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Tom 49 Numer 2 Rok 2010 Punktacja za publikacjê naukow¹ wg MNiSW: 4.0 Index Copernicus ICV = 9,00 (2009) Od 2009 r. Postêpy Mikrobiologii znajduj¹ siê na listach czasopism Thomson Scientific: Science Citation Index Expanded (ISI) oraz Journal Citation Reports (JCR) / Science Edition http://www.pm.microbiology.pl RADA REDAKCYJNA JACEK BIELECKI (Uniwersytet Warszawski), RYSZARD CHRÓST (Uniwersytet Warszawski), JERZY D£UGOÑSKI (Uniwersytet £ódzki), DANUTA DZIER¯ANOWSKA (Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka), EUGENIA GOSPODAREK (Collegium Medicum UMK w Bydgoszczy), JERZY HREBENDA (Uniwersytet Warszawski), WALERIA HRYNIEWICZ (Narodowy Instytut Leków), MAREK JAKÓBISIAK (Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny), ANDRZEJ PASZEWSKI (Instytut Biochemii i Biofizyki PAN), ANDRZEJ PIEKAROWICZ (Uniwersytet Warszawski), ANTONI RÓ¯ALSKI (Uniwersytet £ódzki), ALEKSANDRA SK£ODOWSKA (Uniwersytet Warszawski), BOHDAN STAROCIAK (Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny), BOGUS£AW SZEWCZYK (Uniwersytet Gdañski), EL¯BIETA TRAFNY (Wojskowy Instytut Higieny i Epidemiologii), STANIS£AWA TYLEWSKA-WIERZBANOWSKA (Pañstwowy Zak³ad Higieny), GRZEGORZ WÊGRZYN (Uniwersytet Gdañski), PIOTR ZIELENKIEWICZ (Uniwersytet Warszawski) REDAKCJA JERZY HREBENDA (redaktor naczelny), JACEK BIELECKI (zastêpca), BOHDAN STAROCIAK (sekretarz), MARTA BRZÓSTKOWSKA (korekta tekstów angielskich) Adresy redakcji Redaktorzy: Instytut Mikrobiologii, Wydzia³ Biologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, tel. (22) 554 13 05/304, fax (22) 554 14 04 e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Sekretarz Zak³ad Mikrobiologii Farmaceutycznej, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny ul. Oczki 3 (parter), 02-007 Warszawa, tel. (22) 628 08 22, (22) 621 13 51 e-mail: [email protected] PUBLIKACJE METODYCZNE I STANDARDY Redaktor odpowiedzialny: STEFANIA GIEDRYS-KALEMBA (Pomorska Akademia Medyczna w Szczecinie) Adres Redaktora dzia³u Publikacje Metodyczne i Standardy Katedra i Zak³ad Mikrobiologii i Immunologii Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej, Al. Powstañców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, tel./fax: (91) 46 616 51, 52, lub fax: (91) 46 616 59, e-mail: [email protected] lub [email protected] Stali recenzenci: JERZY D£UGOÑSKI (Uniwersytet £ódzki), WALERIA HRYNIEWICZ (Narodowy Instytut Leków), JÓZEF KUR (Politechnika Gdañska), EUGENIUSZ MA£AFIEJ (Instytut Centrum Zdrowia Matki Polki), ANNA PRZONDO-MORDARSKA (Akademia Medyczna we Wroc³awiu) ISBN 978 - 83 - 923731 - 3 - 1 Informacja o zdjêciu na ok³adce: Komórki Clostridium taeniosporum*, SEM, autor: Shing-Yi Yang, Alexandra Blinkova i James R. Walker, Uniwersytet Teksañski w Austin, USA * C. taeniosporum wyizolowany przez Krasnikowa w roku 1968, ostatnio opisany przez J.R. Walkera i wsp. w Mol. Microb. 63, 629643 (2007) i w Anaerobe 14, 308324 (2008) Information about the cover picture: Cells of Clostridium taeniosporum*, SEM, author: Shing-Yi Yang, Alexandra Blinkova i James R. Walker, Uniwersytet Texas at Austin, USA * C. taeniosporum, isolated by Krasnikowa in 1968, has been recently described by J.R. Walker and co-workers in Mol. Microb. 63, 629643 (2007) and in Anaerobe 14, 308324 (2008) POLSKIE TOWARZYSTWO MIKROBIOLOGÓW Nak³ad 1150 + 15 egz., Objêtoæ 8 arkuszy wyd., Papier offser 80 g Sk³ad i druk: Zak³ad Wyd. Letter Quality, tel. 22 631 45 18, 607 217 879, e-mail: [email protected]; projekt ok³adki: Jerzy Grzegorkiewicz POST. MIKROBIOL., ZATRUCIE JADEM KIE£BASIANYM 2010, 40, 2, 7585 http://www.pm.microbiology.pl PROBLEM WCI¥¯ AKTUALNY Magdalena Kizerwetter-wida1, Marian Binek1* 1 Zak³ad Bakteriologii i Biologii Molekularnej, Katedra Nauk Przedklinicznych Wydzia³ Medycyny Weterynaryjnej SGGW Wp³ynê³o w listopadzie 2009 r. 1. Wstêp. 2. W³aciwoci Clostridium botulinum. 2.1. Medyczne zastosowanie toksyny botulinowej. 2.2. Clostridium botulinum jako broñ biologiczna. 3. Patogeneza i formy choroby. 3.1. Botulizm pokarmowy. 3.2. Botulizm noworodków. 3.3. Botulizm przyranny. 3.4. Przypadki o nieustalonym ródle. 3.5. Botulizm u zwierz¹t. 4. Diagnozowanie i leczenie. 5. Badania laboratoryjne. 5.1. Zastosowanie metod biologii molekularnej. 6. Wystêpowanie bakterii w naturze, ród³a zatrucia. 7. Podsumowanie Clostridium botulinum toxicosis still a serious problem Abstract: Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, rod-shaped sporeforming bacterium. The neurotoxins produced by C. botulinum are among the most potent toxins known to man. Botulism is a public health emergency. Four distinct forms of botulism may occur, depending on the mode of acquisition of the toxin. The most common form of human botulism is a foodborne disease, with intoxica- tion due to the ingestion of preformed neurotoxin in foods, which is generally related to improperly processed home-made products. Interestingly, there is are increasing number of botulism cases correlated with commercially processed foods. Non-proteolytic strains of C. botulinum (group II) are considered hazardous in modern food processing. The most dangerous methods are: mild pasteuriza- tion, anaerobic packing and chilled storage. In the United States, the most common form is infant botulism, an infection due to C. botulinum spores germination, which produces neurotoxin in the infants gastrointestinal tract. Recently, wound botulism among injecting drug users has also become a problem. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment of botulism are essential to minimize the otherwise great risk of death. The initial diagno- sis may be difficult in individual cases. Epidemiologic investigation is critical to prevent further cases if hazardous food is still available for consumption. Toxin production is usually detected by a mouse bioassay, which usually taces several days. Recently, alternative rapid methods have been developed for diagnosis of botulism. PCR is a sensitive and specific method for the detection of neurotoxin genes, which allow for the detection of dual-toxin producing strains. The presented review focuses on the characterization of Clostridium botulinum, its occurrence and pathogenicity. Recent changes in epidemiology of human botulism are also discussed. 1. Introduction. 2. Properties of Clostridium botulinum. 2.1. Medical application of botulinum toxin. 2.2. Clostridium botulinum as biological weapon. 3. Pathogenesis and forms of disease. 3.1. Foodborne botulism. 3.2. Infant botulism. 3.3. Wound botulism. 3.4. Cases of undetermined origin. 4. Diagnosis and treatment. 5. Laboratory examination. 5.1. Application of molecular biology methods. 6. Occurrence of Clostridium botulinum, sources of intoxication. 7. Summary S³owa kluczowe: botulizm, bezpieczeñstwo ¿ywnoci, Clostridium botulinum Key words: botulism, Clostridium botulinum, food safety 1. Wstêp kowe, ciep³owra¿liwe toksyny (jad kie³basiany), ró¿- ni¹ce siê serologicznie, co sta³o siê podstaw¹ do Botulizm nale¿y do chorób, do których docho- podzia³u produkuj¹cych je szczepów na typy, ozna- dzi w nastêpstwie spo¿ycia ¿ywnoci zanieczyszczo- czone literami A, B, C, D, E, F oraz G. Typy A, B, nej mikroorganizmami produkuj¹cymi egzotoksyny. E oraz w sporadycznych przypadkach typ F powoduj¹ Jest chorob¹ znan¹ od dawna, nazwê nadano jej botulizm u cz³owieka, natomiast typy C i D na ogó³ w 1820 roku od ³aciñskiej nazwy kie³basy botulus, s¹ odpowiedzialne za botulizm u zwierz¹t. Szczepy wi¹zanej historycznie z przyczyn¹ choroby. Sam C. botulinum typu G oraz niechorobotwórcze gatunki mikroorganizm, Clostridium botulinum zosta³ wyizo- C. subterminale oraz C. hastiforme zaliczamy obecnie lowany w 1896 roku przez van Ermengema w Belgii. do gatunku C. argentinense [38]. Czêstoæ wystê- Nale¿y do Gram-dodatnich beztlenowych laseczek powania choroby u ludzi jest niewielka, jednak¿e szeroko rozpowszechnionych w naturze, przede wszyst- miertelnoæ w wyniku zachorowania jest bardzo wy- kim w glebie i osadach dennych zbiorników wodnych soka, je¿eli nie podejmie siê natychmiastowego i w³a- [6, 23]. W trakcie wzrostu bakterie wytwarzaj¹ bia³- ciwego leczenia [6, 23, 31]. * Autor korespondencyjny: Zak³ad Bakteriologii i Biologii Molekularnej, Katedra Nauk Przedklinicznych, Wydzia³ Medycyny Weterynaryjnej SGGW, ul. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warszawa, tel.: (+48) 22 593 60 28; e-mail: [email protected] 76 MAGDALENA KIZERWETTER-WIDA, MARIAN BINEK 2. W³aciwoci Clostridium botulinum Clostridium na C. argentinense [38]. W sporadycznych przypadkach zachorowania u noworodków i osób do- Clostridium botulinum s¹ Gram-dodatnimi bakte- ros³ych mog¹ byæ wywo³ywane przez gatunki klostri- riami beztlenowymi, wytwarzaj¹cymi przetrwalniki. diów inne ni¿ C. botulinum, zdolne do wytwarzania Cech¹ fenotypow¹ rozstrzygaj¹c¹ o przynale¿noci do toksyny botulinowej, takie jak neurotoksyczne szczepy gatunku jest zdolnoæ do wytwarzania neurotoksyny C. butyricum oraz C. baratii [6, 23]. Wybrane dane botulinowej (BoNT). W preparatach z hodowli C. bo- charakteryzuj¹ce C. botulinum zaliczone do grupy I i II tulinum ma postaæ wysmuk³ych laseczek, z których przedstawiono w tabeli I. Klostridia zaliczane do grup czêæ wykazuje subterminalne, rzadziej terminalne I oraz II charakteryzuj¹ siê ró¿n¹ opornoci¹ spor na u³o¿enie spor. Przypomina to obraz pêdu czosnku lub dzia³anie wysokiej temperatury. Szczepy proteolitycz- ma³ej ³y¿eczki. Na pod³o¿u sta³ym z krwi¹ bakterie ne zaliczane do grupy drugiej s¹ bardziej wra¿liwe na tworz¹ kolonie nieznacznie wypuk³e, o nierównym dzia³anie wysokiej temperatury i niektóre z nich nie brzegu, niekiedy p³askie i szorstkie, zazwyczaj otoczo- prze¿ywaj¹ ogrzewania w 80°C [6, 9, 22, 30]. ne stref¹ hemolizy. Zale¿nie od urzêsienia komórek Badania z zastosowaniem technik biologii moleku- i intensywnoci
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