DOCSLIB.ORG

Songs of Deviance and Defiance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Songs of Deviance and Defiance SONGS OF DEVIANCE AND DEFIANCE SUBJECTIVITY, EMOTIONS AND AUTHENTICITY IN BHAWAIYA FOLK SONGS OF NORTH BENGAL Nasrin Khandoker PhD Thesis Maynooth University Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Anthropology October 2019 Supervisor: Dr. A. Jamie Saris TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................................................................. 1 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 4 PRELUDE .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Folk Songs in The Margins of The Identities .............................................................................................. 7 The Embodied Emotions of the Marginalised ........................................................................................... 7 Becoming a woman of Bhawaiya .............................................................................................................. 8 Emotional Atmosphere of Folk Songs ....................................................................................................... 8 Management of Folk Songs ...................................................................................................................... 8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH AND RELEVANT LITERATURE ...................................................................................... 9 An Addition to Postcolonial and Subaltern Studies ................................................................................... 9 An Addition to The Transnational Feminist Studies: ............................................................................... 11 An Addition to The Field of Psychological Anthropology ........................................................................ 12 CONCEPTUAL FRAMES OF THE RESEARCH: .............................................................................................................. 14 Subjectivity, Becoming-woman and Assemblage .................................................................................... 14 Emotional Atmosphere ........................................................................................................................... 21 Actors of Authenticity ............................................................................................................................. 21 ‘FIELDS’ AND MY SUBJECTIVITY AS RESEARCHER: ..................................................................................................... 14 METHODS ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 Archival Research .................................................................................................................................... 36 Ethnographic Fieldwork and Bhawaiya ‘Sites’. ....................................................................................... 38 Interviews ................................................................................................................................................ 39 Group Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 40 Textual Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 40 ETHICAL CONCERNS .......................................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER OUTLINE ............................................................................................................................................ 42 CHAPTER 2: IDENTITIES AND BHAWAIYA IN THEIR SUBVERSIVE MARGINS .............................................. 46 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 46 THE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITIES IN THE HISTORICAL TRAJECTORY: .......................................................................... 49 Colonial era ............................................................................................................................................. 49 Post-colonial era ..................................................................................................................................... 66 After 71: West Bengal and Bangladesh .................................................................................................. 71 SUBVERSIVE MARGINS OF THE IDENTITY MARKERS ................................................................................................. 72 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 3: BHAWAIYA IN THE CONTEXT OF FOLK SONG GENRES IN BENGAL ......................................... 46 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 78 FOLK TRADITIONS AND SEXUALITY: ...................................................................................................................... 79 Bhawaiya: Deviant and Worldly Desires of Women ............................................................................... 84 Bhatiali: The Song of The Tides ............................................................................................................... 89 Baul: The Spirit of Bengal ........................................................................................................................ 90 CHALLENGING THE HIERARCHY ............................................................................................................................ 97 RECONSTRUCTING GENRES THROUGH EMBODIED EMOTIONS AND EXPERIENCE: ........................................................... 98 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................. 102 CHAPTER 4: SUBJECTIVITY OF DEVIANT, DEFIANT AND DANGEROUS WOMEN ......................................... 78 PRELUDE: “YOU ARE A DANGEROUS WOMAN!” .................................................................................................... 104 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 105 RE-EXAMINING ‘FEMALE VICTIM MALE WRITER’ IDEA: ............................................................................................ 106 Who made the songs? ........................................................................................................................... 106 Imagined past, imagined subjectivity: .................................................................................................. 114 Who is making the songs now? ............................................................................................................. 116 Collective voices of women ................................................................................................................... 121 Voice in negotiating norms: To be or not to be a ‘dangerous/bad' woman: ........................................ 122 Becoming-woman through performance: ............................................................................................. 131 Intersubjective Negotiations ................................................................................................................. 135 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................. 137 CHAPTER 5: EMOTIONAL ATMOSPHERE IN PERFORMANCES AND PRODUCTIONS ................................. 104 PRELUDE ...................................................................................................................................................... 139 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 141 EXPERIENCING THE EMOTIONAL ATMOSPHERE ...................................................................................................... 142 Music that Hypnotises ........................................................................................................................... 143 shadhusongo and Merging the Individual into Atmosphere ................................................................. 146 The Object of Deviant Emotions ............................................................................................................ 151 Performing in Desperation .................................................................................................................... 153 The Atmospheric Emotions: .................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Catalogue of Bengali Printed Books in the Library
    u *r.4rArjFJr^ i Uh'.'i'',''' LIBRARY uNivdisnv ot ^ SAN DIEGO J CATALOGUE BENGALI PRINTED BOOKS LIBRARY OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. BY J. F. BLUMHARDT, FORMERLY OF THE BESG.U, CITIL SERVICE, TEACHER-CT BEXGALI IX THE UXITERSnT OF CAMBRIDGE ASD AT UXIVER-SITV COLLEGE, LOUDON. PRINTED BY OEDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEm. LONDON: SOLD BY LOXGMAXS & CO., 39, PATERJsOSTER ROTT; B. OTJARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY: A. ASHER & CO., 13, BEDFORD STREET, COVEXT GARDEJf, axd TRUBXER & CO., 57, LUDGATE HILL. 1886. STEPHEN AV6TIM AND SONS, PaiHTEBS, nEETFORD. The present Catalogue has been compiled by Mr. J. F. Blumhardt, formerly of the Bengal Civil Service, who has for several years been employed in cataloguing the works in the North Indian Vernaculars in the Museum Library. It is, perhaps, the first attempt that has been made to arrange Bengali writings under authors' names ; and the principles on which this has been done are fulh stated in the Preface. GEO. BULLEN, Keeper of the Department of Prdited Books. PEEFACE In submitting to the public the present Catalogue of Bengali books contained in the Library of the British Museum the compiler finds it necessary to explain the general principles of cataloguing adopted by him, and the special rules laid down for the treatment of Oriental names of authors and books. He has tried to observe throughout one consistent plan of transliteration, based on intelligible principles of etymology, yet rejecting alike the popular mode of writing names according to their modern pronunciation, and the pedantic system of referring everything back to its original Sanskrit form ; thereby making unnecessary deviations from proper Bengali idiom.
    [Show full text]
  • Poetry and History: Bengali Maṅgal-Kābya and Social Change in Precolonial Bengal David L
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR A Collection of Open Access Books and Books and Monographs Monographs 2008 Poetry and History: Bengali Maṅgal-kābya and Social Change in Precolonial Bengal David L. Curley Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks Part of the Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Curley, David L., "Poetry and History: Bengali Maṅgal-kābya and Social Change in Precolonial Bengal" (2008). A Collection of Open Access Books and Monographs. 5. https://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/5 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Books and Monographs at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in A Collection of Open Access Books and Monographs by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Table of Contents Acknowledgements. 1. A Historian’s Introduction to Reading Mangal-Kabya. 2. Kings and Commerce on an Agrarian Frontier: Kalketu’s Story in Mukunda’s Candimangal. 3. Marriage, Honor, Agency, and Trials by Ordeal: Women’s Gender Roles in Candimangal. 4. ‘Tribute Exchange’ and the Liminality of Foreign Merchants in Mukunda’s Candimangal. 5. ‘Voluntary’ Relationships and Royal Gifts of Pan in Mughal Bengal. 6. Maharaja Krsnacandra, Hinduism and Kingship in the Contact Zone of Bengal. 7. Lost Meanings and New Stories: Candimangal after British Dominance. Index. Acknowledgements This collection of essays was made possible by the wonderful, multidisciplinary education in history and literature which I received at the University of Chicago. It is a pleasure to thank my living teachers, Herman Sinaiko, Ronald B.
    [Show full text]
  • Numbers in Bengali Language
    NUMBERS IN BENGALI LANGUAGE A dissertation submitted to Assam University, Silchar in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Masters of Arts in Department of Linguistics. Roll - 011818 No - 2083100012 Registration No 03-120032252 DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS SCHOOL OF LANGUAGE ASSAM UNIVERSITY SILCHAR 788011, INDIA YEAR OF SUBMISSION : 2020 CONTENTS Title Page no. Certificate 1 Declaration by the candidate 2 Acknowledgement 3 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1.0 A rapid sketch on Assam 4 1.2.0 Etymology of “Assam” 4 Geographical Location 4-5 State symbols 5 Bengali language and scripts 5-6 Religion 6-9 Culture 9 Festival 9 Food havits 10 Dresses and Ornaments 10-12 Music and Instruments 12-14 Chapter 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 15-16 Chapter 3: OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY Objectives 16 Methodology and Sources of Data 16 Chapter 4: NUMBERS 18-20 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 21 BIBLIOGRAPHY 22 CERTIFICATE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES ASSAM UNIVERSITY SILCHAR DATE: 15-05-2020 Certified that the dissertation/project entitled “Numbers in Bengali Language” submitted by Roll - 011818 No - 2083100012 Registration No 03-120032252 of 2018-2019 for Master degree in Linguistics in Assam University, Silchar. It is further certified that the candidate has complied with all the formalities as per the requirements of Assam University . I recommend that the dissertation may be placed before examiners for consideration of award of the degree of this university. 5.10.2020 (Asst. Professor Paramita Purkait) Name & Signature of the Supervisor Department of Linguistics Assam University, Silchar 1 DECLARATION I hereby Roll - 011818 No - 2083100012 Registration No – 03-120032252 hereby declare that the subject matter of the dissertation entitled ‘Numbers in Bengali language’ is the record of the work done by me.
    [Show full text]
  • Title: Women of Agency: the Penned Thoughts of Bengali Muslim
    Title: Women of Agency: The Penned Thoughts of Bengali Muslim Women Writers of 9th 20th the Late 1 and Early Century Submitted by: Irteza Binte-Farid In Fulfillment of the Feminist Studies Honors Program Date: June 3, 2013 introduction: With the prolusion of postcolornal literature and theory arising since the 1 9$Os. unearthing subaltern voices has become an admirable task that many respected scholars have undertaken. Especially in regards to South Asia, there has been a series of meticulouslyresearched and nuanced arguments about the role of the subaltern in contributing to the major annals of history that had previously been unrecorded, greatly enriching the study of the history of colonialism and imperialism in South Asia. 20th The case of Bengali Muslim women in India in the late l91 and early century has also proven to be a topic that has produced a great deal of recent literature. With a history of scholarly 19th texts, unearthing the voices of Hindu Bengali middle-class women of late and early 2O’ century, scholars felt that there was a lack of representation of the voices of Muslim Bengali middle-class women of the same time period. In order to counter the overwhelming invisibility of Muslim Bengali women in academic scholarship, scholars, such as Sonia Nishat Amin, tackled the difficult task of presenting the view of Muslim Bengali women. Not only do these new works fill the void of representing an entire community. they also break the persistent representation of Muslim women as ‘backward,’ within normative historical accounts by giving voice to their own views about education, religion, and society) However, any attempt to make ‘invisible’ histories ‘visible’ falls into a few difficulties.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideology of the Faraizi Movement of Bengal History 2001
    IDEOLOGY OF THE FARAIZI MOVEMENT OF BENGAL ABSTRACT i THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF THE il "^ »L;i. ! HISTORY I i ^ if By » <t MUHAMMAD AHSAN ULLAH Under the Supervision of PROF. ISHTIYAQ AHMAD ZILLI CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2001 ABSTRACT The Faraizi movement of Bengal was the first organized Islamic revivalist movement in British India, it was not merely a religious movement but its activities also extended to socio-economic, political, cultural, dawah, and agrarian spheres. Its genesis could be traced to local factors such as religious^ socio-economic and political conditions prevailing at that time in Bengal. But it was also influenced by the general awakening in the Muslim world and the rise of Islamic revivalist movements during the 19**' century throughout the Muslim world. This movement was launched by Haji Shariatullah (17S1-1840) in the first quarter of nineteen century in British Bengal. The basic aims and objectives of the movement were related to the religious reform and restoration of the true Islamic spirit but gradually its activities were extended to the spheres of Politics, economy and culture as without all round upliftment of the Muslims no real change could be expected to take place. Morover, as Islam does not countenance a division among the various sphere^ of human society, the Faraizis could not have legitimately looked over these aspects. 2- This thesis seeks to put the the Faraizi movement in its correct perspective by working out its ideology in relation to not only religion but other aspects of its activities which covered politics, economy, culture etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Prospectus 2021
    Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira Belur Math, Howrah-711202 A Residential Autonomous College affiliated to University of Calcutta College with Potential for Excellence DST-FIST sponsored College, Funded by DBT- Star College Scheme, NIRF India Ranking 2020 (College Category) – 7th Contents 1. History and Objective 1 2. Units of Ramakrishna Mission Saradapitha 2 3. Courses of Study 3 4. Programme Outcomes (PO) 42 5. Rules of Admission 44 6. Rules for Payment of Dues 45 7. Examination 46 8. Stipends and Scholarships 57 9. Library 57 10. Computer Laboratory & Internet Kiosk 59 11. Smart Classrooms & Language Laboratory 59 12. ‘Swami Vivekananda Research Centre’ (SVRC) 59 13. Internal Quality Assurance Cell 59 14. Placement & Career Counselling Cell 60 15. College and Hostel Dress Code 61 16. Hostel 61 17. Co-curricular Activities 62 18. Anti-ragging Cell 64 19. Discipline 65 20. Vidyamandira Vidyarthi Samsad 67 21. Visits by Guardians 68 22. Health 68 23. Administrative & Faculty Members 68 24. Administrative & Academic Support Staff (College) 81 25. Administrative & Academic Support Staff (Hostel) 86 26. Academic Medals & Prizes 88 27. Donations 105 28. Fees Structure 113 29. Withdrawals 116 30. Daily Routine 121 31. Contact 122 1 1. History and Objective: What is today the Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira, traces its origin to the educational ethos of Swami Vivekananda. True education, according to Swami Vivekananda, must enable a person to manifest all that is best in him by a harmonious development of head, hand, and heart. Such an education would not only combine in it the best elements of Eastern and Western culture but would at the same time hold aloft the Indian ideals of devotion, wisdom and morality so that it might meet the national temperament at every point.
    [Show full text]
  • Madhusudan Dutt and the Dilemma of the Early Bengali Theatre Dhrupadi
    Layered homogeneities: Madhusudan Dutt and the dilemma of the early Bengali theatre Dhrupadi Chattopadhyay Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 5–34 | ISSN 2050-487X | www.southasianist.ed.ac.uk 2016 | The South Asianist 4 (2): 5-34 | pg. 5 Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 5-34 Layered homogeneities: Madhusudan Dutt, and the dilemma of the early Bengali theatre DHRUPADI CHATTOPADHYAY, SNDT University, Mumbai Owing to its colonial tag, Christianity shares an uneasy relationship with literary historiographies of nineteenth-century Bengal: Christianity continues to be treated as a foreign import capable of destabilising the societal matrix. The upper-caste Christian neophytes, often products of the new western education system, took to Christianity to register socio-political dissent. However, given his/her socio-political location, the Christian convert faced a crisis of entitlement: as a convert they faced immediate ostracising from Hindu conservative society, and even as devout western moderns could not partake in the colonizer’s version of selective Christian brotherhood. I argue that Christian convert literature imaginatively uses Hindu mythology as a master-narrative to partake in both these constituencies. This paper turns to the reception aesthetics of an oft forgotten play by Michael Madhusudan Dutt, the father of modern Bengali poetry, to explore the contentious relationship between Christianity and colonial modernity in nineteenth-century Bengal. In particular, Dutt’s deft use of the semantic excess as a result of the overlapping linguistic constituencies of English and Bengali is examined. Further, the paper argues that Dutt consciously situates his text at the crossroads of different receptive constituencies to create what I call ‘layered homogeneities’.
    [Show full text]
  • Download The
    FOLKLORE RESEARCH IN EAST PAKISTAN By A s h r a f S id d iq u i and A . S. M. Z a h u r u l H a q u e Indiana University East Pakistan takes up the eastern part of Bengal, formerly a province of British India. It consists of an area of 55,134 square miles with a population of over fifty-five millions. This land of rivers and green fields has always provided an easy, carefree life for its people, and has moulded their character and folklore accordingly. The abundant folklore of East Pakistan contains a variety of elements, which is partly to be explained by historical forces. From the third century A.D. on, the Mouryas, the Guptas, the Palas, the Senas and the Muslims came one after another to rule the land, and grafted their ways of life and culture traits on the indigenous population. Subsequently Portuguese, French and English ships anchored in the harbors of Bengal, and left not only their merchandise but also their customs. Among these foreign traders, the British became most powerful, and were able to consolidate their authority at the expense of the fading empire of the Mughal rulers. The battle of Plassy in 1757 ended with the defeat of the Nawab of Bengal. This British victory ensured the supremacy of the British East India Company over the entire subcontinent of present-day India and Pakistan for nearly two hundred years. As a result, in the words of 2 A. SIDDIQUI & A. S. M. ZAHURUL HAQUE Toynbee, the civilization has become plural instead of singular.1 The folklore of East Pakistan, therefore, is a mixture of various cultural traditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Secondary Indian Culture and Heritage
    Culture: An Introduction MODULE - I Understanding Culture Notes 1 CULTURE: AN INTRODUCTION he English word ‘Culture’ is derived from the Latin term ‘cult or cultus’ meaning tilling, or cultivating or refining and worship. In sum it means cultivating and refining Ta thing to such an extent that its end product evokes our admiration and respect. This is practically the same as ‘Sanskriti’ of the Sanskrit language. The term ‘Sanskriti’ has been derived from the root ‘Kri (to do) of Sanskrit language. Three words came from this root ‘Kri; prakriti’ (basic matter or condition), ‘Sanskriti’ (refined matter or condition) and ‘vikriti’ (modified or decayed matter or condition) when ‘prakriti’ or a raw material is refined it becomes ‘Sanskriti’ and when broken or damaged it becomes ‘vikriti’. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson you will be able to: understand the concept and meaning of culture; establish the relationship between culture and civilization; Establish the link between culture and heritage; discuss the role and impact of culture in human life. 1.1 CONCEPT OF CULTURE Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the things Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course 1 MODULE - I Culture: An Introduction Understanding Culture that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Body, Subjectivity, and Sociality
    THE BODY, SUBJECTIVITY, AND SOCIALITY: Fakir Lalon Shah and His Followers in Contemporary Bangladesh by Mohammad Golam Nabi Mozumder B.S.S in Sociology, University of Dhaka, 2002 M.A. in Sociology, University of Pittsburgh, 2011 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2017 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences This dissertation was presented by Mohammad Golam Nabi Mozumder It was defended on April 26, 2017 and approved by Lisa D Brush, PhD, Professor, Sociology Joseph S Alter, PhD, Professor, Anthropology Waverly Duck, PhD, Associate Professor, Sociology Mark W D Paterson, PhD, Assistant Professor, Sociology Dissertation Advisor: Mohammed A Bamyeh, PhD, Professor, Sociology ii Copyright © by Mohammad Golam Nabi Mozumder 2017 iii THE BODY, SUBJECTIVITY, AND SOCIALITY: FAKIR LALON SHAH AND HIS FOLLOWERS IN CONTEMPORARY BANGLADESH Mohammad Golam Nabi Mozumder, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2017 I introduce the unorthodox conceptualization of the body maintained by the followers of Fakir Lalon Shah (1774-1890) in contemporary Bangladesh. This study is an exploratory attempt to put the wisdom of the Fakirs in conversation with established social theorists of the body, arguing that the Aristotelian conceptualization of habitus is more useful than Bourdieu’s in explaining the power of bodily practices of the initiates. My ethnographic research with the prominent Fakirs—participant observation, in-depth interview, and textual analysis of Lalon’s songs—shows how the body can be educated not only to defy, resist, or transgress dominant socio-political norms, but also to cultivate an alternative subjectivity and sociality.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh's Political Evolution As a Country Has Its Own Unique And
    Defining the Frontiers of Identity: Balancing Language and Religion in Bangladesh Smruti S Pattanaik The question of identity is a social issue but behind its construction there are potent political forces at work. These forces seek to conceptualize and articulate socio- political grievances of a ‘community’ and convert these grievances into a political tool, which forms the basis of a separate nation state. Therefore, the issue of identity is the most volatile subject in multi-ethnic states. In a multicultural and plural state, the state- hegemonisation and definition of national identity inevitably creates fissiparous tendencies especially when the nature of the state often fails to take diversity into account. In the context of the creation of Pakistan and given the history of partition, the state hegemony in crafting a ‘nation’ was an effort to translate the ideological inspiration behind the state formation. At the same time, the Hindu dominated Congress opposition created a sort of insecurity regarding the viability of the nation-state. Therefore, the state, in its over-zealous attempt to promote and protect an Islamic identity the basis on which the state was founded, played the role of an ultimate arbitrator of the identity question. The problem with such an overarching authority of the state that defined the existence of ‘self’ within the geographical parameter persisted in conceiving a political identity that defined the citizenship and gave him an identity and a sense of belongingness to the territory. In the process, the state advanced “Islam” as the core of the national identity. In this context, Urdu became the defining factor of being a ‘Muslim’ in the new state of Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Why I Became a Hindu
    Why I became a Hindu Parama Karuna Devi published by Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Copyright © 2018 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved Title ID: 8916295 ISBN-13: 978-1724611147 ISBN-10: 1724611143 published by: Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Website: www.jagannathavallabha.com Anyone wishing to submit questions, observations, objections or further information, useful in improving the contents of this book, is welcome to contact the author: E-mail: [email protected] phone: +91 (India) 94373 00906 Please note: direct contact data such as email and phone numbers may change due to events of force majeure, so please keep an eye on the updated information on the website. Table of contents Preface 7 My work 9 My experience 12 Why Hinduism is better 18 Fundamental teachings of Hinduism 21 A definition of Hinduism 29 The problem of castes 31 The importance of Bhakti 34 The need for a Guru 39 Can someone become a Hindu? 43 Historical examples 45 Hinduism in the world 52 Conversions in modern times 56 Individuals who embraced Hindu beliefs 61 Hindu revival 68 Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj 73 Shraddhananda Swami 75 Sarla Bedi 75 Pandurang Shastri Athavale 75 Chattampi Swamikal 76 Narayana Guru 77 Navajyothi Sree Karunakara Guru 78 Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha 79 Ramakrishna Paramahamsa 79 Sarada Devi 80 Golap Ma 81 Rama Tirtha Swami 81 Niranjanananda Swami 81 Vireshwarananda Swami 82 Rudrananda Swami 82 Swahananda Swami 82 Narayanananda Swami 83 Vivekananda Swami and Ramakrishna Math 83 Sister Nivedita
    [Show full text]