Mai (located at 17-21°N, 98- lasses (dark brown, moist granular sugar), 99°E: 325 m above sea level). Flies were sugar, pickled cabbage, and tapioca flour. reared according to the method previ- To prepare tainted materials, animal or ously described (Sukontason et al, 2004): plant materials were placed in the plastic at 24-28°C, natural light/dark photoperiod bag and kept at 37°C for 1 day and 3 days. and relative humidity of ~70-80%. Adults For each assay, 100 5-7-day old adult were reared on two kinds of food: 1) a male or female flies deprived of food mixture of 10% (w/v) sugar solution and and water for 15 hours (ideal for these multivitamin syrup solution and 2) fresh experiments as determined in preliminary pork liver (used as both a food source and study), were transferred to a clean rearing oviposition site). cage. After 5 minutes of acclimatization, 200 g of a natural product was placed on Evaluation of house fly behavioral response a clean glass plate (15 cm in diameter) to natural products in rearing cage and introduced into the cage. Flies were Natural products (n = 41) with strong considered as responding to the natural odor were purchased from local retailers product when they had landed and/or and either used immediately or kept in a stayed still on the natural product within 5 plastic bag at ambient condition for 1 or 3 minutes of placement in the cage. Only the days to allow natural tainting. The assay responding flies were counted and record- followed the method by Chaudhury et al ed, and each natural product was tested in (2002) with some modifications and were 3 replicates using different groups of flies. conducted in rearing cages (30x30x30 cm) At the end of each trial, the cages were between 12:00 and 03:00 PM at room tem- cleaned by rinsing with hot water and perature (~25-30 °C) and relative humid- fabric sleeves were replaced.
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