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(Poaceae) En El Uruguay: Revisión, Delimitaciones Actuales Y Análisis De Su Distribución Geográfica

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(Poaceae) En El Uruguay: Revisión, Delimitaciones Actuales Y Análisis De Su Distribución Geográfica Programa de Desarrollo en Ciencias Básicas Universidad de la República TESIS DE DOCTORADO Área Biología Subárea Botánica Stipa L. ( s.l .) (Poaceae) en el Uruguay: revisión, delimitaciones actuales y análisis de su distribución geográfica. Ana Celina González Cabezudo ORIENTADORA: Ing. Agr. Primavera Izaguirre de Artucio COORIENTADOR: Dr. Jorge Luiz Waechter Tribunal: Dra. Lina Bettucci Lic. Eduardo Marchesi Dra. Zulma Rúgolo de Agrasar 2011 2 TABLA DE CONTENIDO Pág. Agradecimientos..........................................................................................................6 Lista de figuras.............................................................................................................7 Lista de tablas..............................................................................................................8 Resumen......................................................................................................................9 Abstract......................................................................................................................11 1- INTRODUCCIÓN...................................................................................................13 2- ANTECEDENTES 2.1. La tribu Stipeae.............................................................................................15 2.1.1. Diversidad de la tribu...........................................................................17 2.2. Historia del género Stipa L. (s.l.) en la región...............................................20 2.3. Origen geográfico y distribución de la tribu...................................................21 3- OBJETIVOS DEL ESTUDIO 3.1. Hipótesis de trabajo......................................................................................25 3.2. Objetivos general y específicos....................................................................26 4- MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 4.1. Para la revisión del género...........................................................................27 4.1.1. Descripciones publicadas....................................................................27 4.1.2. Revisión de muestras de herbario.......................................................27 4.1.3. Observaciones auxiliares con plantas vivas........................................33 4.2. Para el estudio de la distribución geográfica................................................35 3 4.2.1. Colectas realizadas en territorio uruguayo...........................................35 4.2.2. Ubicación geográfica de muestras en la región...................................37 5- RESULTADOS 5.1. Análisis de los caracteres de valor taxonómico...........................................38 5.1.1. Morfología del ápice de la lemma........................................................38 5.1.2. Micromorfología de la epidermis de la lemma.....................................39 5.1.3. Recuentos cromosómicos y contenido de DNA...................................44 5.2. Clave del género Stipa L. (s.l.) y descripción de las especies......................45 5.2.1. Clave del género Stipa L. (s.l.) para Uruguay......................................45 5.2.2. Descripciones de las especies presentes en Uruguay........................61 Stipa airoides (p. 62), S. arechavaletae (p. 64), S. caudata (p. 66), S. charruana (p. 70), S. crassiflora (p. 72), S. filiculmis (p. 73), S. filifolia (p.75), S. hyalina (p.77), S. juergensii (p. 79), S. juncoides (p. 81), S. leptocoronata (p. 83), S. longicoronata (p. 85), S. longiglumis (p. 86), S. megapotamia (p. 88), S. melanosperma (p. 91), S. neesiana (p. 93), S. nutans (p.99), S. papposa (p. 101), S. pauciciliata (p. 104), S. philippii (p. 105), S. poeppigiana (p. 107), S. quinqueciliata (p. 110), S. rosengurttii (p. 112), S. spegazzinnii (p. 114), S. subnitida (p. 116), S. tenuiculmis (p. 117), S. torquata (p. 119), S. trichotoma (p. 120) 5.3. Análisis de la distribución geográfica..........................................................122 5.3.1. Caracterización de la colección de Stipa L. (s.l.)...............................122 5.3.2. Distribución de especies en el país....................................................125 5.3.3. Especies uruguayas de Stipa L. (s.l) distribuidas en América del Sur...........................................................................130 5.3.4. Análisis de agrupamientos.................................................................141 6- DISCUSIÓN 6.1. Sobre los resultados: estudio de un género o una tribu.............................145 4 6.1.1. Reordenamiento actual de la tribu.....................................................145 6.1.2. Especies uruguayas, nuevos sinónimos, nuevas citas. ....................151 6.1.3. Amelichloa, Jarava y Nassella en Uruguay........................................156 6.1.4. Los patrones de distribución..............................................................161 6.2. Restricciones metodológicas......................................................................165 6.2.1. Forma de recolección de materiales..................................................165 6.2.2. La elección de caracteres..................................................................165 6.2.3. El uso de los ejemplares tipo como referencia..................................167 6.2.4. Construcción de claves......................................................................168 6.2.5. Limitantes para los estudios geográficos...........................................168 7- CONCLUSIONES................................................................................................169 BIBLIOGRAFÍA........................................................................................................174 ANEXO 1. Materiales consultados..........................................................................189 ANEXO 2. Abreviaturas utilizadas para distribución................................................218 ANEXO 3. Acrónimos de Herbarios que alojan typus citados.................................219 ANEXO 4. Estudio de inflorescencias.....................................................................222 ANEXO 5. Codificación de caracteres....................................................................224 ANEXO 6. Expediciones de colecta.........................................................................227 ANEXO 7. Listado de colectores.............................................................................230 ANEXO 8. Números cromosómicos de especies de Stipa L. (s.l.)..........................231 ANEXO 9. Provincias biogeográficas......................................................................234 ANEXO 10. Epidermis de la lemma en Stipeae.......................................................236 ANEXO 11. Especies de Stipa L. (s.l.) citadas por Rosengurtt para Uruguay.........238 ANEXO 12. Referencias Geológicas.......................................................................239 ANEXO 13. Tabla de especies según sustrato geológico.......................................240 ANEXO 14. Correspondencia sobre autoría de la tribu Stipeae..............................242 5 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi orientadora la Ing. Agr. Primavera Izaguirre por la sugerencia del tema, su experiencia, sus aportes y su constante apoyo. Al Dr. Jorge Luiz Waechter por su buena disposición y sus sugerencias en el análisis biogeográfico. A Gabriela Speroni, Mauricio Bonifacino, Ana Tardáguila, Magdalena Vaio, Pablo Boggiano, Rafael Vidal, Stella Mérola, Inés Espasandín, Beatriz López y Laura Mondos por compartir el trabajo en la recolección de materiales. A la Dra. Cristina Mazzella por su colaboración en el estudio citogenético y sus sugerencias desde la Comisión de seguimiento. Al Lic. Eduardo Marchesi y al Dr. Jorge Bossi por la riqueza de los intercambios académicos. A la Dra. Monica Cadenazzi por su asesoramiento en técnicas estadísticas. Al Dr. Juan Hernández por la discusión de los aspectos geográficos. A los Dres. Robert J. Soreng del National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), James Reveal de la Universidad de Maryland, Ana Anton de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ana M. Cialdella del Instituto Darwinion por ayudarme a clarificar algunos aspectos. A Julio Sburlatti y Gustavo Oliveras por su colaboración en el cuidado de las plantas en invernáculo y a los funcionarios de Biblioteca por su asistencia bibliográfica. Al Departamento de Biología Vegetal y a mis compañeros de cátedra por su estímulo y comprensión en estos años. A la Facultad de Agronomía por el incentivo a la realización de los posgrados y a la CSIC por la beca otorgada. 6 LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURA 1- Ápice de la lemma y arista, en corte transversal....................................................19 FIGURA 2- Distribución de las especies de Stipa L. (s.l.) en América del Sur.........................23 FIGURA 3- Etapas en la obtención de plantas vivas a partir de semillas................................29 FIGURA 4- Antecio de Stipa .L. (s.l.).........................................................................................31 FIGURA 5-Tipos de pálea en Stipa L. (s.l). .............................................................................31 FIGURA 6- Características de la región apical de la lemma....................................................32 FIGURA 7- Carta geológica del Uruguay.................................................................................36 GURA 8- Regiones climáticas del Uruguay.............................................................................37
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