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1 the Arts and Culture Policy This Document Is the National Arts And The Arts and Culture Policy This document is the National Arts and Cultural Heritage Policy of the Republic of The Gambia for the period 2018 - 2027. It is the definitive document on matters of policy orientation and operationalization on the management and use of Arts and Culture in The Gambia. In this Policy, Culture is defined as “set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs”. (Source: UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity adopted in 2001) The Policy is the guiding document on matters pertaining to Arts and Culture and has been developed through rigorous public participation to ensure sustainable management and use of the Arts and Culture of The Gambia for the benefit of her people. It has been developed through intensive and inclusive stakeholder participation, updating the first National Cultural Policy developed in 1988, and the use of a UNESCO funded international Consultant. The process was spearheaded by the National Centre for Arts and Culture (NCAC), under the aegis of the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, as the Government Coordinating Agency for the Management, Promotion and Development of the Arts and Culture Sector. The process involved many stakeholders through consultative meetings, site visits, workshops and the development of needs assessments based on SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. There were subsequent stakeholders’ consultative meetings culminating in a two-day national stakeholders’ validation forum that adopted the draft text of this policy. A select team of stakeholders was set up by the forum to further vet the first draft in line with the decisions adopted. The Policy is formulated to address the management and use of Cultural Heritage resources for the benefit of the country and its people. The Policy is consistent with the Constitution of The Gambia, and other related national legislations dealing with Management and use of Arts and Culture Heritage resources. The process was supported by the Government, UNESCO and other national partners. Finally, as part of the realization of the Policy commitments made herein, the Government of The Gambia through the Ministry responsible for Arts and Culture and the National Centre for Arts and Culture immediately upon approval of this document shall develop a Strategic Plan and Business Plan as may be applicable to start the process of implementation. 1 1.0 HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE GAMBIA 1. 1The Gambia The Gambia is located in West Africa and is surrounded by Senegal on all sides except on the Atlantic Ocean side. The River Gambia divides the country into nearly two equal parts. The Gambia was a British Colony and got its independence in 1965. The Gambia is a country of contrasts, rich and diversified heritage with its territory including parts of the former River States of Niumi; Jokadu, Baddibu, Saloum, Niani, Sandu and Wuli on the North Bank, and Kombo, Foni, Kiang, Jarra, Wuropana, Jimara, Tumana, Fuladu and Kantora on the South Bank. Since its Independence in1965, there has been peace between the multitude of ethnic groups whose ancestors inhabited the North and South Banks of the River and the other areas of Senegambia. In spite of the fact that over 90% of the population are Muslims there is harmony between the various religious groups, the dominant two being Islam and Christianity. Traditional practices are still strong and the country is a signatory to three UNESCO Conventions: The 1972 World Heritage Convention, the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage; and the 2005 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. The country has Heritage listed under the first two conventions. The Gambia also subscribes to The Organization of African Unity (OAU) Cultural Charter for Africa 1976, African Union (AU) Charter for African Cultural Renaissance 2006, the AU Agenda 2063, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. 1.2. People of The Gambia The Gambia has over 10 ethnic groups, Including Mandinka, Fula, Wollof, Jola, Serahuleh, Serer, Aku, Manjago, Bainunka, and Karoninka. These groups live side by side in the village and urban communities. There is intermarriage and other forms of social intermingling among the groups. Each of these groups has unique cultural values and traditions which have given them singular identities. The traditions range from food, housing, ceremonies, festivals, folklore to music, and dance, which have helped to bring about an enviable cultural mosaic. Despite their unique group identities, Gambians continue to live in unity generally. The Mandinka hailed from the mighty Mali Empire that stretched from the South-Western part of Republic of Mali to North-Eastern Guinea, which flourished between the 10th and 13th Century. After the fall of Mali, Kaabu extended its territory over the present day states of Guinea Bissau, Senegal and Guinea Conakry and was a flourishing example of a multi-ethnic polity led by Mandinka rulers. The Wollof settled in the traditional Wollof States of Jollof, Kayor, Baol and Walo. They later extended their cultural and political influences to the River Gambia through their rule over Sine 2 and Saloum. A considerable number of Wollof settled on the North Bank of the River Gambia and in Banjul (then Bathurst) in the 19th Century. The Fula established the Fulladu Empire which covered parts of the present day Guinea Bissau, Senegal and The Gambia. Their growth greatly influenced the course of Senegambian history during the 19th Century, resulting in the decline of Kaabu Empire and associated States, and the foundation of Fulladu. The latter included the former River States of Wuropana, Jimara and Tumana. The Serahuleh originated from the population of the Ghana Empire. They mainly settled in the Upper River Region during the second half of the 19th Century. Their contribution to trade and the spread of Islam in The Gambia is profound. The Serer settled in Sine and Saloum. The Guelewar, the ruling class of the Serer Kingdom of Sine, originated from Kaabu. During the 19th Century, there was a significant movement of Serer into present day Gambia because of the Soninke-Marabout Wars and the expansion of the French controlled colonial territories. The ancestors of the Aku population of The Gambia were Liberated Africans who came to The Gambia after the abolition of the Slave Trade (1807). They were the first people in the Gambia to imbibe western education, and therefore formed the educated elite which ran civil administration in the later years of colonial rule and shortly thereafter. Most of them have European surnames and are Christians. Our ancestral ethnic groups were closely related to the people of the ancient Ghana and Mali Empires, the Kaabu States, the Wollof States and the political units of Sine, Saloum and the Casamance. Gambian history includes the migration of different ethnic groups and their mutual relations, the emergence of religious and philosophical ideas, the adaptation of economic techniques and skills, the formation of social classes based upon professions, and the foundation of the traditional River States as mentioned above. It also includes the spread of Islam and Christianity, the expansion of West African Trade relations, pre-colonial Western contacts, the establishment of British colonial rule, and the developments since Independence. 2.0 CULTURAL HERITAGE TODAY 2.1 Rationale This Policy seeks to harmonize the operations of Heritage management and use, maximize its potential, and promote its sustainable use for The Gambia. Further, it seeks to domesticate the various international Conventions, Charters, Agreements and Agendas including recognition and alignment with the various UN and UNESCO Conventions, Decisions on Sustainable Development Goals and the African Union Agenda 2063 on the role of Heritage in development and human well-being. 3 The Policy is in line with the 1997 Constitution of The Gambia and recognizes Arts and Culture as the foundation of the nation. It seeks to preserve Heritage as a source of national pride and identity, as well as a source of tourist attraction, education and enjoyment for Gambians and for all and sundry; as well as for socio economic growth and development of this nation The Policy integrates the communities in the management and use of Heritage, and sets out guidelines for capacity building for the sustainable management and use of Heritage. 2.2 Situational Analysis The Cultural Heritage of The Gambia is diverse and was accumulated over centuries through interaction between the different ethnic groups that constitute the Gambian nation. This encompasses the tangible and non-tangible Heritages which serve as the basis for developing Cultural Industries for sustainable development. The Tangible Heritage includes the artifacts, historical relics, monuments and sites. The most significant Heritage sites have been inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List while others have been declared National Monuments. However, there are a large number of historical and cultural sites, heirlooms and documents that are in family or community hands and need to be inventoried, classified and made available for general use. The National Museum of The Gambia is currently housed in an old building that was not built for the purpose. There are also no regional museums to portray the ethnography and history of the regions. The provision of a purpose built National Museum as well as regional museums will enhance tourism and sustainable cultural development in general The Intangible Cultural Heritage of The Gambia is manifested in the following notable areas. Oral Traditions and Expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural Heritage Performing arts Social practices, rituals and festive events Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe Traditional craftsmanship. The above have been influenced by the indigenous African Heritage, the Euro-Christian and the Arab-Islamic Heritages.
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