Some Metazoan Parasites from Marine Mammals Stranded in California1
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Some Metazoan Parasites from Marine Mammals Stranded in California1 Marlene M. Colón-Llavina,2,8 Simonetta Mattiucci,3 Giuseppe Nascetti,4 James T. Harvey,5 Ernest H. Williams Jr.,2 and Antonio A. Mignucci-Giannoni6,7,8,9 Abstract: We used morphological and genetic identification to document metazoan parasites of cetaceans and pinnipeds from 28 carcasses salvaged in California between 1974 and 2002, including whales, dolphins, porpoises, sea lions, and seals. Nematodes found included Anisakis simplex (s.l.), A. simplex (s.s.), Pseudoterranova decipiens (s.l.), Pseudoterranova sp., Contracaecum ogmorhini (s.l.), Contracaecum sp., Stenurus cf. minor, Pharurus cf. dalli, and Otostrongylus circumlitus. Cestodes found included Phyllobothrium delphini and Tetrabothrius sp. The acanthocephalan Bolbosoma capitatum, and the arthropod Halarachne miroungae, also were documented. Tetrabothrius sp. in the pygmy beaked whale (Mesoplodon peruvianus) and P. delphini in the Eastern North Pacific long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis bairdii) constitute two new host records. Keywords: parasitology, helminths, cetaceans, pinnipeds, California METAZOAN PARASITES INFESTING marine worms), amphipods, hexapods, and acari. mammals, such as whales, dolphins, seals, These parasites serve as markers of contem- and sea lions, include digeneans (flukes), porary and historical ecological relationships. cestodes (tapeworms), nematodes (round- In addition, they provide useful information worms), acanthocephalans (spiny headed on host ecology, biogeography, and phylogeny (Gardner and Campbell 1992, Brooks and McLennan 1993, Hoberg 1996, 1997, Aznar et al. 2001). Nevertheless, parasitolo- 1 Manuscript accepted 12 July 2019. 2Department of Marine Sciences, University of gical studies on marine mammals tend to be Puerto Rico, PO Box 9013, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA. opportunistic, a by-product of pathology 3Department of Public Health Science, Parasitology assessment of protected species of marine Section, University of Rome La Sapienza, P. le Aldo mammals (Raga et al. 1997). When con- Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy. 4Department of Ecology and Sustainable Economic ducted, these studies have documented para- Development, Tuscia University, Via S. Giovanni sitic biodiversity in different geographical Decollato, 1, 01100, Viterbo, Italy. localities as well as tests of correspondence 5Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss between parasite distributions in the zoogeo- Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9647, USA. graphic distributions of their respective hosts. 6Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 361615, San In California, studies concerning marine Juan, PR 00936, USA. mammal parasites were mostly published prior 7Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross to 1990. A considerable number of compre- University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, hensive studies were reported for cetaceans Basseterre, St. Kitts., Saint Kitts and Nevis. 8These authors share first authorship. from the area by Murray Dailey and colleagues, 9Corresponding author (e-mail: mignucci@manatipr. including Dailey (1969, 1970, 1971, 1975, org). 1978, 1985), Dailey and Hill (1970), Schmidt and Dailey (1971), Dailey and Brownell (1972), Margolis and Dailey (1972), Dailey and Perrin Pacific Science (2019), vol. 73, no. 4:1–13 doi:10.2984/73.4.3 (1973), Dailey and Ridgway (1976), Dailey and © 2019 by University of Hawai‘i Press. Walker (1978), and Dailey and Nutting (1979). All rights reserved. Sea lion acanthocephalans were studied by 1 2 PACIFIC SCIENCE • October 2019 Lincicome (1943) and Van Cleave (1953). the parasites was found in the host. Ectopar- However, subsequent to the 1990s, only asites were not collected or were not present Dailey (2001), and Dailey et al. (2000, on the carcasses. 2002) reported finding endoparasites of Helminths were identified morphologi- marine mammals from the area, and nema- cally with a phase-contrast or dissection todes and acanthocephalan affecting Califor- stereomicroscope for external features and nia sea lions (Zalophus californianus) were with a compound-light microscope for mor- documented by Lyons et al. (1997, 2000a, phologic characters. For nematodes, we 2000b, 2011, 2016), Spraker et al. (2004), examined their cephalic and caudal end (i.e., Kelly et al. (2005), Kuzmina and Kuzmin spicules, postanal papillae, preanal papillae), (2015), and Lisitsyna et al. (2018). A postanal tail with typical mucron (for larvae comprehensive review of California sea lion identification), esophagus, lips, and body, at metazoan parasites was carried out by the level of intestinal ventricular junction, by Kuzmina et al. (2018). We document the mounting the helminth in lactophenol and metazoan parasites of stranded cetaceans and comparing them to descriptions given in keys pinnipeds from California between 1974 and of Yamaguti (1959–1963), Anderson et al. 2002, using morphological and genetic (1974–1982), and Mattiucci et al. (2005, 2014, identification. 2018). In addition, we used keys of Schmidt (1986) for cestodes. A few specimens, among those collected MATERIALS AND METHODS from the Eastern Pacific harbor porpoise and Parasites were collected from 28 dead the Eastern North Pacific long-beaked com- cetaceans and pinnipeds salvaged in California mon dolphin, belonging to the genus Anisakis between 1974 and 2002. Marine mammals were identified genetically based on the examined included the false killer whale sequence analysis of the mtDNA cox2 gene (Pseudorca crassidens), Pygmy beaked whale locus. Total DNA was extracted from 2 mg of ® (Mesoplodon peruvianus), Cuvier’s beaked whale individual nematode tissue, using the Wizard (Ziphius cavirostris), Eastern North Pacific Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus Madison, WI). Total DNAs from some speci- delphis bairdii), Eastern Pacific harbor por- mens fixed in ethanol was extracted using poise (Phocoena phocoena vomerina), California cetyltriethylammonium bromide as described sea lion, and Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina by Yang et al. (1997). The mt DNA cox2 gene richardii). Personnel from Moss Landing from those specimens of Anisakis was ampli- Marine Laboratories examined dead marine fied using the primers 210 50CACCAACTC mammals during necropsy for metazoan TTAAAATTATC and 211 50TTTTCT endo- and ectoparasites including the entire AGTTATATAGATTGRTTYAT from gastro-intestinal tract, major organ systems, Nadler and Hudspeth (2000) and Nadler blubber and ear canals. Skin and teeth were et al. (2005) spanning mtDNA nucleotide examined for ectoparasites such as crustaceans position 10639–11248 as defined in Ascaris and commensals. The collection of specimens suum (Accession #X54253). PCR amplifica- was representative and did not attempt to tion was carried out according to Mattiucci et collect all or ascertain parasite densities. Most al. (2014). The PCR product was purified of the parasites were initially fixed in the field using PEG precipitation, and automated in 10% formalin, and later stored in glass vials DNA sequencing was performed by Macro- with 70% ethanol. Only very few specimens gen (Seoul, Korea) using primers 210 and 211 of anisakid nematodes, among those found, (Valentini et al. 2006). The mtDNA cox2 were stored in 70% ethanol, after their (629 bp) sequences obtained in the specimens removal from the host’s stomachs. Each vial of Anisakis were compared to those corre- was labeled with information from the sponding to the species of Anisakis and stranding or mortality event, the date of deposited in Genbank (Mattiucci et al. collection and, in most cases, the site where 2014). The cox2 sequences were aligned using Parasites of California Marine Mammals • Colón-Llavina et al. 3 ClustalW (Thompson et al. 1994) as imple- (Lincicome 1943, Van Cleave 1953, Golvan mented in BioEdit 7.0.1 (Hall 1999), using 1959, Near et al. 1998, Mayer et al. 2003, default parameters. Ionita et al. 2008, Kuzmina et al. 2012, 2018, Hernández-Orts et al. 2013, Lisitsyna et al. 2018). Species of Bolbosoma are characteristic RESULTS parasites in the intestines of odontocetes and Nine species of endoparasitic helminths were mysticete cetaceans (Delyamure 1955). In found and morphologically identified, includ- California, Bolbosoma sp. has been reported ing six species of nematodes, two species of in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), blue cestodes, one species of acanthocephalan; one whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and humpback species of arthropod was also found (Table 1). whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) (Margolis and Molecular identification allowed us Dailey 1972). Specimens of Bolbosoma capita- to identify some nematodes as belonging to tum have been found in the short-finned the species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (in the pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) from narrow sense, s. s.) from the Eastern Pacific Puerto Rico (Mignucci-Gianonni et al. 1998, harbor porpoises and Anisakis simplex sensu lato Colón-Llavina et al. 2009), and long-finned (in the broad sense, s. l.) from Eastern North pilot whale (Globicephala melas) from Canadian Pacific long-beaked common dolphins and Mediterranean waters (Baylis 1932, (Table 1); they matched at 99% the sequences Cowan 1967, Balbuena and Raga 1993). They ofthatAnisakisspecies availableinGenBank.As also infect oceanic cetaceans, such as the for the other nematodes, they were Anisakis sp. sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) (Baylis (Fourth-stage larvae, L4) in Eastern