DOCSLIB.ORG

Collected Works of Fidel.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Collected Works of Fidel.Pdf Chro7wlo^y of Major Events m Cuban History 1868 War of Independence begins. 1898 Battleship Manic explodes in Havana harbor, and the U.S. declares war on Spain. After several months a peace treaty is signed, and Cuba be comes protectorate of the United States. 1901 Piatt Amendment attached to Cuban Constitu tion gives the United States the right to intervene. 1906-1909 Second U.S. intervention occurs. 1917-1922 Third U.S. intervention occurs. 1925-1933 Gerardo Machado rules Cuba. August 13, 1927 Fidel Castro is born. 1933 Nationalist revolution ousts Alachado, and Ramon Grau becomes provisional president. 1934 Fulgencio Batista removes revolutionary govern ment. 1934-1940 Batista controls Cuba through puppet govern ments. 1940-1944 Batista is president of Cuba. 1944-1948 Ramon Grau serves as president. 1948-1952 Carlos Prio serves as president. Alarch 10, 1952 Fulgencio Batista takes over power through mili t a r y c o u p . July 26, 1953 Castro attacks Aioncada Barracks and is captured. Alay 15, 1955 Castro and his followers are released from prison. July 7, 1955 Castro goes into exile, visits U.S. and Central America, prepares expedition in Alexico. November 30, 1956 Santiago revolt is led by Frank Pais. December 2, 1956 Gramna landing takes place. Alarch 13, 1957 Assault on Presidential Palace is made by Direc- torio Revolucionario. Alay 27, 1957 C6>n//t/a'landing takes place. July 30, 1957 Frank Pais is killed. April 9, 1958 General strike fiasco occurs. C H R O X O L O C ; V O F M A J O R F \ ' F N T S I X C U R A X H I S TO RY June 1958 Batista niilitar\- olTcnsivc acrainst rcl)cls begins. August 1958 Regime's offensive ends, and revolutionar\- coun terattack starts. January i, 1959 Batista leaves power, provisional junta is set up, and Castro calls general revoluti()nar\- strike against junta. m Cubmi FoUtical Fartles mui Or(riwizatioiis before i A secret terrorist organization of the 1930s taking its name from the first three letters of the alphabet. Ala Izquierda Estudiantil. A left-wing and Marxist-oriented student group in the 1930s. Its leaders included Raul Roa, among others. Accidn Radical Ortodoxa. The political group of the late 1940s advocating armed insurrection. Fidel Castro was one of its leaders. Comitc de Superacidn Universitaria. A university student group in the 1940s. Directorio Estudiantil Universitario. A revolutionary or ganization of university students in the 1930s. Founded by Carlos Prio Socarnis and Ramiro \Stldes Daussa. Directorio Revolucionario. A revolutionary organization formed to overthrow the Batista regime in late 1955 by Jose Antonio Fchevarria. Federacion Fstudiantil Universitaria. A federation of uni versity students greatly concerned with Cuban politics. It was led in the 1950s by Jose Antonio Fchevarria. Junta de Liberacibn. A Cuban exile group of Batista oppo nents formed in the United States in 1957. Legion del Caribe. The Caribbean Legion was formed in the 1940s primarily b\' Dominican exiles and adventurers. It at tempted to overthrow various dictatorships in the Caribbean. Alovimiento 26 de Julio. The 26th of July Movement was the anti-Batista organization led bv^ Fidel Castro and Frank Pais. Jul\^ 26 was the date of Castro's attack on the Aloncada army barracks in 1953. Alovimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario. A political group formed in 1953 composed mostly of upper-middle-class universit\ students. Its leaders were Rafae. Garcia Barcena and Armando Hart. Alovimiento Socialista Revolucionario. A left-wing and anti- communist terrorist organization of the 1940s. Among its leaders was Alario Salabarria. Organizacibn Autcntica. An action-oriented splinter group CUHAX POLITICAL PARTI KS AM) O I<(; A N 1/A 11 () N S that broke awav from the Autcntico Part\-. Its leader was Carlos Prk) Socarras. Partido Accidn Unitaria. Fulgencio Batista's political ma chine. Partido del Pueblo Ciibano or Ortodo.xo Part\'. The (mban People's Party, formed in 1947 under the leadership of Eduardo Chibas on a broad reformist and anti-Autentico program. Partido Revolucionario Cubano or .Autentico Partw The Cuban Revolutionar\' Party was the part\- of Ramon (Iran San Martin and (iarlos Prio Socarras, founded by Grau after his expulsion from the presidency in 1934. Partido Socialista Popular or Communist Parry. The Peo ple's Socialist Party was the Cuban Communist Party and was led by Bias Roca, among others. Sociedad de Amigos de la Republica. An association of in fluential Cubans who attempted to find a peaceful sfilurion to Cuba s problems. The group's leaders included Cosine de la Torriente and Jose .Miro Cardona. Union Insurreccional Revolucionaria. A left-wing terrorist group and the MSR's main enemy. Jesus Diegues x\;is one of tne main figures, as was Fidel Castro. REVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLE 1947-1958 Volume I of the Selected Works of Fidel Castro.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930S
    Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930s Ariel Mae Lambe Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Ariel Mae Lambe All rights reserved ABSTRACT Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930s Ariel Mae Lambe This dissertation shows that during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) diverse Cubans organized to support the Spanish Second Republic, overcoming differences to coalesce around a movement they defined as antifascism. Hundreds of Cuban volunteers—more than from any other Latin American country—traveled to Spain to fight for the Republic in both the International Brigades and the regular Republican forces, to provide medical care, and to serve in other support roles; children, women, and men back home worked together to raise substantial monetary and material aid for Spanish children during the war; and longstanding groups on the island including black associations, Freemasons, anarchists, and the Communist Party leveraged organizational and publishing resources to raise awareness, garner support, fund, and otherwise assist the cause. The dissertation studies Cuban antifascist individuals, campaigns, organizations, and networks operating transnationally to help the Spanish Republic, contextualizing these efforts in Cuba’s internal struggles of the 1930s. It argues that both transnational solidarity and domestic concerns defined Cuban antifascism. First, Cubans confronting crises of democracy at home and in Spain believed fascism threatened them directly. Citing examples in Ethiopia, China, Europe, and Latin America, Cuban antifascists—like many others—feared a worldwide menace posed by fascism’s spread.
    [Show full text]
  • Time Chart #2
    USI NFLUENCE C UBAN R EVOLUTION 1902, May 20. Tomás Estrada Palma is sworn 1933, September 29. Police use weapons to disperse a 1952, March 10. Fulgencio Batista takes Cuban Revolution Triumphs in as the Cuban Republic’s first president. demonstration organized by the Communist Party control of Cuba (again) in a bloodless Soviet Union Collapses to honor student leader Julio Antonio Mella. Six coup de etat. Elections are canceled. 1908 - The Partido Independiente de Color is people are killed, and many others wounded. BAY OF PIGS TERRORISM AGAINST CUBA | BALSEROS | CUBAN DEMOCRACY ACT established by Evaristo Estenoz and others. 1959, January 12. In Santiago de Cuba, 75 men E MBARGO 1930, October 1. M ONCADA are executed. The group allegedly represents 1909 - The Morúa Law bans political parties Machado's government former police guards known for cruelty and Centenary of Martí’s death based on race or class, and denies independ- suspends constitutional 1956, December 2. The violence and members of former Senator Los Marielitos ents the right to run a candidate for president. Rolando Masferrer's private army. guarantees. yacht “Granma” lands in Elián Gonzalez Las Coloradas, Oriente. 2nd U.S. Occupation Missile Crisis Machado Batista Meyer Lansky in Havana Camilo Cienfuegos Che Guevara S R S e u Radio Swan e C m W r 1959, Feb 28. v g Latin Las Vegas u o n e e Castro announces b t a l e a t r F n 2004, October 28. For the 13th consecutive year, the UN General n Public Executions that general o W o a t s f o A Assembly votes overwhelmingly against the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
    68- 13,598 AGUILAR, Luis Enrique, 1926- CUBA 1933: THE FRUSTRATED REVOLUTION. The American University, Ph.D., 1968 History, modem University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan (c) Luis Enrique Aguilar 1968 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED CUBA 1933; THE FRUSTRATED REVOLUTION By Luis Enrique Aguilar Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Signature of Committee Date: Dean of the AMERICAN UNIVERSITY Date: A*? LIBRARY M A Y 1 4 1968 WASHINGTON. 0. C 37s i TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION....................................... PART I. ANTECEDENTS CHAPTER I. THE CREATION OF THE REPUBLIC, 1895-1902.......................................................... a) The Efforts for Independence b) American Intervention and the Platt Amendment c) The First Steps of the Republic, 1902-1906 CHAPTER II. THE FAILURE OF THE REPUBLIC, 1906-1925......................... a) The Second American Intervention and Its Consequences b) Political Developments, 1909-1925 c) Economic and Social Developments, 1909-1925 PART II. WINDS OF CHANGE CHAPTER III. THE ELECTIONS OF 1924.............. CHAPTER IV. MACHADO THE PRESIDENT, 1925-1927................................................... CHAPTER V. PROROGUE OF POWERS AND RE-ELECTION, 1927-1928.......................................................... CHAPTER VI. WINDS OF CHANGE..................... PART III. THE FIGHT AGAINST MACHADO, 1929-1933 CHAPTER VII. THE SITUATION IN 1929.............. CHAPTER VIII. DEPRESSION AND GENERAL OPPOSITION, 1930-1933....................... CHAPTER IX. CONSPIRACY AND REBELLION 98 a) The Army as a Political Factor b) The Last Effort of the Old Guard PART IV. THE REVOLUTION, 1932-1933 CHAPTER X. NEW TACTICS AND NEW PROGRAMS.................... 110 CHAPTER XI. THE MEDIATION OF SUMNER WELLES, MAY-AUGUST, 1933 ..........................
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Political Culture in the Hispanic Caribbean and The
    Revista Mexicana del Caribe ISSN: 1405-2962 [email protected] Universidad de Quintana Roo México Martínez Fernández, Luis Political Culture in the Hispanic Caribbean and the Buidling of US Hegemony, 1868-1945 Revista Mexicana del Caribe, vol. VI, núm. 11, 2001 Universidad de Quintana Roo Chetumal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12801101 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative POLITICALCULTUREINTHEHISPANICCARIBBEANANDTHEBUILDING.../7 POLITICAL CULTURE IN THE HISPANIC CARIBBEAN ANDTHEBUILDINGOFU.S.HEGEMONY,1868-1945 LUISMARTÍNEZ-FERNÁNDEZ DepartmentofPuertoRicanandHispanicCaribbeanStudies Rutgers,TheStateUniversityofNewJersey* Abstract Despitetheseeminglyendlesspossibilitiesforfruitfulcomparisonsaf- fordedbytheHispanicCaribbean,thereexistsahardlyjustifiabledearth ofcomparativestudiesfocusingontheregioncomposedofCuba,Puerto Rico,andtheDominicanRepublic.Thisinterpretativeessay,basedonthe extantsecondaryliteratureontheindividualislands,seekstobegintofill thisvoidbytracingthetrajectoryofCuba,PuertoRico,andtheDomini- canRepublic’spoliticalculturesfromaregionalandcomparativeper- spective.Whilethecasecouldbemadeforincludingothernon-Hispanic componentsoftheCaribbean,thisstudyrecognizestheSpanish-speak- ingAntillesasaculturalregioncomposedofsocietiessharingsimilar insulargeographiesandhistoricalbackgrounds.TheHispanicCaribbean
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Cuban Heritage Trail = Herencia Cubana En La Florida
    JOOOw OCGO 000 OGCC.Vj^wjLivJsj..' Florida ; Herencia Cuban : Clmva Heritage ; en la Trail ; ftcMm ^- ^ . j.lrfvf. "^»"^t ;^ SJL^'fiSBfrk ! iT^ * 1=*— \ r\+ mi,.. *4djjk»f v-CCTIXXXIaXCCLl . , - - - - >i .. - ~ ^ - - ^ ^v'v-^^ivv^VyVw ViiuvLLcA rL^^LV^v.VviL'ivVi florida cuban heritage trail La Herencia Cubana En La Florida Cuban Americans have played a significant role Los cubano-americanos han jugado un papel muy in the development of Florida dating back to significativo en el desarrollo de la Florida, que se the days of Spanish exploration. Their impact remonta a la epoca de la exploration espahola. El on Florida has been profound, ranging from influences in impacto de los cubanos en la Florida ha sido profundo en el architecture and the arts to politics and intellectual thought. dmbito de la arquhectura, las artes, la cultura, la politica y la Many historic sites represent the patriotism, enterprise intelectualidad. Muchos de los lugares aquialudidos son pruebas and achievements of Cuban Americans and the part they del patriotismo, la iniciativa y los logros de los cubano americanos have played in Florida's history. y el papel que han desempehado en la historia de este estado. In 1994, the Florida Legislature funded the Florida Cuban En 1994 la legislatura estatal proportions los fondos para la Heritage Trail to increase awareness of the connections publication de La Herencia Cubana en la Florida. El between Florida and Cuba in the state's history. The proposito del libro es dar a conocer la conexion historica entre Cuban Heritage Trail Advisory Committee worked closely Cuba y la Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Gerardo Machado Y Morales Papers (CHC0336)
    University of Miami Cuban Heritage Collection Finding Aid - Gerardo Machado y Morales Papers (CHC0336) Generated by Access to Memory (AtoM) 2.4.0 Printed: May 21, 2018 Language of description: English University of Miami Cuban Heritage Collection Roberto C. Goizueta Pavilion 1300 Memorial Drive Coral Gables FL United States 33146 Telephone: (305) 284-4900 Fax: (305) 284-4901 Email: [email protected] https://library.miami.edu/chc/ https://atom.library.miami.edu/index.php/chc0336 Gerardo Machado y Morales Papers Table of contents Summary information ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Administrative history / Biographical sketch .................................................................................................. 4 Scope and content ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Arrangement .................................................................................................................................................... 5 Notes ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Access points ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Series descriptions ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Religious Symbolism in Cuban Political Performance
    Religious Symbolism in Cuban Political Performance Ivor L. Miller The true history of Cuba is the history of its entangled transculturations. —Fernando Ortiz ([] b:) In January of , Fidel Castro commenced his regime with his first tele- vised speech to the Cuban nation. While on the podium, a white dove landed on his shoulder, another perched upon his rostrum; both stayed there throughout his two-hour oration (plate ). In Cuban Santería, a religion de- rived from the Yorùbá people brought to Cuba as slaves, a white dove repre- sents the divinity Obatalá, a divine king who molds humans from clay in heaven. While the international press regarded the spectacle as a freak accident involving “doves of peace,” many Cubans read it as evidence of Castro’s se- lection by supernatural forces. The spectacle of white doves in Castro’s speech is one in a long history of examples in which Caribbean leaders publicly use symbols from local reli- gions. Coded performances in the Caribbean political arena often have dual implications: One is geared to impress upon the international press and those with capital invested in the country that the speaker is popular and will main- tain the status quo; another is geared to the local population by using icons from their religious practices. Because these symbols often derive from secret religions, their use dramatically implies that the leader is privy to local secrets and esoteric power. By sharing a symbolic language created from the legacy of African bondage, their use demonstrates a leader’s ties to the local popula- tion. The intimacy of this discourse implies that a leader is percent Cuban (to use a phrase from the Cuban Revolution) and not a puppet figure sent from Washington, DC.
    [Show full text]
  • ARCHIGOS a Data Set on Leaders 1875–2004 Version
    ARCHIGOS A Data Set on Leaders 1875–2004 Version 2.9∗ c H. E. Goemans Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Giacomo Chiozza August 13, 2009 ∗We sincerely thank several users and commenters who have spotted errors or mistakes. In particular we would like to thank Kirk Bowman, Jinhee Choung, Ursula E. Daxecker, Tanisha Fazal, Kimuli Kasara, Brett Ashley Leeds, Nicolay Marinov, Won-Ho Park, Stuart A. Reid, Martin Steinwand and Ronald Suny. Contents 1 Codebook 1 2 CASE DESCRIPTIONS 5 2.1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ................... 5 2.2 CANADA .................................. 7 2.3 BAHAMAS ................................. 9 2.4 CUBA .................................... 10 2.5 HAITI .................................... 14 2.6 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ....................... 38 2.7 JAMAICA .................................. 79 2.8 TRINIDAD & TOBAGO ......................... 80 2.9 BARBADOS ................................ 81 2.10 MEXICO ................................... 82 2.11 BELIZE ................................... 85 2.12 GUATEMALA ............................... 86 2.13 HONDURAS ................................ 104 2.14 EL SALVADOR .............................. 126 2.15 NICARAGUA ............................... 149 2.16 COSTA RICA ............................... 173 2.17 PANAMA .................................. 194 2.18 COLOMBIA ................................. 203 2.19 VENEZUELA ................................ 209 2.20 GUYANA .................................. 218 2.21 SURINAM ................................. 219 2.22 ECUADOR ................................
    [Show full text]
  • Militant Heroines and the Consecration of the Patriarchal State: the Glorification of Loyalty, Combat, and National Suicide in the Making of Cuban National Identity
    K. LYNN STONER Militant Heroines and the Consecration of the Patriarchal State: The Glorification of Loyalty, Combat, and National Suicide in the Making of Cuban National Identity ABSTRACT The female combatant, a common icon of Cuban nationalism, is found in every histori- cal period from independence through the post-Soviet period. Unlike most other nations, Cubans have eulogized women who have defended their nation with their own lives and with those of their husbands and children. Yet, for all the fanfare these heroines have received in the nationalist discourse, few scholarly treatments of their lives exist. In- stead, their heroism has been used to exalt male leaders and to uphold a patriarchal state. Their martyrdom has served as a model of sacrifice unto death for all citizens to follow. This article examines the nature of Cuban combatant iconography that followed the Cuban wars of independence, the Early Republic, and the Cuban Revolution, and con- nects that iconography to the purposes of state building in each era. RESUMEN La mujer combatiente, ícono tradicional del nacionalismo cubano, se encuentra en cada período histórico desde la independencia hasta la etapa post-soviética. A diferencia de la mayoría de las naciones, los cubanos han alabado a las mujeres que han defendido sus naciones con sus propias vidas y las de sus esposos e hijos. Sin embargo, pese a toda la atención que estas heroínas han recibido en el discurso nacionalista, existen pocos estudios académicos sobre sus vidas. Por el contrario, su heroísmo ha sido utilizado para exaltar a los líderes masculinos y sostener el estado patriarcal.
    [Show full text]
  • Insurrectionary Civic Strikes in Latin America
    Insurrectionary Civic Strikes in Latin America -- Patricia Parkman Monograph Series Number 1 The Albert Einstein Institution Copyright 01990 by Patricia Parkman This paper was first delivered at the 1989 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Printed in the United States of America. The Albert Einstein Institution 1430 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 ISSN 1052-1054 by Patricia Parkman Introduction One of the characteristic features of the Latin American political land- scape is a phenomenon best described as a civic strike: the collective suspension of normal activities by people of diverse social groups united by a common political objective? Latin Americans themselves have most often used the term "general strike" (huelgageneral, or grhe gidral in Haiti) to describe such actions, but this term, obviously borrowed from the labor movement, obscures the distinctive cross- class character of the civic strike. Civic strikes may be acts of protest, such as the shutdown of Managua, Nicaragua following the assassina- tion of newspaper publisher Joaquin Charnorro in 1978, or they may serve as support for military movements against established govern- ments, as in Venezuela in 1958 and Cuba in 1959? This paper con- siders the use of the civic strike as a nonmilitary insurrection by citizens who had no armed forces at their disposal. From 1931 to 1961 eleven Latin American presidents left office in the wake of civic strikes: Carlos IbAiiez del Camp of Chile (1931), Gerardo Machado of Cuba (1933), Maximiliano HernAndez Martinez of El Salvador (1944), Jorge Ubico of Guatemala (1944), Elie Lescot of Haiti (1946), Arnulfo Arias of Panama (1951), Paul Magloire, Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis, and Frank Sylvain of Haiti (1956 and 1957), Gustavo Rojas Pinilla of Colombia (1957), and Joaquin Balaguer of the Dominican Republic (1962).
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TO WHAT EXTENT DID CUBANS SUPPORT FULGENCIO BATISTA’S COUP D'ETAT IN MARCH 1952 Presented to the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham for the award of Masters by Research (MRes) in Hispanic and Latin American Studies. Robert G. Kiteley (BSc Econ). December 2013 El gobierno ha de nacer del país. El espíritu del gobierno ha de ser el del país. La forma de gobierno ha de avenirse a la constitución propia del país. El gobierno no es más que el equilibrio de los elementos naturales del país. José Martí, Nuestra América (1891) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..4 2. THE FIRST BATISTATO: THE KING IS DEAD, LONG LIVE THE KING……….….……......8 3. THE AUTÉNTICO ERA (1944-52): A POT OF GOLD AND AN EASY CHAIR……...……………..…27 4. MARCH 10: ORDER FROM CHAOS?.....................................................44 5. CONCLUSION..………………………… ...……………..64 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………… ….……….76 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION There was no more exciting place to be on January 1 1959 than Havana, Cuba. It was the defining moment in the life of a nation, when all that came before it seemed to be a prelude. Fidel Castro led a revolution which had captivated an entire population and had swept a brutal tyrant from power. In the emotive moment of revolution, and, the significance of what happened next, an objective portrayal of Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar has somehow been lost to the annals of history. Batista is second only to Castro when it comes to being the Cuban leader who possessed all-encompassing and complete political dominance on the island.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 11. Cuba: Guerrillas Take Power
    This is a chapter on the Cuban Revolution from a textbook, A History of Modern Latin America, 2nd edition, that I published in 2016. At the end there is a list of suggested readings, if you would like to pursue the history further. In addition, I will be mentioning films, documentaries, and other sources during the course, for those who are interested in deepening their understanding of Cuba and the revolution. ---T. Meade Chapter 11. Cuba: Guerrillas Take Power No event has played a greater role in realigning internal and external alliances, in reformulating national agendas, and even in inspiring change in the hemisphere than the Cuban Revolution. The events of January 1, 1959 had a dramatic effect on the US political agenda toward Latin America, as well as giving birth to a whole new branch of study in US universities. According to Stanford political science professor Richard Fagen, no one did more than Fidel Castro to promote the study of Latin America in academic and government circles. Ironically, it is to Castro and the Cuban Revolution that generations of US scholars working on Latin America owe their jobs. Even before the 1959 revolution put Cuba more squarely on the international map, the Caribbean island was a major contributor to worldwide culture, politics, letters, and economics. For what might seem a tiny producer for the commodity chain, Cuba’s output in the years before, and continuing after, the Revolution has been tremendous: major innovations in music, art, dance, literature, and political theory, not to mention rum, cigars, and baseball players.
    [Show full text]