The 2010-2011 Floods in Queensland (Australia): Photographic Observations, Comments and Personal Experience

THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND

SCHOOL OF

CIVIL ENGINEERING

REPORT CH82/11

THE 2010-2011 FLOODS IN QUEENSLAND (AUSTRALIA): PHOTOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS, COMMENTS AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

AUTHOR: Hubert CHANSON

HYDRAULIC MODEL REPORTS

This report is published by the School of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland. Lists of recently-published titles of this series and of other publications are provided at the end of this report. Requests for copies of any of these documents should be addressed to the Civil Engineering Secretary.

The interpretation and opinions expressed herein are solely those of the author(s). Considerable care has been taken to ensure accuracy of the material presented. Nevertheless, responsibility for the use of this material rests with the user.

School of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 AUSTRALIA

Telephone: (61 7) 3365 4163 Fax: (61 7) 3365 4599

URL: http://www.eng.uq.edu.au/civil/

First published in 2011 by School of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia

This book is copyright

ISBN No. 9781742720234

The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD The 2010-2011 Floods in Queensland (Australia): Photographic Observations, Comments and Personal Experience

Hubert CHANSON Professor, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia, Ph.: (61 7) 3365 3619, Fax: (61 7) 3365 4599, Email: [email protected]

REPORT No. CH82/11 ISBN 9781742720234 School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland February 2011

Flooding in Marburg about 60 km West of Brisbane on Tues. 11 Jan. 2011 afternoon

ABSTRACT The Australian continent was subjected to widespread rainfalls during the summer 2010-2011, especially in the north-eastern state of Queensland. Between the end of November 2010 and January 2011, nearly 75% of Queensland was affected by some major flooding, representing a combined area of nearly 1.3×106 km2. Both large-scale flooding and flash floods took place causing substantial loss of life. This report documents the circumstances of the floods in Queensland, as well as the extents of the flooding in Central Queensland, South Queensland and South-East Queensland. The author then shares his personal experience and his observations.

Keywords: Floods, 2010, 2011 Queensland, Australia, Flooding, Photographs, Observations, Comments, Personal experience.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Abstract ii Keywords ii Table of contents iii List of symbols iv Dedication v

1. Introduction 1 1.1 Presentation 1.2 2010-2011 floods in Queensland 1.3 A personal experience

2. The 2010-2011 floods in Queensland: photographic observations 11 2.1 Presentation 2.2 Fitzroy River 2.3 Burnett River catchment 2.4 Condamine River catchment 2.5 Brisbane Valley 2.6 Lockyer Valley 2.7 Little Nerang Creek catchment

3. The 12-13 January 2011 Brisbane flood: photographic observations 41 3.1 Presentation 3.2 Jindalee 3.3 Oxley 3.4 Indooroopilly 3.5 St Lucia 3.6 Toowong 3.7 Auchenflower / Milton 3.8 City Business District (CBD) 3.9 South Brisbane

4. Concluding remarks 97

5. Acknowledgments 99

iii

APPENDICES Appendix A - Flood warning: basic definitions 100

Appendix B - Flood hydrographs of the 1931, 1974 and 2011 floods in Brisbane 101

Appendix C - Extent of the 1893 and 1931 floods in Brisbane 104

Appendix D - Unusual observations during the 2010-2011 floods 105

REFERENCES 114 Bibliography 115 Internet bibliography 115 Open Access Repositories 115 Bibliographic reference of the Report CH82/11 116

LIST OF SYMBOLS The following symbols are used in this report:

Abbreviations AHD Australian Height Datum (or Mean Sea Level); AMTD Adopted Middle Thread Distance; BOM Bureau of Meteorology (Australia); CBD city business district; MSL Mean Sea Level; QUT Queensland University of Technology; UQ University of Queensland;

Note All times are expressed in local Queensland time (GMT + 10).

DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to the victims

of the 2010-2011 Queensland floods.

v 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PRESENTATION The Australian continent received some unprecedented rainfalls from late November 2010 to mid- January 2011 causing some major flooding in the North-West of Western Australia, in north-west Victoria, northern Tasmania, New South Wales and especially Queensland (BOM 2011). The floods in Queensland were unprecedented by the extents of the inundated surface area and the number of record water levels. Figure 1-1 shows a map of Australia and Figure 1-2 illustrates a snapshot of the Queensland river conditions on 10 January 2011: the red triangles corresponded to some major floods in the relevant catchments. Altogether nearly seventy five percent of Queensland were affected by some major flooding representing a surface area comparable to France, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and Norway combined. The floods in eastern Australia are sometimes linked with La Niña events during the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, as seen in 1916, 1917, 1950, 1954-1956, 1973-1975 and 2010- 2011 (DIAZ and MARKGRAF 1992, BOM 2010). In tropical and sub-tropical Queensland, major floods are however a relatively common occurrence. For example, the city of Brisbane experienced four major floods for the 1893 year alone; the Mary River in Gympie had three major floods during the 1970s; the Bohle River in Townsville reached some major flood levels five times between 1991 and 2007. This report describes and documents the widespread Queensland floods in 2010-2011. The section 1 reviews the circumstances and documents the extents of the flooding. Then the author describes his personal experience during this abnormally wet summer season. The section 2 presents a series of photographic observations of the 2010-2011 Queensland floods. The section 3 shows some photographs of the 2011 Brisbane flood. Appendix A summarises some terminology used in Australia. Appendix B shows the floods hydrographs of the Brisbane River in 1931, 1974 and 2011 and Appendix C presents the flood extents in Brisbane during the 1893 and 1931 floods. Appendix D illustrates some unusual observations.

Fig. 1-1 - Map of Australia

Fig. 1-2 - Queensland river conditions on 10 January 2011 at 01:00 (Courtesy of Bureau of Meteorology) - The names of the main river catchments in floods were added

2 1.2 2010-2011 FLOODS IN QUEENSLAND The State of Queensland in north-eastern Australia occupies 1,727,200 km2 and is the second largest Australian state (Fig. 1-1). It is bounded on the North and East by the Pacific Ocean, on the South by New South Wales, on the Southwest by South Australia, and on the West by the Northern Territory. The 2010-2011 floods followed nearly four months of wet weather at the end of 2010. Altogether six major rain events took place from late November 2010 to Mid-January 2011. December 2010 was the wettest December on record for Queensland (BOM 2011). Many places received more than six times the expected average December rainfall, including the city of Brisbane which received 480 mm of rainfall in December. More generally, the 2010 year was wet in Queensland and the township of Babinda, close to Cairns, received more than 7,000 mm of rainfall in 2010 (BOM 2010). During the 2010-2011 summer, the rainfalls caused some major floods in several catchments. The affected catchments included: (a) the Condamine and Balonne Rivers flowing to the Murray-Darling system which has its river mouth in South Australia (Fig. 1-1), (b) the Diamantina, Georgina and Cooper Rivers flowing into Lake Eyre located in Northern South Australia (Fig. 1-1) with its deepest point about 15 m below the sea level, (c) the Eastern river catchments flowing to the Pacific Ocean including several large river systems such as the Brisbane River, Mary River, Burnett River, Fitzroy River, Pioneer River and Burdekin River (Fig. 1-2), and (d) some catchments flowing to the Gulf of Carpentaria in North-West of Queensland (e.g. Norman River). While the Queensland floods were most notable by their extent and duration, only a relatively small number of daily rainfall records were set (BOM 2011,2011c). An analysis of the three-day rainfall totals in the south-east Queensland indicated that the peak rainfalls during the 2010-2011 event were generally lower than those in 1974, although the 1974 records occurred close to the coast while the 2011 records were observed further inland. Some historical records suggested that they were significantly lower than during the 1893 event (BOM 2011). On the other hand, a sizeable number of record water levels were observed during the summer. Figure 1-3 presents the hydrograph of several Queensland creeks and rivers, including the Degibo Creek, a tributary of the Burnett River upstream of Bundaberg in Central Queensland, the Condamine River at Dalby, Lockyer Creek and Flagstone Creek in the Lockyer Valley and the Brisbane River in Brisbane. Note that the scales of the hydrograph axes differ between graphs. The locations of most places are reported in Figures 1-4 and 1-5.

3 12.5 912 811 10 710 69 7.5 58 47 5

Water level (m) 36

2.5 25 Watergauge (m) CBM level Water level (m) DERM gauge 14Gauge DERM:422333 Gauge CBM:422912 0 03 27/12/2010 12:00:00 AM 1/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 27/12/2010 12:00:00 AM 15/01/2011 12:00:00 PM Date, Time Day, Time (A) Degibo Creek at Coringa, Burnett catchment (Central Queensland) (B) Condamine River at Loudoun Bridge, Dalby (South Queensland)

12.5 12.5

10 10

7.5 7.5

5 5 Water level (m) Water level (m)

2.5 2.5

0 0 7/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 10/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 9/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 17/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day, time Day, time (C) Lockyer Creek at Helidon before failure (South-East Queensland) (D) Flagstone Creek at Brown-Zirbels Road, Lockyer Valley (South-East Queensland)

6 Water level (m) Water 4

0 9/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 16/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day, time (E) Brisbane River in Jindalee (South-East Queensland) Fig. 1-3 - Flood hydrographs in selected Queensland locations (Data: Bureau of Meteorology)

Fig. 1-4 - Map of Queensland, Australia

(A) General map (Courtesy of Queensland Holidays) Fig. 1-5 - Maps of south east Queensland

(B) Three-dimensional map of south east Queensland and the Brisbane River catchment Fig. 1-5 - Maps of south east Queensland

In December 2010, the most extreme flooding occurred in Central and South Queensland, in particular in the Fitzroy River and Condamine-Balonne River systems (Fig. 1-2). Figures 1-3A and 1-3B show some river hydrographs in both systems. The Fitzroy catchment covers 142,665 km2 encompassing the Mackenzie, Dawson and Nogoa Rivers which join to form the Fitzroy River with its river mouth next to the city of Rockhampton. Both the Mackenzie, Dawson and Nogoa Rivers experienced some major floods leading to the fifth highest flood level for the last 100 years in Rockhampton (BOM 2011). The Balonne River is the continuation of the Condamine River and forms part of the Murray Darling River system which flows into the Great Australian Bight in South Australia (Fig. 1-1). Both the Balonne and Condamine Rivers experienced three major floods between December 2010 and January 2011. In January 2011, the rainfall and flooding remained widespread throughout Queensland. The most destructive floods took place during the 2nd week of January. Some deadly flash floods occurred in

6 south-east Queensland over the Toowoomba Range and the upper Lockyer Valley on Monday 10 January late afternoon (Fig. 1-5 & 2-19). The flash flooding caused substantial losses of life. Figure 1-3C show the hydrograph of Lockyer Creek at Helidon: the last reading recorded 12.7 m above the river bed before the gauge failed. Sixteen kilometres downstream, at Gatton (Fig. 1-5), a record flood level of 18.92 m was measured in the evening before the station failed. Figure 1-3D presents the hydrograph of Flagstone Creek, about 9 km SW of Helidon. Additionally some important rainfalls occurred in the catchments of the Brisbane River, Bremer River and Lockyer Creek, and caused some significant flooding in the upper catchments. In Brisbane City, the peak flood level reached 4.46 m AHD on Thursday 13 January 2011 morning. Parts of the city were inundated for several days, but the flood was less deadly than other floods in Queensland.

Comments The extent and magnitude of the floods in Queensland were unprecedented in many places. As an illustration, this series of flood events yielded the filling of Lake Eyre for the third year in succession, a rare event. Further the floods contributed to the filling of the water reserves across the State: that is, both the surface reservoirs and the aquifers. Additionally, the river outflows into the Pacific Ocean constituted a series of freshwater turbid plumes that impacted the Great Barrier Reef. The floods in Queensland encompassed both large-scale floods and some flash flooding, including a deadly event in Toowoomba and the Lockyer Valley on 10 Jan. 2011. In 2011, North Queensland was further battered by tropical cyclone Anthony followed by the category 5 cyclone Yasi which crossed the coastline at Mission Beach on 2-3 Feb. 2011.

1.3 A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE The author inspected a number of affected catchments in 2010-2011 including the catchments of Little Nerang Creek in the Gold Coast Hinterland on 27 December 2010, Burnett River in Central Queensland on 30 December 2010 and Condamine River in South Queensland on 5 January 2011, the Upper Brisbane Valley (1) on 21 and 30 December 2010, and the lower Brisbane Valley on numerous occasions between 9 and 25 January 2011 (Fig. 1-2, 1-4, 1-5 & 1.6). For nearly 6 weeks in December and early January 2011, the author had some field inspection equipment in his car to respond rapidly to any new flooding situations, and he drove altogether more than 3,500 km across Queensland (Fig. 1-7). A brief summary of his personal experience in January 2011 follows. Some continuous rainfalls were experienced in South East Queensland on 7-9 January 2011.

1 The upper Brisbane Valley is impounded by Wivenhoe Dam.

7 Following further heavy rainfalls on Monday 10 January 2011, and the catastrophic flash floods in Toowoomba and the upper Lockyer Valley, the author inspected some areas of the Lower Brisbane Valley on Tuesday 11 January 2011 afternoon, including Kenmore, Brookfield, Fernvale and Marburg (Fig. 1-5 & 1-6). In the early afternoon, Moggill Road was closed at Rafting Ground. The road to Fernvale was closed when Black Snake Creek overtopped the road. The Warrego Highway was closed between Marburg and Minden (Fig. 1-5). The flooded township of Marburg was devastated. During the return trip to Brisbane, the author's car was one of the last vehicles to drive the eastbound Ipswich motorway past Goodna (Fig. 1-6B), as the motorway was closed shortly after and later submerged.

(A) Map of Brisbane suburbs (Courtesy of Queensland Dept of Natural Resources and Water 2007) Fig. 1-6 - Maps of Brisbane and Ipswich areas 8

(B) General map of Ipswich and Brisbane's western suburbs (Courtesy of Google Map) Fig. 1-6 - Maps of Brisbane and Ipswich areas

On 12-13 January 2011, he inspected the Brisbane River flooding in Brisbane. A key feature was the rise of the water levels in Brisbane on Tuesday 11 Jan. 2011 evening and Wednesday 12 Jan. 2011. The rapid rise of the Brisbane River on 12 January 2011 took many people by surprise despite the long-lasting wet weather during the summer, although thankfully the peak water level was nearly 1 m below some official predictions broadcasted in 11 January 2011. A simple trip from the University to the city, that took normally 10 minutes, required over 50 minutes because the two main arterial roads (Coronation Drive and Milton Road) were under water (Fig. 1-6A). Many communities in western Brisbane, such as Bellbowrie, Moggill, Anstead, Karana Downs, were completely isolated for a few days (Fig. 1-6B). At the author's home, the electricity power supply was cut in the afternoon when the local substation was inundated until Thursday afternoon. On Thursday 13 January 2011, he participated in some field measurements in the flooded QUT Gardens Point campus with an academic colleague, Dr Richard BROWN (Australian Geographic

9 2011). From the mid-morning onwards, a rapid decrease of the water level of the Brisbane River was observed and a further water level drop was clearly seen on Friday. Between 15 and 25 January, the author inspected the flood damage in the Brisbane Valley and lower Lockyer Valley. A feature of the clean-up was the large amount of mud left after the flood receded, although some coarse sandy deposits were observed in some sections of the river banks including in St Lucia and along Coronation Drive. Numerous large debris were also seen in many places when the flood receded. The observations of the maximum water levels in the University of Queensland's St Lucia campus, Toowong and city centre indicated that the water levels were about 1 m below the 1974 maximum water level, although there were some (unconfirmed) reports of differences in some areas. There were also indications that the flooding in the Upper Brisbane Valley and at Fernvale, downstream of confluence of Lockyer Creek and Brisbane Valley, was higher than during the 1974 flood.

Fig. 1-7 - Hubert CHANSON inspecting a floodway of the Condamine River at Brigalow on 5 Jan. 2011 at 13:45 (Photograph Dr Alex SCHEUERMANN)

10 2. THE 2010-2011 FLOODS IN QUEENSLAND: PHOTOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS 2.1 PRESENTATION The 2010-2011 floods in Queensland spanned from late November 2010 to early February 2011. They followed a wet end of 2010 (Fig. 2-1). Figure 2-1 shows the Queensland rainfall deciles for the period 1 October to 31 December 2010, highlighting the record rainfalls in several parts of Queensland and above average rain across nearly the entire state. During the summer 2010-2011, the major rain events took place from 28 Nov. to 4 Dec. 2010, 7 to 12 Dec. 2010, 19 to 20 Dec. 2010, 23 to 28 Dec. 2010 and 10 to 12 Jan. 2011 (BOM 2011). The cumulative rainfall exceeded 300 mm over most of the eastern half of Queensland, with many places between Brisbane and Mackay (Fig. 1-4) receiving in excess of 1,200 mm. Although the number of daily rainfall records was limited, a large number of record flood peak heights were observed, in particular in the Fitzroy River system including Dawson, Nogoa and Mackenzie Rivers, and in the Condamine-Balonne River system (Fig. 1-2). Figures 1-2, 1-4, 1-5 and 1-6 show some maps of Queensland and south- east Queensland. Figure 2-3 shows some satellite pictures of the Fitzroy River in Rockhampton. Figures 2-4 to 2-6 present a map of the Burnett River catchment and some photographs taken on 30 Dec. 2010. The flood hydrograph of the Burnett River at Paradise dam is included. Figures 2-7 to 2-9 illustrate the flooding and flood damage in the Condamine River catchment during the first week of January 2011. Figure 2-10 presents some flooding of Gowrie Creek in Toowoomba. Figures 2-11 to 2-18 show some pictures of the Brisbane Valley in flood. Figures 2-19 to 2-23 present some flood hydrographs and photographs of the Lockyer Valley. The flood hydrographs in Figure 2-18 regroup observations for a four-day period from Monday 10 Jan. 2011 at 00:00 to Thursday 13 Jan. 2011 midnight; the graphs are listed from upstream to downstream. Figure 2-19A shows the first surge wave on Monday 10 Jan. 2011 afternoon at Helidon: the water level rose by 7.52 m in 30 minutes before the gauge failed. Altogether the hydrographs illustrated the downstream propagation of the flood wave down the Lockyer Valley. They showed that there were two, possibly three, successive flash floods, and the Lockyer Creek peaked at Riffle Range Road (1) on Tuesday 11 Jan. 2011 between 16:00 and 17:00, although a very high water level was observed between Tuesday lunchtime and Wednesday night. Figure 2-24 shows a photograph of the Little Nerang dam spillway in the Gold Coast Hinterland.

1 About 20 km upstream of the confluence with the Brisbane River.

Fig. 2-1 - Queensland rainfall deciles for 1 October to 31 December 2010 (Courtesy of Bureau of Meteorology and National Climate Centre)

Discussion An implication of the widespread extent of the floods was the large number of road closures (e.g. Fig. 2-5, 2-9, 2-10, 2-11, 2-13, 2-14), isolating numerous communities and townships for up to several weeks. The township of Theodore in Central Queensland was completely evacuated with the water level of the Dawson River exceeding 14.6 m (GUSE 2010), while the township of Condamine was fully evacuated twice in January 2011. The city of Rockhampton was almost cut off when the airport tarmac went under the Fitzroy River waters (Fig. 2-3). The location of the townships of Theodore and Condamine, and of Rockhampton is shown in Figure 1-4. The 2010-2011 flood events illustrated, to some extent, the extreme hydrological and hydraulic conditions in Australia and in Queensland. A few years ago, the state of Queensland was experiencing a long drought period. In 2007, for example, the combined water supply of the city of Brisbane fell below 17% (Fig. 2-16A) and the long-term forecasts were dire. On the opposite, Brisbane experienced a large number of major floods during the 19th century (Section 3). Following the 1974 flood, the Wivenhoe reservoir was completed on the Brisbane River (Fig. 1-5) with a long-term water supply capacity of 1.15×109 m3 and an additional flood mitigation volume of 1.45×109 m3 (Fig. 2-16). During 2010-2011, the Wivenhoe reservoir contributed to a shorter flood

12 period and lower flood levels in Brisbane although the reservoir reached about 190% of its nominal capacity on 12 January 2010. Several reservoirs contributed to some flood mitigation during the 2010-2011 floods, including the Paradise dam on the Burnett River, the newly completed Wyaralong dam on the Logan River, the Wivenhoe dam in the Brisbane River (Fig. 2-6, 2-16 & 2- 17). Figure 2-2 shows the typical flood hydrographs for a reservoir with an uncontrolled spillway such as the Paradise dam (Fig. 2-6). Figure 2-2 illustrates the flood mitigation by the reservoir buffer volume. Note that Figure 2-2 does not apply to a controlled (e.g. gated) spillway nor a fuse spillway.

Fig. 2-2 - Flood hydrograph of inflow and outflow for a reservoir with an uncontrolled spillway system and variation with time of the reservoir flood mitigation volume - Note the maximum outflow occurring when the inflow equals the outflow corresponding also to the peak storage volume

13 2.2 FITZROY RIVER

(A) On Sun. 9 Jan. 2011, the city was mostly inundated and the airport was submerged (B) On Tues. 25 Jan. 2011 Fig. 2-3 - Flooding in Rockhampton, Queensland (Courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory {http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=48916})

14 2.3 BURNETT RIVER CATCHMENT

Fig. 2-4 Map of the lower Burnett River catchment (Courtesy of Bureau of Meteorology)

12.5

7.5 Photograph

5 Water level (m)

2.5

0 27/12/2010 12:00:00 AM 1/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Date, Time Fig. 2-5 - Degibo River at Coringa near Biggenden on 30 Dec. 2010 at 13:10 - View from the right

15 bank - The high water mark is seen on the left bank in background

74 73.5 Photographs Water elevation 73 72.5 72 71.5 71 70.5 70 69.5 Water level (m AHD) Water 69 68.5 68 67.5 25/12/2010 1:25:00 AM 6/01/2011 1:25:00 AM 18/01/2011 1:25:00 AM 30/01/2011 1:25:00 AM Date, Time (A) Flood hydrograph (Data: Bureau of Meteorology)

(B) Water reservoir on 30 Dec. 2010 at 14:33 Fig. 2-6 - Burnett River at Paradise dam near Biggenden on 30 Dec. 2010

(C) Spillway operation at about 14:45 - The discharge was estimated to be in excess of 6,400 m3/s Fig. 2-6 - Burnett River at Paradise dam near Biggenden on 30 Dec. 2010

17 2.4 CONDAMINE RIVER CATCHMENT

912 8.5 11.5 811 7.5 10.5 710 6.5 9.5 69 5.5 8.5 58 4.5 7.5 47 3.5 6.5 36 2.5Photographs 5.5 Water level (m) CBM CBM gauge level (m) Water Water level (m) DERM gauge DERM level (m) Water 25 1.5 4.5 14Gauge DERM:422333 0.5Gauge CBM:422912 3.5 03 27/12/2010 12:00:00 AM 15/01/2011 12:00:00 PM Day, Time

Fig. 2-7 - Flood of the Condamine River at Loundon Bridge, Dalby on 5 Jan. 2011 at 11:40 - View from right bank with the flow from left to right

18 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 Photographs

Water level level (m) Water 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 27/12/2010 12:00:00 AM 15/01/2011 12:00:00 PM Day, Time

(A) Submerged Warra-Kogan Bridge (Norm Bryant bridge) viewed from the right bank at 14:20 Fig. 2-8 - Flood of the Condamine River and flood damage at Warra on 5 Jan. 2011

19 (B) Damaged road revetment at a small culvert along the Warra-Kogan Road - The culvert structure itself was un-damaged

(C) Damaged crops near Warra weir Fig. 2-8 - Flood of the Condamine River and flood damage at Warra on 5 Jan. 2011 20 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Photographs 7

Water level level (m) Water 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 24/12/2010 12:20:00 AM 17/01/2011 12:20:00 AM Day, Time

Fig. 2-9 - Chinchilla-Condamine Road and its surroundings on 5 Feb. 2011 at 13:10 - Road closed by the backwater of the Condamine River upstream of Chinchilla weir

(A) On Tues. 11 Jan. 2011 at 05:53 (Photograph Ashraf SALEH)

(B) On Thu. 10 Mar. 2011 at Fig. 2-10 - East Creek at South Street in Toowoomba

22 2.6 BRISBANE VALLEY

(A1) On Tues. 11 Jan. 2011 at 16:31 - Photograph taken from the Warrego Highway

(A2) On Mon. 17 Jan. 2011 at 14:26 with Louisa Street in the foreground (A) Black Snake Creek (130m West of Queen Street) looking downstream - Note the footpath concrete slabs jammed into the road rails on both photographs Fig. 2-11 - Marburg about 60 km West of Brisbane

(B1) On Tues. 11 Jan. 2011 at 16:36 viewed from Warrego Highway - Note Black Snake Creek crossing in the background

(B2) On Mon. 17 Jan. 2011 at 14:24 (B) Queen Street, looking North from the Warrego Highway - Intersection with Louisa Street in the foreground Fig. 2-11 - Marburg about 60 km West of Brisbane

(A) On Tues. 11 Jan. 2011 at 16:50 - Note the hydraulic jump above the flood way (B) On Mon. 17 Jan. 2011 at 14:36 Fig. 2-12 - Haigslee-Fernvale road floodway, looking North about 1 km North of the Warrego Highway - Flow direction from left to right

Fig. 2-13 - Brisbane River between Lowood and Vernor on Mon 17 Jan. 2011 at 12:23, viewed from the right bank shortly after the Forest Hill-Fernvale Road was re-opened

(A) On Tues. 11 Jan. 2011 at 15:52

(B) On Mon. 17 Jan. 2011 at 12:04 Fig. 2-14 - Brisbane Valley Highway at Black Snake Creek (also called Fairnie Brook) 3 km SSW of Fernvale - View from the southern end of road

27 15

12.5

7.5 Photograph

Water level level (m) Water 2.5

-2.5

-5 5/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 10/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day, time Fig. 2-15 - Brisbane River and submerged Kholo Road bridge on 9 Jan. 2011 at 08:44, viewed from the left bank - The Kholo Road bridge is located downstream of the Wivenhoe dam and a few kilometres upstream of Mt Crosby weir - River flow from right to left

(A) Dry Wivenhoe reservoir on 13 June 2007 viewed from the dam right abutment with the secondary spillway intake on the far right - The reservoir capacity was below 16%

(B) Spillway operation on 18 Oct. 2011 with one gate opened - The reservoir capacity was about 102%

(C) Spillway operation of the Wivenhoe dam spillway on the Brisbane River on 21 Dec. 2010 - The reservoir capacity was about 112% Fig. 2-16 - Wivenhoe dam and spillway- Completed in 1984, the reservoir has a dual purpose: flood mitigation and long-term water supply - Note that the Bremer River and Lockyer Creek join the Brisbane River downstream of Wivenhoe dam

(D) Spillway operation on 17 Jan. 2011 - The reservoir capacity was about 122%

(E) Hydraulic jump in the tailrace channel downstream of spillway on 17 Jan. 2011 - Flow from bottom right to top left Fig. 2-16 - Wivenhoe dam and spillway- Completed in 1984, the reservoir has a dual purpose: flood mitigation and long-term water supply - Note that the Bremer River and Lockyer Creek join the Brisbane River downstream of Wivenhoe dam

(A) On 13 June 2007 - Reservoir capacity: 16%

(B) On Mon. 17 Jan. 2011 at 13:05 - Reservoir capacity: 122% Fig. 2-17 - Secondary spillway (fuse embankment) of Wivenhoe dam 31

(A) On 5 Sept. 1999 - View from downstream

(B) On 21 Dec. 2010 at 17:56 - View from the left bank Fig. 2-18 - Mount Crosby weir on the Brisbane River - Located downstream of Wivenhoe Reservoir, the weir was completed in 1892: height: 4.57 m, length: 81.4 m

32 27

21 17 Jan. 15:03

17 9 Jan. 08:10 15 Water level (m) 13

7 5/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 18/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day, time (C) On Sun. 9 Jan. 2011 at 08:06 - View from the left bank

(D) On Mon. 17 Jan. 2011 at 15:04 - View of the submerged weir from the right bank - Note the left bank scour below the treatment plant Fig. 2-18 - Mount Crosby weir on the Brisbane River - Located downstream of Wivenhoe Reservoir, the weir was completed in 1892: height: 4.57 m, length: 81.4 m

33 2.6 LOCKYER VALLEY

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 Water level Water (m) 4 2 0 10/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 12/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 14/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day, time (A) Lockyer Creek at Helidon (incomplete record)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4

Water level Water (m) 3 2 1 0 10/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 12/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 14/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day, time (B) Flagstone Creek at Brown-Zirbels Road

6 5.4 4.8 4.2 3.6 3 2.4

Water level (m) level Water 1.8 1.2 0.6 0 10/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 12/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 14/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day, time (C) Sandy Creek at Sandy Creek Road Fig. 2-19 - Flood hydrographs in the Lockyer Valley between Monday 10 Jan. 2010 00:00 and Friday 14 Jan. 00:00 (Data: Bureau of Meteorology) - From top to bottom, from upstream to downstream: (A) Lockyer Creek at Helidon (incomplete record), (B) Flagstone Creek at Brown- Zirbels Road, (C) Sandy Creek at Sandy Creek Road

18 16 SEQWCO gauge Sunwater gauge 14 12 10 8 6 Water level Water (m) 4 2 0 10/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 12/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 14/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day, time (D) Lockyer Creek at Gatton (incomplete record)

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 Water level Water (m) 4 2 0 10/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 12/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 14/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day, time (E) Lockyer Creek at Glenore Grove

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 Water level (m) level Water 4 2 0 10/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 12/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 14/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day, time (F) Lockyer Creek at Lyons Bridge Fig. 2-19 - Flood hydrographs in the Lockyer Valley between Monday 10 Jan. 2010 00:00 and Friday 14 Jan. 00:00 (Data: Bureau of Meteorology) - From top to bottom, from upstream to downstream: (D) Lockyer Creek at Gatton (incomplete record), (E) Lockyer Creek at Glenore Grove, (F) Lockyer Creek at Lyons Bridge

35 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 Water level (m) Water 4 2 0 10/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 12/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 14/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day. time (G) Lockyer Creek at Riffle Range Road

24 21 18 15 12 9 Water level Water (m) 6 SEQWCO gauge 3 DERM gauge 0 10/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 12/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 14/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day, time (H) Lockyer Creek at O'Reilly weir shortly upstream of confluence with Brisbane River (incomplete record) Fig. 2-19 - Flood hydrographs in the Lockyer Valley between Monday 10 Jan. 2010 00:00 and Friday 14 Jan. 00:00 (Data: Bureau of Meteorology) - From top to bottom, from upstream to downstream: (A) Lockyer Creek at Helidon (incomplete record), (B) Flagstone Creek at Brown- Zirbels Road, (C) Sandy Creek at Sandy Creek Road, (D) Lockyer Creek at Gatton (incomplete record), (E) Lockyer Creek at Glenore Grove, (F) Lockyer Creek at Lyons Bridge, (G) Lockyer Creek at Riffle Range Road, (H) Lockyer Creek at O'Reilly weir shortly upstream of confluence with Brisbane River (incomplete record)

Fig. 2-20 - Gatton Creek about 1 km upstream of Withcott on Thu. 10 Mar. 2011 at 12:20, two months after the flash flooding - On Tues. 11 Jan. 2011, a record highest January daily rainfall of 180.8 mm was recorded (BOM 2011c)

Fig. 2-21 - Lockyer Creek at Helidon on Sat. 5 March 211 at 09:46, about 250 m upstream of the Warrego Highway bridge, at Gunn Street crossing - Looking upstream at the creek - Note the damaged right and left banks, and the wooden debris in the river bed and on the banks

37 (A) Looking upstream

(B) Looking downstream Fig. 2-22 - Lockyer Creek at Murphy Bridge, Black Flagstone Rd, 1.5 km downstream of Helidon on Thu. 10 March 2011 at 12:50, two months after the flash flooding 38

18 17 Fig. 2-23 - Lockyer Creek at Lyons Bridge on Mon. 17 Jan. 2011 at 12:40 - View from the left bank 16 15 with the creek flowing from right to left 14 13 12 11 10 Photograph 9 8 7 Water level (m) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10/01/2011 12:00:00 AM 17/01/2011 12:00:00 AM Day, time

39 2.7 LITTLE NERANG CREEK CATCHMENT

1 Little Nerang Creek at 0.9 Little Nerang Dam

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 Water level (m) 0.3

0.2 Photographs

0.1

0 24/12/2010 12:00:00 AM 27/12/2010 12:00:00 AM Day, Time Fig. 2-24 - Operation of the Little Nerang dam spillway on the Little Nerang Creek, Gold Coast Hinterland on 27 Dec. 2010 at 10:19

40 3. THE 12-13 JANUARY 2011 BRISBANE FLOOD: PHOTOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS 3.1 PRESENTATION In January 2011, the flood of the Brisbane River in its lower valley was the result of a combination of several factors including (a) some soaked catchments after nearly 3 weeks of continuous rain, (b) some heavy, continuous rainfalls on 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 January 2011 in the Bremer and Brisbane River catchments, and Lockyer Valley (Fig. 1-5), and (c) an intense rainstorm event over the Toowoomba Range and Lockyer Valley on Monday 10 January 2011 afternoon. All these elements led to the development of a major flood in the lower Brisbane River valley on 11, 12, 13 and 14 January 2011. The peak flood in Brisbane took place on 12 January afternoon and 13 January morning (Fig. 3-1 & 3-2). It corresponded to the cumulative effect of a major flood of the Bremer River, a large flash flood in the Lockyer Valley (section 2) and some large outflow from Wivenhoe dam whose reservoir reached about 190% of its nominal capacity on 12 January 2010 (1) when the water level was about 0.6 m below the embankment crest of the secondary 'fuse' spillway. Note that both the Lockyer Creek and Bremer River join the Brisbane River downstream of Wivenhoe dam (Fig. 1-5). In the city of Brisbane, the peak water level reached 4.46 m AHD on Thursday 13 January 2011 (Fig. 3-2C). This may be compared to the peak levels of 5.45 m AHD in 1974 and 8.35 m AHD in 1893 (Fig. 3-3), although some aboriginal oral history mentioned a 12 m high flood event in Brisbane (BOM 2011b). Figures 1-5 and 1-6 show some maps of south-east Queensland including the Brisbane River catchment and Brisbane respectively. Figure 3-1 presents a satellite picture of the western suburbs of Brisbane during the flood. Figure 3- 2 includes the flood hydrographs of the Brisbane River at three locations: Moggill, Jindalee and Brisbane City from upstream to downstream respectively. These locations are included in Figure 1- 6. Figure 3-3 compares the maximum water elevations of the Brisbane River in Brisbane City for the last 180 years including the January 2011 flood. Figures 3-4 to 3-34 present a number of photographs of the Brisbane River flood in the western suburbs and city centre. When possible, these pictures are compared with historical photographs of previous floods and photographs taken after the 2011 flood. The illustrations are regrouped by suburbs listed from upstream to downstream. That is, Jindalee, Chelmer, Indooroopilly, St Lucia, Towong, Auchenflower, Milton, CBD and South Brisbane. These suburbs are shown in Figure 1-6B. Figure 3-4 shows several photographs of the Centenary Highway and its crossing the Brisbane River. Although the bridge

1 The Somerset dam reservoir reached a peak capacity of 190% of its maximum storage volume on 12 January 2011.

41 was not overtopped, the freeway was inundated on the southern abutment. Figure 3-5 presents some pictures of Chelmer. The suburb was extensively affected; for example, Figure 3-5C is located 500 m from the main river channel. Figures 3-6 to 3.8 illustrate some flooding in Indooroopilly, including the Brisbane River flow beneath the Indooroopilly bridges. The first Indooroopilly bridge was destroyed during the February 1893 flood (Fig. 3-8A) and the present railway bridge was rebuilt in 1895. Figures 3-9 to 3-17 show the flooding of the University of Queensland campus in St Lucia. The university campus was developed along the flood plain of the Brisbane River and experienced previous floods (Fig. 3-9). Figures 3-18 to 3-24 present some photographs of the Brisbane River at Toowong along Coronation Drive (Fig. 1-6B). Figures 3-25 and 3-26 highlight the flooding on the northern bank of the river between Toowong and the city. The locations seen in Figures 3-25 and 3-26 are respectively 400 m and 600 m from the main river channel. Figures 3-27 to 3-32 present several illustrations of flooding in the city business district (CBD), and Figures 3-33 and 3-34 show the extents of flooding in South Brisbane.

Comments While the flood in Brisbane was spectacular and affected many people (12,000 homes), the maximum water level was about 1 m below the 1974 flood level in the city (App. B), and the 2011 flood was far less destructive and deadly than the floods in other parts of the State of Queensland in 2010-2011. The 2011 flood may also be compared with previous flood events. Figure 3-3 shows the major floods of the Brisbane River in the city of Brisbane for the last 180 years and the maximum water levels above the Australian Height Datum (AHD) that corresponds to the Mean Sea Level (MSL). While there have been a smaller number of major floods during the last 50 years, some extreme events were recorded during the 19th century including four major floods for the 1893 year alone (BOM 1974, 2011b). Altogether there were more than 6 floods with recorded water levels higher than the 2011 flood in the city in the last 200 years (Fig. 3-3). The field observations showed different flow motion in the various submerged areas. Many areas were inundated by some form of backwater induced by the rise of the Brisbane River water level. The flow was nil or very weak in these areas such as Milton Road near the intersection with Eagle Terrace, Auchenflower near the train station, Indooroopilly at Moggill Road, ... On the other hand, the author observed a few areas where some fast flow was observed. These included the UQ St Lucia campus where some fast flowing waters were observed between the swimming pool and the building 27A continuing into the tennis courts, and Gardens Point Road on the QUT campus where the author together with his colleague Dr Richard BROWN did some velocity measurements (Australian Geographic 2011). Following the flood, the clean-up was marked by the large amount

42 of mud left after the flood recession, although some coarse sandy deposits were observed in some parts of the University of Queensland St Lucia campus, in Toowong and next to the Indooroopilly Bridge (App. D). Further unusual observations are reported in Appendix D. Appendices B to D regroup additional informations on the hydrographs of the 1931, 1974 and 2011 floods in Brisbane, the extent of the 1893 and 1931 floods in Brisbane, and some unusual observations during the 2011 flood.

Fig. 3-1 - Inundated Brisbane seen from space on 13 Jan. 2011 (Astronaut photograph ISS026-E- 17421, {http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=48625}, NASA Earth Observatory) - Note the Indooroopilly Bridge in the top central section and the Eleanor Schonell Bridge in the lower part of the photograph, with Mount Coot-Tha in the far right - Brisbane River flow direction from top to bottom

43 20 18 16 14 12 10 8

Water level (m) 6 4 2 0 7/01/2011 9/01/2011 11/01/2011 13/01/2011 15/01/2011 17/01/2011 19/01/2011 21/01/2011 Day, time (A) Moggill Alert gauge IDQ65389

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Water level (m) 4 3 2 1 0 7/01/2011 9/01/2011 11/01/2011 13/01/2011 15/01/2011 17/01/2011 19/01/2011 21/01/2011 Day, time (B) Jindalee gauge IDQ65389

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1

Water level (m AHD) Water level 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 7/01/2011 9/01/2011 11/01/2011 13/01/2011 15/01/2011 17/01/2011 19/01/2011 21/01/2011 Day, time (C) City gauge IDQ65389 Fig. 3-2 - Flood hydrograph of the Brisbane River (Data: Bureau of Meteorology)

44 10 9 5/2/1893 8 19/2/1893 1974 7 2011 6 5 4 3 2 1 13/2/1893 Water elevation in Brisbane (m AHD) elevation in Brisbane (m Water 0 1830 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 Year

Fig. 3-3 - Historical floods of the Brisbane River in the city of Brisbane and maximum water elevations for the period 1830-2011 (Data: WALES 1976, BRIER-MILLS 1982, BOM 1940, 1974, 2011b)

45 3.2 JINDALEE

(A1) Flood damage at Jindalee caused by the 1974 Brisbane Flood (Courtesy of John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland) - River flow from left to top right

(A2) Brisbane 1974 Flood - View South down the Centenary Highway towards Jindalee (Photograph Allan J. EASTON, Queensland Museum) - River flow from right to left (A) Jindalee during the 1974 flood Fig. 3-4 - Centenary Highway at Jindalee

(B1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 17:17 (Photograph Mike MYERS)

(B2) On Wed. 9 Feb. 2011 at 14:27 (B) Jindalee in 2011, looking South down the Centenary Highway from Kenmore Road - River flow from right to left Fig. 3-4 - Centenary Highway at Jindalee

(C1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 18:07 (Photograph Fraser REID)

(C2) On Wed. 9 Feb. 2011 at 14:34 (C) Looking South at the Centenary Highway, viewed from Sinnamon Road Fig. 3-4 - Centenary Highway at Jindalee

(D1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 18:08 (Photograph Fraser REID)

(D2) On Wed. 9 Feb. 2011 at 14:36 (D) Looking North at the Centenary Highway, viewed from Sinnamon Road Fig. 3-4 - Centenary Highway at Jindalee

49 3.3 CHELMER

(A) Aerial view of Chelmer and Fig Tree Pocket, 1941 (Photograph Nelson Prior REID,1915-1941, John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland) - Glenwood Street is on the lower left handside

(B) Flooding at 25 Glenwood Street, Chelmer on Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 12:16 (Photograph Fraser REID) Fig. 3-5 - Chelmer

(C) Oxley Road between Chelmer Street East and Glenwood Street looking North on Thu. 13 Jan. 201 at 12:11 (Photograph Fraser REID) - Note the two submerged bus stop signs on left and right of the kayak Fig. 3-5 - Chelmer

51 3.4 INDOOROOPILLY

(A1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 14:56

(A2) On Wed. 9 Feb. 2011 at 14:02 (A) Indooroopilly Road between Carawa Street and Lambert Road, looking South Fig. 3-6 - Indooroopilly Road, Indooroopilly

(B1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 14:48 (B2) On Wed. 9 Feb. 2011 at 14:02 (B) Indooroopilly Road southern end, looking North Fig. 3-6 - Indooroopilly Road, Indooroopilly

(C1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 14:30 (C2) On Wed. 9 Feb. 2011 at 14:13 Fig. 3-7 - Lambert Road, Indooroopilly looking towards the intersection with Indooroopilly Road

(A1) Flood damage to the first Indooroopilly Railway Bridge in 1893 (Courtesy of John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland)

(A2) Flood damage to the first Indooroopilly Railway Bridge in 1893 (Courtesy of John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland) - The bridge was rebuilt in 1895

(B) Indooroopilly Railway Bridge (Albert Bridge) photographed during the flood of the Brisbane River in 1927 (Courtesy of John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland) Fig. 3-8 - Brisbane River at the Indooroopilly Bridge - There are in fact 3 bridges side by side at Indooroopilly: the Albert Bridge for railway completed in 1895, the Walter Taylor Bridge for cars and pedestrians completed in 1936, and the Jack Pesch Bridge completed in 1998 for pedestrians and cyclists

(C1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 14:14

(C2) On Wed. 9 Feb. 2011 at 14:55 Fig. 3-8 - Brisbane River at the Indooroopilly Bridge - There are in fact 3 bridges side by side at Indooroopilly: the Albert Bridge for railway completed in 1895, the Walter Taylor Bridge for cars and pedestrians completed in 1936, and the Jack Pesch Bridge completed in 1998 for pedestrians and cyclists

(C3) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 14:18 (C4) On Wed. 9 Feb. 2011 at 14:55 (C) Views from the left bank Fig. 3-8 - Brisbane River at the Indooroopilly Bridge - There are in fact 3 bridges side by side at Indooroopilly: the Albert Bridge for railway completed in 1895, the Walter Taylor Bridge for cars and pedestrians completed in 1936, and the Jack Pesch Bridge completed in 1998 for pedestrians and cyclists

(D1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 14:18

(D2) On Wed. 9 Feb. 2011 at 14:56 (D) Details of the Walter Taylor Bridge Fig. 3-8 - Brisbane River at the Indooroopilly Bridge - There are in fact 3 bridges side by side at Indooroopilly: the Albert Bridge for railway completed in 1895, the Walter Taylor Bridge for cars and pedestrians completed in 1936, and the Jack Pesch Bridge completed in 1998 for pedestrians and cyclists

(E1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 14:21 (E2) On Wed. 9 Feb. 2011 at 15:00 (E) Looking upstream from the Walter Taylor Bridge at the left bank Fig. 3-8 - Brisbane River at the Indooroopilly Bridge - There are in fact 3 bridges side by side at Indooroopilly: the Albert Bridge for railway completed in 1895, the Walter Taylor Bridge for cars and pedestrians completed in 1936, and the Jack Pesch Bridge completed in 1998 for pedestrians and cyclists

59 3.5 ST LUCIA

Fig. 3-9 - Aerial view of the University of Queensland at St Lucia during the 1974 Brisbane flood, with Fairfield and Yeronga in the background (Courtesy of John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland)

(A) On Thu. 13 Jan.2011 at 06:32

(A) On Thu. 27 Jan. 2011 at 11:15 Fig. 3-10 - Sir Fred Schonell Drive at the entrance of the University of Queensland St Lucia campus, looking West

(A) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 15:15

(B) On Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 06:20 - Fast flowing waters from right to left in the background

(C) On Thu. 27 Jan. 2011 at 11:19 Fig. 3-11 - Blair Drive on the University of Queensland St Lucia campus, looking East towards the swimming pool

(A) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 15:10

(B) On Thu. 13Jan. 2011 at 06:24

(D) On Thu. 27 Jan. 2011 at 11:17 Fig. 3-12 - Athletic tracks of the University of Queensland St Lucia campus

(A) On Fri. 14 Jan. 2011 at 08:58 Fig. 3-13 - Brisbane River and the University of Queensland Citycat terminal on the left bank

(B) On Tues. 25 Jan. 2011 at 11:11 - Note the thick deposit of coarse sediments in the foreground between the trees Fig. 3-13 - Brisbane River and the University of Queensland Citycat terminal on the left bank

(A) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 06:19

(B) On Mon. 24 Jan. 2011 at 05:25 - Note the old Dutton Park ferry terminal in the background Fig. 3-14 - Brisbane River and the old University of Queensland ferry terminal on the left bank

(A, Left) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 06:20 - Note the flow disturbances between the bridge piers (B, Right) Details of the flow around the pier on Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 06:20

(C) On Mon. 24 Jan. 2011 at 05:13 - Note the relatively coarse sediment deposits on the left bank (foreground) Fig. 3-15 - Brisbane River and Eleanor Schonell Bridge, views from the left bank 67

(A1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 06:24 - Note the floating pontoon in foreground

(A2) On Monday 24 Jan. 2011 at 05:18 (A) Looking downstream with the old University of Queensland ferry terminal on the far left and the University of Queensland Citycat terminal on the background left Fig. 3-16 - Brisbane River viewed from the Eleanor Schonell Bridge, looking downstream

(B1, Left) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 06:24 - The terminal is located in the middle of the photograph and was fully submerged at the time (B2, Right) On Monday 24 Jan. 2011 at 05:17 (B) Old Dutton Park ferry terminal

(C1, Left) On Wed. 12 an. 2011 at 06:25 (C2, Right) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 06:23 Fig. 3-16 - Brisbane River viewed from the Eleanor Schonell Bridge, looking downstream

(C3) On Mon. 24 Jan. 2011 at 05:16 (C) Old University of Queensland ferry terminal

(D1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 06:24 Fig. 3-16 - Brisbane River viewed from the Eleanor Schonell Bridge, looking downstream

(D2) On Mon. 24 Jan. 2011 at 05:19 (D) University of Queensland Citycat terminal Fig. 3-16 - Brisbane River viewed from the Eleanor Schonell Bridge, looking downstream

(A) General view looking upstream

(B) Details of the river bank erosion along the St Lucia campus Fig. 3-17 - Brisbane River viewed from the Eleanor Schonell Bridge, looking upstream on Mon. 24 Jan. 2011 at 09:40

72 3.6 TOOWONG

(A) Flood damage at Toowong caused by the 1974 Brisbane flood (Courtesy of John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland) - Looking West with the Regatta Hotel on the right

(B) On Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 05:24, looking East with the Regatta Hotel on the left Fig. 3-18 - Regatta Hotel on Coronation Drive, Toowong

(A1) On Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 05:21 - Note the submerged roof of the terminal

(A2) On Thu. 3 Feb. 2011 at 14:15 (A) Main ferry terminal with pontoon in the background - River flow from right to left Fig. 3-19 - Brisbane River in Toowong, looking at the Citycat terminal

(B1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 05:39

(B2) On Thu. 3 Feb. 2011 at 14:15 (B) Looking upstream at the terminal Fig. 3-19 - Brisbane River in Toowong, looking at the Citycat terminal

(A) On Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 05:21 - Photograph taken from Coronation Drive

(B) On Thu. 3 Feb. 2011 at 14:15 - Photograph taken from the bicycle path Fig. 3-20 - Brisbane River in Toowong, looking at the bicycle path in front of Citycat terminal - Note the same red warning sign post on the left and yellow sign posts on the right of both photographs

(A) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 05:55

(B) On Thu. 3 Feb. 2011 at 14:27 - Note that the sign posts (visible on 12 Jan. 2011) were lying down along the bicycle path Fig. 3-21 - Brisbane River between Auchenflower and Toowong looking upstream with the bicycle path in the foreground

(A) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 05:42 (B) On Thu. 3 Feb. 2011 at 14:38 Fig. 3-22 - Coronation Drive, Toowong - Note the Brisbane River in the background (right)

(A1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 05:49 Fig. 3-23 - Brisbane River in front of Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower

(A2) On Thu. 3 Feb. 2011 at 14:29

(B1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 05:54 (B2) On Thu. 3 Feb. 2011 at 14:30 Fig. 3-23 - Brisbane River in front of Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower

(A) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 05:57

(B) On Thu. 3 Feb. 2011 at 14:35 Fig. 3-24 - Land Street, Auchenflower

80 3.7 AUCHENFLOWER / MILTON

(A1) On Fri. 14 Jan. 2011 at 05:21, looking East

(A2) On Sun. 13 Feb. 2011 at 08:33 (A) General view from the intersection with Grimes Street Fig. 3-25 - Eagle Terrace, Auchenflower next to Auchenflower Railway Station

(B1) On Fri. 14 Jan. 2011 at 05:22, note the submerged car in the receding waters (B2) On Sun. 13 Feb. 2011 at 08:34 (B) Sign posts at the intersection with Cue Street Fig. 3-25 - Eagle Terrace, Auchenflower next to Auchenflower Railway Station

(A1) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 15:59 (A2) On Sun. 13 Feb. 2011 at 08:34 (A) View of the intersection from Milton Road inbound Fig. 3-26 - Milton Road at the intersection with Eagle Terrace

(B1) On Fri. 14 Jan. 2011 at 05:36 (B2) On Sun. 13 Feb. 2011 at 08:41 (B) Milton Road viewed from the intersection with Eagle Terrace, with the XXXX beer factory in the background Fig. 3-26 - Milton Road at the intersection with Eagle Terrace

84 3.8 CITY BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD)

(A) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 16:29 (B) On Tues. 15 Feb. 2011 at 07:57 Fig. 3-27 - Margaret Street in Brisbane's Central Business District

(A) Alice Street Brisbane during the 1890 flood (Photograph, John Jackson HOGG, John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland) Fig. 3-28 - Alice Street in Brisbane's Central Business District

(B) 1893. Alice Street: flood (Alcock Collection, Fryer Library)

(C) Alice Street, Brisbane, during the 1974 flood (Courtesy of John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland) Fig. 3-28 - Alice Street in Brisbane's Central Business District

(D) On Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 10:19, looking North East

(E) On Tues. 15 Jan. 2011 at 08:01 Fig. 3-28 - Alice Street in Brisbane's Central Business District

(A) On Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 11:39 - Note the ADV sampling site on the far right

(B) On Fri. 14 Jan. 2011 at 06:00 Fig. 3-29 - Gardens Point Road, QUT campus with the South-East Freeway on the left and C Block on the right

(A) Floodwaters running under the Victoria Bridge, Brisbane in 1974 (Courtesy of John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland)

(B) On Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 09:57,viewed from the left bank - Note the debris jammed upstream the left pier Fig. 3-30 - Victoria Bridge, viewed from the left bank with river flow from right to left

(C) On Sat. 12 Feb. 2011 at 09:38 Fig. 3-30 - Victoria Bridge, viewed from the left bank with river flow from right to left

(A1) 6 Feb 1931. River in flood, from North Quay (Alcock Collection, Fryer Library) - Note the William Jolly Bridge under construction - Opened in 1932, the bridge was known simply as the Grey Street Bridge until its naming in 1955 Fig. 3-31 - Brisbane River viewed from the Victoria Bridge looking upstream

(A2) On Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 09:59

(A3) On Sat. 12 Feb. 2011 at 09:43 (A) North Quay looking upstream - Note the bikeway below North Quay and the Kurilpa Bridge in the recent photographs Fig. 3-31 - Brisbane River viewed from the Victoria Bridge looking upstream

(B1) On Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 09:59

(B2) On Sat. 12 Feb. 2011 at 09:41 (B) Looking upstream towards the South-East Freeway and North Quay Fig. 3-31 - Brisbane River viewed from the Victoria Bridge looking upstream

(A) On Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 10:03, looking downstream with the Citycat terminal and South-East Freeway on the left

(B) On Sat. 12 Feb. 2011 at 09:34 Fig. 3-32 - Brisbane River viewed from the Victoria Bridge looking downstream

93 3.9 SOUTH BRISBANE

(A) Crowd gathered on the north bank of the Brisbane River, observing the floodwaters which washed away the Victoria Bridge in 1893 (Courtesy of John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland)

(B) Looking over South Brisbane during the floods in 1974 (Courtesy of John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland) Fig. 3-33 - South Bank

(C) On Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 10:03, looking downstream from Victoria Bridge at South Bank (D) On Sat. 12 Feb. 2011 at 09:32 Fig. 3-33 - South Bank

(A) On Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 14:08

(B) On Fri. 14 Jan. 2011 at 14:30, with the main entrance in the background Fig. 3-34 - Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre, South Brisbane (Photographs Stefan FELDER)

96 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 2010 was a wet year for Queensland. In December 2010 alone, many places received more than six times the expected average December rainfall. Between November 2010 and January 2011, the wet summer season caused some widespread flooding across most of the State, in particular in Central, Western, Southern and South-East Queensland. While major floods are a relatively common occurrence in tropical and sub-tropical Queensland, the extent and magnitude of the 2010-2011 floods were unprecedented in many places and a number of record water levels were observed. Both large-scale floods and flash flooding were occurred. Large-scale flooding took place in the Fitzroy River and Condamine-Balonne River systems in particular. Some deadly flash floods occurred in the Toowoomba Range and Upper Lockyer Valley. In Brisbane, some people were taken by surprise by the Brisbane River flood on Tuesday 11 January evening and Wed. 12 January 2011, although the maximum water elevation was 1 m below the 1974 flood level of the Brisbane River. Many assumed improperly that the Brisbane River flood would be mitigated by the Wivenhoe Reservoir and did not understand that the floodwaters of the Bremer River and Lockyer Creek are un-controlled. In 1974 Sir Charles BARTON, Co-ordinator General of Queensland, commented: "In Brisbane many people suffered from what I call the Somerset Dam Syndrome. They knew that the 1893 flood and the heights reached but now that we have Somerset Dam it won't happen again." (BARTON 1974) It is thought that in 2011 many suffered from the Wivenhoe Dam Syndrome. Importantly the floods are a common occurrence in Queensland usually during the wet season, and many cities and townships are built around rivers including in flood-prone areas (Fig. 4-1). Our society must learn to live with them. The floods contribute further to the replenishment of water reserves. In 2010-2011, the flood waters resupplied both the surface reservoirs and groundwater reserves with medium- and long-term benefits to Queensland's future.

Fig. 4-1 - Water levels during the 1893 (top), 1974 (middle) and 1896 (lowest) floods of the Brisbane River in Brisbane CBD - Markers on the Polo Club building in Mary Street

98 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is dedicated to the victims of the 2010-2011 floods in Queensland. The author thanks Professor Colin APELT (The University of Queensland) for his detailed review of the report and valuable comments. He thanks all the people who assisted in the site inspections, including Dr Richard BROWN (Q.U.T.), Ms Ya-Hui CHOU and André, Nicole and Bernard CHANSON, and Dr Alex SCHEUERMANN (The University of Queensland). He further acknowledges all the people who provided relevant photographic materials.

99 APPENDIX A - FLOOD WARNING: BASIC DEFINITIONS The flood warning service of the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) has the primary function to provide an effective flood forecasting and warning service in each Australian State/Territory. It provides different types of information depending upon the type of flooding and flood risk, with some variations between States and areas within a State. In areas where the BOM installed specialised warning systems, the flood warning message will identify the river valley, the expected locations to be flooded, the likely severity of the flooding and when it is likely to occur.

DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY Minor flooding: Causes inconvenience. Low-lying areas next to watercourses are inundated which may require the removal of stock and equipment. Minor roads may be closed and low-level bridges submerged. Moderate flooding: In addition to the above, the evacuation of some houses may be required. Main traffic routes may be covered. The area of inundation is substantial in rural areas requiring the removal of stock. Major flooding: In addition to the above, extensive rural areas and/or urban areas are inundated. Properties and towns are likely to be isolated and major traffic routes likely to be closed. Evacuation of people from flood affected areas may be required. Observed River Height: Depth of water (in metres) at a river height measuring gauge located along the river. In most cases, a zero reading is the lowest water level that is reached during dry conditions. In many tidal areas, as well as a few inland areas, river levels are expressed in metres above mean sea level or Australian Height Datum (AHD). Peak River Height: Highest river height (in metres) observed during a flood event at the specified site on the river.

REFERENCE {http://reg.bom.gov.au/water/floods/floodWarningServices.shtml} accessed on 10 Feb. 2011.

100 APPENDIX B - FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS OF THE 1931, 1974 AND 2011 FLOODS IN BRISBANE The hydrographs of the 1931, 1974 and 2011 floods in Brisbane are presented below. All the graphs use the same vertical and horizontal scales. The Brisbane City Gauge is located at the end of Edward Street in the CBD, on the left bank. The Alert Gauge is slightly below the Thornton Street ferry pier on the right bank.

20 Brisbane Port 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Water level (m AHD) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 90000 180000 270000 360000 450000 540000 Time (s) since 00:00 on 6 Feb. 1931 Fig. B-1 - Flood hydrographs of the 1931 flood in Brisbane at the Brisbane Port Gauge- Data: WHITTINGHAM (1957)

101 20 Moggill 19 Jindalee 18 Brisbane Port 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Water level (m AHD) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 90000 180000 270000 360000 450000 540000 Time (s) 00:00 on 25 Jan. 1974 Fig. B-2 - Flood hydrographs of the 1974 flood in Brisbane at the Brisbane Port Gauge, Jindalee and Moggill - Data: CHORLEY (1974), COSSINS (1974)

102 20 Moggill 19 Jindalee 18 City gauge 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Water level (m AHD) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 90000 180000 270000 360000 450000 540000 Time (s) since 00:00 on 11 Jan. 2011 Fig. B-3 - Flood hydrographs of the 2011 flood in Brisbane at the Brisbane City Gauge (Station Number: 540198), Jindalee (Station Number: 540192) and Moggill (Station Number: 540200) - Data: BOM

103 APPENDIX C - EXTENT OF THE 1893 AND 1931 FLOODS IN BRISBANE

Fig. C-1 - Extent of the 1893 and 1931 floods in Brisbane - Reference: City of Brisbane Plan (1949). "Extent of 1893 & 1931 Floods." Brisbane City Council, Department of Works, Planning and Building Branch, compiled from information supplied by Dept of Works, Date 17-8-49, Drawing No. 15 - Green: 1931 flood extent, Red: 1893 flood extent

104 APPENDIX D - UNUSUAL OBSERVATIONS DURING THE 2010-2011 FLOODS

Fig. D-1 - Large floating debris in the Brisbane River on Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 05:51 - On Wednesday morning, a large amount of floating debris were seen at the surface of the Brisbane River, including trees, pontoons, rubbish bins, containers ... - Some became entangled in the bridge piers, other sunk, while some reached the Moreton Bay and often came to rest along the North-West shoreline of the Bay between Nudgee and Sandgate - The flow patterns in the Moreton Bay suggested that the floating debris were entrapped in a large gyre which brought them back to the shore North of the river mouth

105

Fig. D-2 - Small standing waves on the Brisbane River surface on Fri. 14 Jan. 2011 at 05:07 - The standing waves appeared irregularly and they were evidence of massive sediment bed scour and accretion associated with some intense bed form motion

106

(A) Coarse sediment deposits and small bed forms in a road gutter of Coronation Drive on Fri. 14 Jan. 2011 at 05:09

(B) 0.4 m thick coarse sediment deposit layer at the University of Queensland Citycat terminal on Tues. 25 Jan. 2011 at 11:12 Fig. D-3 - Coarse sediment deposits along the Brisbane River after the water receded - Further coarse sediment deposits were seen at the Indooroopilly Bridge

107

(A, Left) Turbulent flow on UQ St Lucia campus between buildings 28 and 29 on Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 15:15 - Flow from foreground to background (B, Right) Fast flowing flow in front of the UQ Aquatic Centre at St Lucia on Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 06:15 - Flow direction from right to left Fig. D-4 - High-velocity flow region in the Brisbane River flood plain 108

(C) High-velocity flow in Gardens Point Road between the SE Freeway and C Bock (QUT) on Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 11:42 Fig. D-4 - High-velocity flow region in the Brisbane River flood plain - While many inundated areas were subjected to little or no flow motion, some regions of high-velocity flow were observed on 12-13 Jan. 2011

109

Fig. D-5 - Turbulence boil and scars in the Brisbane River at Toowong next to left bank on Thu. 13 Jan. 2011 at 05:25- Flow from right to left

110

Fig. D-6 - Vortical structure in the wake of the left pier of the Eleanor Schonell Bridge on Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 at 06:28 - River flow from bottom left to top right

111

Fig. D-7 - Water levels during the 1893 (top), 1974 (lower) and 2011 (lowest) floods of the Brisbane River in Kangaroo Point on the right bank - Marks on the Naval Stores with the children pointing to the 2011 an 1974 flood levels

112

Fig. D-8 - Charity stamps printed by Australia Post for the Premier's Flood Relief Appeal - The 10 60 cents stamps were sold for $8 with $2 donated to the Premier's Flood Relief Appeal - The flood relief appeal {http://www.qld.gov.au/floods/donate.html} was launched by the Queensland's Premier to help those affected by wide spread flooding in Queensland - The funds raised as at 11 am on 24 February 2011 were $224,927,722

113 REFERENCES

Australian Geographic (2011). "World's first live flood test yields vital data." Australian Geographic News, 1 Feb. 2011. {http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/world-first- live-flood-experiment-conducted.htm} accessed on 10 Feb. 2011. BARTON, Sir C. (1974). "Opening Address." Proceedings of Symposium January 1974 Floods Moreton Region, The Institution of Engineers, Australia, Queensland Division, F. COSSINS and G. HEATHERWICK Eds., Aug., pp. 4-6. BRIER-MILLS, M. (1982). "The Romance of the Bremer." Historical Society of Ipswich, Australia. Bureau of Meteorology (1940). "Results of Rainfall Observations Made in Queensland." Bureau of Meteorology, Australia. Bureau of Meteorology (1974). "Brisbane Floods January 1974." Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia. Bureau of Meteorology (2010). "Monthly Weather Review. Queensland. December 2010." Monthly Weather Review, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne VIC, Australia, 28 pages. Bureau of Meteorology (2011). "Frequent heavy rain events in late 2010/early 2011 lead to widespread flooding across eastern Australia." Special Climate Statement 24, National Climate Centre, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne VIC, Australia, Revision b, 23 January 2011, 28 pages. Bureau of Meteorology (2011b). "Known Floods in the Brisbane and Bremer River Basin, Including the Cities of Brisbane and Ipswich." Internet website accessed on 15 January 2011 {http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/flood/qld/fld_history/brisbane_history.shtml}. Bureau of Meteorology (2011c). "Monthly Weather Review. Queensland. January 2011." Monthly Weather Review, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne VIC, Australia, 45 pages. CHORLEY, W. (1974). "Port of Brisbane." Proceedings of Symposium January 1974 Floods Moreton Region, The Institution of Engineers, Australia, Queensland Division, F. COSSINS and G. HEATHERWICK Eds., Aug., pp. 261-266. COSSINS, G. (1974). "Flood Forecasting in the Brisbane River." Proceedings of Symposium January 1974 Floods Moreton Region, The Institution of Engineers, Australia, Queensland Division, F. COSSINS and G. HEATHERWICK Eds., Aug., pp. 81-123. Discussion: pp. 124- 133. DIAZ, H.F., and MARKGRAF, V. (1992). "El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillations." Cambridge University Press, UK. GUSE, R. (2010). "Forced Evacuations from Theodore." Central Telegraph, Biloela QLD, Australia, 28 December 2010. WALES, M. (1976). "The Early Floods of the Brisbane-Bremer River System, 1823-1867." Brisbane City Council, Australia. WHITTINGHAM, H.E. (1957). "The Interaction between Flood and Tide at Brisbane." Bureau of Meteorology, Divisional Office, pp. 21-29.

114

Bibliography APELT, C.J. (2011). "Joint Flood Taskforce Report March 2011." Brisbane City Council, Australia, 52 pages. Bureau of Meteorology (2011). "Frequent heavy rain events in late 2010/early 2011 lead to widespread flooding across eastern Australia." Special Climate Statement 24, National Climate Centre, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne VIC, Australia, Revision c, 24 February 2011, 28 pages. COSSINS G. (1969). "Hydrology without Tears and Other Stories." Queensland Division Technical Papers, Vol. 10, No. 7, pp. 1-35. HENDERSON, J.B. (1896). "Floods in Brisbane River, and Schemes for Abatement of their Disastrous Effects." Report to the Honourable the Treasurer, Brisbane, Queensland, Government Printer. Institution of Engineers, Australia (1974). "Proceedings of Symposium January 1974 Floods Moreton Region." The Institution of Engineers, Australia, Queensland Division, F. COSSINS and G. HEATHERWICK Eds., Aug., 275 pages. SEQ Water (2011). "January 2011 Flood Event - Report on the operation of Somerset Dam and Wivenhoe Dam." SEQ Water, 2 March, 1180 pages. Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (1975). "Brisbane River Flood Investigations. Final Report." Cities Commission, Nov., 201 pages.

Internet bibliography

Bureau of Meteorology {http://www.bom.gov.au} Known Floods in the Brisbane and Bremer River {http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/flood/qld/fld_history/ Basin, Including the Cities of Brisbane and brisbane_history.shtml} Ipswich World's first live flood test yields vital data {http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/wor ld-first-live-flood-experiment-conducted.htm} Premier's Flood Relief Appeal {http://www.qld.gov.au/floods/donate.html} Q&A - Dam expert analyses Wivenhoe {http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/01/21/3118 379.htm}

Open Access Repositories

OAIster {http://www.oaister.org/} UQeSpace {http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/}

115 Bibliographic reference of the Report CH82/11 The Hydraulic Model research report series CH is a refereed publication published by the School of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

The bibliographic reference of the present report is:

CHANSON, H. (2011). "The 2010-2011 Floods in Queensland (Australia): Photographic Observations, Comments and Personal Experience." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH82/11, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 127 pages (ISBN 9781742720234).

The Report CH82/11 is available, in the present form, as a PDF file on the Internet at UQeSpace:

http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/

It is listed at:

http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/list/author_id/193/

116 HYDRAULIC MODEL RESEARCH REPORT CH

The Hydraulic Model Report CH series is published by the School of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland. Orders of any reprint(s) of the Hydraulic Model Reports should be addressed to the School Secretary.

School Secretary, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072, Australia - Tel.: (61 7) 3365 3619 - Fax : (61 7) 3365 4599 Url: http://www.eng.uq.edu.au/civil/ Email: [email protected]

Report CH Unit price Quantity Total price CHANSON, H. "The 2010-2011 Floods in Queensland (Australia): AUD$60.00 Photographic Observations, Comments and Personal Experience." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH82/11, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 127 pages (ISBN 9781742720234). MOUAZE, D., CHANSON, H., and SIMON, B. (2010). "Field AUD$60.00 Measurements in the Tidal Bore of the Sélune River in the Bay of Mont Saint Michel (September 2010)." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH81/10, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 72 pages (ISBN 9781742720210). JANSSEN, R., and CHANSON, H. (2010). "Hydraulic Structures: Useful AUD$60.00 Water Harvesting Systems or Relics." Proceedings of the Third International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures (IJREWHS'10), 2-3 May 2010, Edinburgh, Scotland, R. JANSSEN and H. CHANSON (Eds), Hydraulic Model Report CH80/10, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 211 pages (ISBN 9781742720159). CHANSON, H., LUBIN, P., SIMON, B., and REUNGOAT, D. (2010). AUD$60.00 "Turbulence and Sediment Processes in the Tidal Bore of the Garonne River: First Observations." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH79/10, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 97 pages (ISBN 9781742720104). CHACHEREAU, Y., and CHANSON, H., (2010). "Free-Surface AUD$60.00 Turbulent Fluctuations and Air-Water Flow Measurements in Hydraulics Jumps with Small Inflow Froude Numbers." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH78/10, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 133 pages (ISBN 9781742720036). CHANSON, H., BROWN, R., and TREVETHAN, M. (2010). " AUD$60.00 Turbulence Measurements in a Small Subtropical Estuary under King Tide Conditions." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH77/10, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 82 pages (ISBN 9781864999969). DOCHERTY, N.J., and CHANSON, H. (2010). "Characterisation of AUD$60.00 Unsteady Turbulence in Breaking Tidal Bores including the Effects of Bed Roughness." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH76/10, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 112 pages (ISBN 9781864999884).

117 CHANSON, H. (2009). "Advective Diffusion of Air Bubbles in AUD$60.00 Hydraulic Jumps with Large Froude Numbers: an Experimental Study." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH75/09, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 89 pages & 3 videos (ISBN 9781864999730). CHANSON, H. (2009). "An Experimental Study of Tidal Bore AUD$60.00 Propagation: the Impact of Bridge Piers and Channel Constriction." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH74/09, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 110 pages and 5 movies (ISBN 9781864999600). CHANSON, H. (2008). "Jean-Baptiste Charles Joseph BÉLANGER AUD$60.00 (1790-1874), the Backwater Equation and the Bélanger Equation." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH69/08, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 40 pages (ISBN 9781864999211). GOURLAY, M.R., and HACKER, J. (2008). "Reef-Top Currents in AUD$60.00 Vicinity of Heron Island Boat Harbour, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: 2. Specific Influences of Tides Meteorological Events and Waves." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH73/08, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 331 pages (ISBN 9781864999365). GOURLAY, M.R., and HACKER, J. (2008). "Reef Top Currents in AUD$60.00 Vicinity of Heron Island Boat Harbour Great Barrier Reef, Australia: 1. Overall influence of Tides, Winds, and Waves." Hydraulic Model Report CH72/08, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 201 pages (ISBN 9781864999358). LARRARTE, F., and CHANSON, H. (2008). "Experiences and AUD$60.00 Challenges in Sewers: Measurements and Hydrodynamics." Proceedings of the International Meeting on Measurements and Hydraulics of Sewers, Summer School GEMCEA/LCPC, 19-21 Aug. 2008, Bouguenais, Hydraulic Model Report No. CH70/08, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (ISBN 9781864999280). CHANSON, H. (2008). "Photographic Observations of Tidal Bores AUD$60.00 (Mascarets) in France." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH71/08, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 104 pages, 1 movie and 2 audio files (ISBN 9781864999303). CHANSON, H. (2008). "Turbulence in Positive Surges and Tidal Bores. AUD$70.00 Effects of Bed Roughness and Adverse Bed Slopes." Hydraulic Model Report No. CH68/08, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 121 pages & 5 movie files (ISBN 9781864999198) FURUYAMA, S., and CHANSON, H. (2008). "A Numerical Study of AUD$60.00 Open Channel Flow Hydrodynamics and Turbulence of the Tidal Bore and Dam-Break Flows." Report No. CH66/08, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, May, 88 pages (ISBN 9781864999068). GUARD, P., MACPHERSON, K., and MOHOUPT, J. (2008). "A Field AUD$40.00 Investigation into the Groundwater Dynamics of Raine Island." Report No. CH67/08, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, February, 21 pages (ISBN 9781864999075). FELDER, S., and CHANSON, H. (2008). "Turbulence and Turbulent AUD$60.00 Length and Time Scales in Skimming Flows on a Stepped Spillway. Dynamic Similarity, Physical Modelling and Scale Effects." Report No. CH64/07, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, March, 217 pages (ISBN 9781864998870). TREVETHAN, M., CHANSON, H., and BROWN, R.J. (2007). AUD$60.00 "Turbulence and Turbulent Flux Events in a Small Subtropical Estuary." Report No. CH65/07, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, November, 67 pages (ISBN 9781864998993)

118 MURZYN, F., and CHANSON, H. (2007). "Free Surface, Bubbly flow AUD$60.00 and Turbulence Measurements in Hydraulic Jumps." Report CH63/07, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, August, 116 pages (ISBN 9781864998917). KUCUKALI, S., and CHANSON, H. (2007). "Turbulence in Hydraulic AUD$60.00 Jumps: Experimental Measurements." Report No. CH62/07, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, July, 96 pages (ISBN 9781864998825). CHANSON, H., TAKEUCHI, M, and TREVETHAN, M. (2006). "Using AUD$60.00 Turbidity and Acoustic Backscatter Intensity as Surrogate Measures of Suspended Sediment Concentration. Application to a Sub-Tropical Estuary (Eprapah Creek)." Report No. CH60/06, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, July, 142 pages (ISBN 1864998628). CAROSI, G., and CHANSON, H. (2006). "Air-Water Time and Length AUD$60.00 Scales in Skimming Flows on a Stepped Spillway. Application to the Spray Characterisation." Report No. CH59/06, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, July (ISBN 1864998601). TREVETHAN, M., CHANSON, H., and BROWN, R. (2006). "Two AUD$60.00 Series of Detailed Turbulence Measurements in a Small Sub-Tropical Estuarine System." Report No. CH58/06, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, Mar. (ISBN 1864998520). KOCH, C., and CHANSON, H. (2005). "An Experimental Study of Tidal AUD$60.00 Bores and Positive Surges: Hydrodynamics and Turbulence of the Bore Front." Report No. CH56/05, Dept. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, July (ISBN 1864998245). CHANSON, H. (2005). "Applications of the Saint-Venant Equations and AUD$60.00 Method of Characteristics to the Dam Break Wave Problem." Report No. CH55/05, Dept. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, May (ISBN 1864997966). CHANSON, H., COUSSOT, P., JARNY, S., and TOQUER, L. (2004). AUD$60.00 "A Study of Dam Break Wave of Thixotropic Fluid: Bentonite Surges down an Inclined plane." Report No. CH54/04, Dept. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, June, 90 pages (ISBN 1864997710). CHANSON, H. (2003). "A Hydraulic, Environmental and Ecological AUD$90.00 Assessment of a Sub-tropical Stream in Eastern Australia: Eprapah Creek, Victoria Point QLD on 4 April 2003." Report No. CH52/03, Dept. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, June, 189 pages (ISBN 1864997044). CHANSON, H. (2003). "Sudden Flood Release down a Stepped Cascade. AUD$60.00 Unsteady Air-Water Flow Measurements. Applications to Wave Run-up, Flash Flood and Dam Break Wave." Report CH51/03, Dept of Civil Eng., Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 142 pages (ISBN 1864996552). CHANSON, H,. (2002). "An Experimental Study of Roman Dropshaft AUD$60.00 Operation : Hydraulics, Two-Phase Flow, Acoustics." Report CH50/02, Dept of Civil Eng., Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 99 pages (ISBN 1864996544). CHANSON, H., and BRATTBERG, T. (1997). "Experimental AUD$90.00 Investigations of Air Bubble Entrainment in Developing Shear Layers." Report CH48/97, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Australia, Oct., 309 pages (ISBN 0 86776 748 0). CHANSON, H. (1996). "Some Hydraulic Aspects during Overflow AUD$60.00 above Inflatable Flexible Membrane Dam." Report CH47/96, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Australia, May, 60 pages (ISBN 0 86776 644 1).

119 CHANSON, H. (1995). "Flow Characteristics of Undular Hydraulic AUD$60.00 Jumps. Comparison with Near-Critical Flows." Report CH45/95, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Australia, June, 202 pages (ISBN 0 86776 612 3). CHANSON, H. (1995). "Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-surface AUD$80.00 Turbulent Flows. Experimental Investigations." Report CH46/95, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Australia, June, 368 pages (ISBN 0 86776 611 5). CHANSON, H. (1994). "Hydraulic Design of Stepped Channels and AUD$60.00 Spillways." Report CH43/94, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Australia, Feb., 169 pages (ISBN 0 86776 560 7). POSTAGE & HANDLING (per report) AUD$10.00 GRAND TOTAL

OTHER HYDRAULIC RESEARCH REPORTS

Reports/Theses Unit price Quantity Total price TREVETHAN, M. (2008). "A Fundamental Study of Turbulence AUD$100.00 and Turbulent Mixing in a Small Subtropical Estuary." Ph.D. thesis, Div. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, 342 pages. GONZALEZ, C.A. (2005). "An Experimental Study of Free-Surface AUD$80.00 Aeration on Embankment Stepped Chutes." Ph.D. thesis, Dept of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 240 pages. TOOMBES, L. (2002). "Experimental Study of Air-Water Flow AUD$100.00 Properties on Low-Gradient Stepped Cascades." Ph.D. thesis, Dept of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. CHANSON, H. (1988). "A Study of Air Entrainment and Aeration AUD$60.00 Devices on a Spillway Model." Ph.D. thesis, University of Canterbury, New Zealand. POSTAGE & HANDLING (per report) AUD$10.00 GRAND TOTAL

CIVIL ENGINEERING RESEARCH REPORT CE

The Civil Engineering Research Report CE series is published by the School of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland. Orders of any of the Civil Engineering Research Report CE should be addressed to the School Secretary.

School Secretary, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072, Australia Tel.: (61 7) 3365 3619 Fax : (61 7) 3365 4599

120 Url: http://www.eng.uq.edu.au/civil/ Email: [email protected]

Recent Research Report CE Unit price Quantity Total price CALLAGHAN, D.P., NIELSEN, P., and CARTWRIGHT, N. AUD$10.00 (2006). "Data and Analysis Report: Manihiki and Rakahanga, Northern Cook Islands - For February and October/November 2004 Research Trips." Research Report CE161, Division of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland (ISBN No. 1864998318). GONZALEZ, C.A., TAKAHASHI, M., and CHANSON, H. (2005). AUD$10.00 "Effects of Step Roughness in Skimming Flows: an Experimental Study." Research Report No. CE160, Dept. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, July (ISBN 1864998105). CHANSON, H., and TOOMBES, L. (2001). "Experimental AUD$10.00 Investigations of Air Entrainment in Transition and Skimming Flows down a Stepped Chute. Application to Embankment Overflow Stepped Spillways." Research Report No. CE158, Dept. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, July, 74 pages (ISBN 1 864995297). HANDLING (per order) AUD$10.00 GRAND TOTAL

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