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Appendix H: Conceptual Models and Ecological Overview of Pacific Island Network Ecosystems Sonia Stephens and Raychelle Daniel (HPI-CESU), Editors

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Appendix H: Conceptual Models and Ecological Overview of Pacific Island Network Ecosystems Sonia Stephens and Raychelle Daniel (HPI-CESU), Editors National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Pacific Island Network Vital Signs Monitoring Plan Appendix H: Conceptual Models and Ecological Overview of Pacific Island Network Ecosystems Sonia Stephens and Raychelle Daniel (HPI-CESU), Editors Pacific Island Network (PACN) Territory of Guam War in the Pacific National Historical Park (WAPA) Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands American Memorial Park, Saipan (AMME) Territory of American Samoa National Park of American Samoa (NPSA) State of Hawaii USS Arizona Memorial, Oahu (USAR) Kalaupapa National Historical Park, Molokai (KALA) Haleakala National Park, Maui (HALE) Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail, Hawaii (ALKA) Puukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Hawaii (PUHE) Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Hawaii (KAHO) Puuhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park, Hawaii (PUHO) Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii (HAVO) http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/pacn/monitoring/plan/ Suggested citation: Stephens, S. H, and R. G. Daniel (Eds.). 2006. Appendix H: Conceptual models and ecological overview of Pacific Island Network ecosystems In: HaySmith, L., F. L. Klasner, S. H. Stephens, and G. H. Dicus. Pacific Island Network vital signs monitoring plan. Natural Resource Report NPS/PACN/NRR—2006/003 National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. Last revision: 10 September 2006 Organization contact information: National Park Service, Inventory and Monitoring Program, Pacific Island Network, PO Box 52, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718, phone: 808-985-6180, fax: 808-985-6111, http://www.nature.nps.gov/im/units/pacn/index.htm Hawaii-Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, St. John Hall #408, Honolulu, HI 96822-2279 Acknowledgements: This appendix was prepared with assistance from the Hawaii-Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (HPI-CESU), Task Agreement Numbers: J8080040032 and J8080050039. 2 Appendix H: Conceptual Models and Ecological Overview of PACN Ecosystems ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Gail Ackerman (CESU), John Gross (NPS, I&M), Sam Gon (TNC), Bryan Harry (retired NPS), Leslie HaySmith (NPS, PACN), Fritz Klasner (NPS, PACN), and Dwayne Minton (NPS, WAPA) provided helpful reviews of this material. Several Cooperative Park Studies Unit/Hawaii-Pacific Islands CESU facilitators contributed sections to this report, including Gail Ackerman, Kimber DeVerse, Jean Franklin, Kelly Kozar, Grant Kaye, Karl Magnacca, Eric Rutherford, and Karin Schlappa. Conceptual Models: Vital Sign protocol Primary Investigators and CESU facilitators that contributed to the conceptual model section include Gail Ackerman (Frugivorous Bats and Seabirds), Alison Ainsworth (Terrestrial Plants), Rick Camp (USGS, Land birds), Peter Craig (NPS, Fish and Fisheries), Kimber DeVerse (Water Quality), Eva DiDonato (NPS, Water Quality), Page Else (Landscape Dynamics), Heather Fraser (Insectivorous Bats), Leslie HaySmith (NPS, Bats, Terrestrial Plants, Invasive Species), Frank Howarth (Bishop Museum, Caves), Darcy Hu (NPS, Seabirds), Jim Jacobi (USGS, Terrestrial Plants), Tahzay Jones (NPS, Water Quality and Freshwater Animal Communities), Penny Latham (NPS, Invasive Plants), Lloyd Loope (USGS, Invasive Plants), Karl Magnacca (Terrestrial Invertebrates), Dwayne Minton (NPS, Erosion-Deposition), Jeff Perreault (USGS, Groundwater), Karin Schlappa (Climate), and Joan Yoshioka (Invasive Plants). We would also like to thank Peter Vitousek (Stanford University) for assistance with initiating our conceptual model development. We also thank Tim Tunison (NPS, HAVO) for generating the basis of the island model used extensively by the PACN. We would especially like to thank the Northern Colorado Plateau and Southeast Coast I&M Networks for their work on conceptual models from which we borrowed concepts and material extensively (Miller et al. 2003, DeVivo 2005). Symbols for some of the conceptual model diagrams were provided courtesy of the Integration and Application Network (http://ian.umces.edu/). National Park Service 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................2 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................11 Organization of Appendix H ....................................................................................................11 Chapter One: Pacific Island Network EcoSystems...............................................................12 Pacific Island Network Holistic Model .....................................................................................13 Chapter Two: Ecosystem Models...........................................................................................15 Scrub land Ecosystem ............................................................................................................17 Alpine and Subalpine .........................................................................................................................18 Non-Alpine Desert and Lava Field .....................................................................................................19 Scrub land Ecosystem Stressors .......................................................................................................20 Scrub land Ecosystem Model.............................................................................................................20 Forest and Shurbland Ecosystem...........................................................................................21 Rain Forest .........................................................................................................................................22 Cloud Forest.......................................................................................................................................22 Montane Bog and Pond......................................................................................................................23 Hawaiian Mesic Forest .......................................................................................................................24 Marianas Limestone Forest................................................................................................................25 Hawaiian Dry Forest and Grassland ..................................................................................................26 Mariana Islands Savanna ..................................................................................................................27 Forest and Shrubland Ecosystem Stressors......................................................................................28 Forest and Shrubland Ecosystem Model ...........................................................................................31 Subterranean Ecosystem........................................................................................................32 Subterranean Ecosystem Stressors...................................................................................................33 Subterranean Ecosystem Model ........................................................................................................34 Stream Ecosystem..................................................................................................................35 Stream Ecosystem Stressors .............................................................................................................36 Stream Ecosystem Model ..................................................................................................................37 Coastal Ecosystem .................................................................................................................38 Anchialine Pool...................................................................................................................................39 Coastal Marsh ....................................................................................................................................40 Coastal Swamp ..................................................................................................................................40 Fishpond.............................................................................................................................................41 Coastal Strand....................................................................................................................................42 Coastal Ecosystem Stressors ............................................................................................................42 Coastal Ecosystem Model..................................................................................................................44 Nearshore Marine Ecosystem.................................................................................................45 Coral Reef ..........................................................................................................................................45 Fringing Reef......................................................................................................................................46 Barrier Reef and Lagoon ....................................................................................................................47 Seagrass ............................................................................................................................................47
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