Soils and Land Suitability of the Lockyer Valley Alluvial Plains South-East Queensland

QNRM01215

LandLand RResouresourcceses BBulletinulletin

B. Powell J. Loi and N.G. Christianos 276 Land Resources Bulletin

Soils and Irrigated Land Suitability of the Lockyer Valley Alluvial Plains, South-East Queensland

B Powell J Loi and NG Christianos

Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Queensland 2002

QNRM01215 ISSN 1327 - 5763

This publication was prepared by Department of Natural Resources and Mines officers. It may be distributed to other interested individuals and organisations.

This report is intended to provide information only on the subject under review. There are limitations inherent in land resource studies, such as accuracy in relation to map scale and assumptions regarding socio-economic factors for land evaluation. Before acting on the information conveyed in this report, readers should ensure that they have received adequate professional information and advice specific to their enquiry.

While all care has been taken in the preparation of this report neither the Department of Natural Resources and Mines nor its officers or staff accepts any responsibility for any loss or damage that may result from any inaccuracy or omission in the information contained herein.

Department of Natural Resources and Mines Locked Bag 40 Coorparoo DC Qld 4151

ii CONTENTS

List of tables iv List of figures v List of maps v

Summary vi

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCKYER VALLEY 2

Climate 2 Geology and relief 5 Vegetation 9 Hydrology 11 Land use 17

3. METHODS 22

Soil survey 22 Chemical and Physical characterisation 22 Clay mineralogy 23 Soil Geomorphology 23

4. SOILS 25

Soils of the major stream flood plains and levees 25 Soils of the major stream terraces and plains 27 Soils of the major stream elevated terraces, fans and pediments 31 Soils of alluvial fans derived from basalt (upper reach tributaries) 33 Soils of alluvial fans and flats derived from upper Marburg beds (middle reach tributaries) 35 Soils of alluvial fans and flats derived from lower Marburg beds (lower reach tributaries) 36 Soils of alluvial fans and flats derived from Helidon Sandstone (northern tributaries) 38 Soil Geomorphology 41

5. LAND EVALUATION 45

Land suitability for agriculture 45 Limitations and land suitability assessment 46 Irrigation water quality impacts on land sustainability 48 Agricultural land classes 49 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 51

REFERENCES 52

APPENDICES 1. Morphological and analytical characteristics of the soils of the Lockyer Valley 57 2. Limitations and suitability of Lockyer Valley soils for various crops 98

iii LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Climate − rainfall, evaporation and rain days (Gatton DPI Research Station), 1968 – 1996 2 Table 2.2 Climate − temperatures at Gatton DPI Research Station, 1968−1996 2 Table 2.3. River patterns in the Lockyer Valley 5 Table 2.4 Alluvial source materials in the Lockyer Valley catchment 6 Table 2.5 Broad relationships between soils and geology, Lockyer Valley 7 Table 2.6 Soil/Geology−vegetation associations 10 Table 2.7 Alluvial areas and working storage 12 Table 2.8 Distribution of bore water salinity hazard in the alluvia of Lockyer sub-catchments (White 1980) 16 Table 2.9 Estimated annual production of major crops in the Lockyer Valley 18 Table 4.1 Lithology − landscape soil groups and associated source materials 25 Table 4.2 Morphology and landscape position of soils of the major stream flood plains and levees 26 Table 4.3 Summary of chemical properties for soils of the major stream flood plains and levees 26 Table 4.4 Morphology and landscape position of soils of the major stream terraces and plains 28 Table 4.5 Summary of analytical data for soils of the major stream terraces and plains 29 Table 4.6 Summary of analytical data for Sippel and Helidon SPCs 30 Table 4.7 Morphology and landscape position of soils of the major stream elevated terraces, fans and pediments 32 Table 4.8 Summary of analytical data for soils of the major stream elevated terraces 33 Table 4.9 Morphology and distinguishing features of soils of alluvial fans derived from basalt 34 Table 4.10 Summary of analytical data for soils of alluvial fans derived from basalt (2 sites) 34 Table 4.11 Morphology and landscape position of soils of alluvial fans and flats derived from upper Marburg beds 36 Table 4.12 Summary of soil analytical data for soils of alluvial fans and flats derived from upper Marburg beds 36 Table 4.13 Morphology and landscape position of soils of alluvial fans and flats derived from lower Marburg beds 37 Table 4.14 Summary of analytical data of Hattonvale and Glencairn soils 37 Table 4.15 Summary of analytical data for Stockyard 38 Table 4.16 Morphology and landscape position of soils of the alluvial fans and flats derived from Helidon sandstone (northern tributaries) 39 Table 4.17 Summary of analytical data of soils of the alluvial fans and flats derived from Helidon sandstone (northern tributaries) 40 Table 4.18 Landform components, soil facies and age of alluvial pedoderms of the Lockyer Valley (Powell, 1987). 41 Table 5.1. Distinguishing land use requirements and limitations for irrigated land uses considered for the Lockyer Valley alluvial plains 45 Table 5.2 Irrigated land suitability ratings and areas (ha) for different land uses 47 Table 5.3 Agricultural land potential of soils of the Lockyer Valley 50

LIST OF FIGURES Page 1 Location of Lockyer Valley, south-east Queensland viii 2.1 Mean annual rainfall for Lockyer Valley 3 2.2 Geology map of the Lockyer Valley, south east Queensland (simplified) 4 2.3 Idealised cross section relationships of Lockyer Valley geology units 6 2.4 Sub-catchments of the Lockyer Valley 13 2.5 Water supply and Monitoring in the Lockyer Valley 14 4.1 Cross section of four typical alluvial soil landscapes in the study area 42 4.2 Pedoderms, soil facies and landform elements in the study area 44

MAPS In back pocket of report

1. Soils of the Lockyer Valley alluvial plains − sheet 1 (1: 50 000) NR&M Ref. No 99-LOC-I-P3205

2. Soils of the Lockyer Valley alluvial plains − sheet 2 (1: 50 000) NR&M Ref. No 99-LOC-I-P3206

3. Soils of the Lockyer Valley alluvial plains − sheet 3 (1: 50 000) NR&M Ref. No 99-LOC-I-P3207

4. Lockyer Valley Alluvial Plains Suitability for Irrigated Crops (1:100 000) NR&M Ref. No 99-LOC-I-A13325

v Summary

The Lockyer Valley is located east of the Great Dividing Range in south-east Queensland. It is a major tributary catchment for the Brisbane River, and a fertile valley of 2 890 km2 that is used for intensive agriculture. The climate is subtropical with summer dominant rainy seasons.

At present, over 25 000 ha of soils occupying the alluvial plain and colluvial footslopes are intensively irrigated and produce about 40% of Queensland’s vegetable requirements.

The alluvial soil landscapes on which these activities are based have been surveyed at 1: 50 000 scale and assessed for suitability for a range of crops.

The alluvial plain of the valley overlies steeply incised valleys that were filled with gravels, sands, loams and clays over geological time. The source materials for the alluvia were predominantly Tertiary basalt rocks in the south, sedimentary rocks of the Marburg Formation in the centre and sedimentary rocks of Helidon sandstone mainly in the north Powell (1987). The composition of the alluvial source parent materials was deemed to be the primary determinant of the nature of the soils and the attributes important for irrigation suitability.

The alluvia is more than 30 metres deep and is characterised by intermittent aquifers at various levels and of variable quality. Most irrigation water is supplied by artesian aquifers, but demand use is well in excess of supply especially during drought years. Some surface water schemes to support irrigation operate in the lower reaches of the Lockyer Creek.

The alluvial plain survey area of some 61 000ha has 33 classes of mapped soils (see Soil Maps, Sheets 1-3). The soils are classified into seven distinct groups determined by landforms and the lithology of the alluvial source material. Four groups relate to basalt sources and tend to be black or brown in colour and exhibit shrink and swell characteristics due to the presence of smectite clay minerals. They are fertile (apart from nitrogen), generally high in clay content, high in plant available water and have slightly acid to alkaline pH trends throughout the soil profile.

The better drained soils of mainly basaltic origin (eg Lockyer, Cavendish, Tenthill, Hooper, Robinson) have relatively few limitations for irrigated cropping except for excessive stoniness and flood frequency in some lower lying locations. The more slowly drained cracking clays become waterlogged for extended periods during wet periods in some backplain areas (eg Blenheim, Lawes) and invariably in backswamp areas (eg Clarendon). This difference in soil drainage and stickiness becomes a significant factor for fresh vegetable crop profitability when being able to harvest quickly after rain provides a substantial market advantage. For the same reason, timeliness of management practices after rain (eg cultivation, spraying) on these soils are also likely to lead to higher productivity.

By contrast, the three groups of soils derived from sedimentary rock alluvial sources are sandier in texture, less fertile, of variable wetness with lower plant available water and acid to neutral pH trend. They often have buried layers of older layered and some duplex soils. This makes many of them generally more difficult to manage. Some of the better quality soils (eg Abell, Balaam, Buaraba, Donnell, Holcomb, Redbank) are suitable for irrigation but in many cases are limited by the supply of available irrigation water.

The characteristics of the alluvial plain soils become important when irrigated, because many of the aquifers and in-stream waters have salinity levels deemed as hazardous. As a consequence, there is some irrigation-induced soil salinity, to the extent that landholders have either abandoned irrigation or developed very sophisticated irrigation management practices. In some cases they have built on-farm storages for harvesting runoff water to mix with or supplement the poorer quality bore water.

Assuming that quality irrigation water is available, the alluvial plain soils were assessed for suitability of: asparagus, avocado, beans, citrus, crucifers, cucurbits, grapes, lucerne, lychees, macadamia, maize, mango, navy bean and pastures. Overall, about 71% (43 748 ha) of the alluvial plain soils are suitable for irrigation (see Irrigation Suitability map).

vii

Figure 1 Location of the Lockyer Valley, south-east Queensland

viii

1. INTRODUCTION

The Lockyer Valley is located east of the Great Dividing Range in south-east Queensland (Figure 1). The Valley is about 100 km west of Brisbane and takes in the Shires of Gatton and Laidley and the south-west corner of the Shire of Esk. The catchment area (2890 km2) has major southern tributaries draining north into Lockyer Creek, which in turn drains north-east into the Brisbane River. In the south and west it includes the terraced alluvial tributaries of Tenthill Creek, Flagstone Creek, Ma Ma Creek, Laidley Creek and Buaraba Creek. Further eastward the tributaries of Woolshed and Plain Creek meet the downstream reaches of the Lockyer Creek alluvial plain.

Lockyer Creek flows in an easterly direction for some 100 km from the Great Dividing Range to its confluence with the Brisbane River near the town of Lowood (Carter 1997). The Lockyer Creek catchment accounts for about one quarter of the Brisbane River catchment.

The rich alluvial plains are one of the State’s most important centres of diversified agriculture and supports a population of about 23 000. The principal towns are Gatton and Laidley are experiencing rural residential growth in the surrounding low hilly economic prone landscapes. The towns and lands immediately east of Toowoomba such as Withcott and Murphy’s Creek are also increasingly under pressure for subdivision for urban and rural residential living.

The alluvial plains of the Lockyer Valley are a unique natural resource for agriculture. The better soils, in combination with irrigation water supplied from underground aquifers and a mild subtropical climate provide excellent potential for the sustainable production of a wide variety of crops.

A characteristic of the Lockyer Valley is the series of extensive, deeply incised tributary valleys that extend upstream to the basalt ranges in the south and west. Downstream in the middle reaches of Lockyer Creek (from Gatton to Glenore Grove), the alluvial plains widen where they intersect with alluvia from the southern tributaries of Sandy Creek and Laidley Creek. The plain then progressively narrows further downstream to about 1.6 km upstream from where Lockyer Creek meets the Brisbane River at Lowood.

The wide alluvial plain of Lockyer Creek appears to have developed because of a hard rock constriction in the downstream reaches (which caused an extensive upstream build-up of alluvial sediment in the Lockyer Valley catchment). However the causal factors responsible for widespread alluviation in the Lockyer Valley are not fully understood and further investigations are required to determine the influence of climatic, tectonic, eustatic or other events on Lockyer Valley alluviation.

Soils of the Lockyer Valley alluvial plains have been investigated by previously, (Bureau of Investigation 1949, Isbell et al. 1967, Shaw 1979 and Noble 1996), but at a low intensity. The only previous detailed soil surveys conducted in the study area have been a 1:5 000 survey of the Gatton Research Station (Powell 1982) an unpublished survey of the University of Queensland Gatton campus and Darbalara Farm, (Schafer, Powell and McCarthy) and a 1:50 000 scale survey of the southern Lockyer Valley by Smith et al. (1990). The latter study did not investigate the alluvial plains in much detail, as the authors were aware of the mapping being undertaken for this report.

Given the agricultural value of the Lockyer Valley alluvial plains, a study that investigated the nature, distribution and suitability of the soils at on this landscape has many potential benefits. These include the protection of good quality agricultural land, the planning of schemes to supply additional irrigation water, planning for the reuse of sewage sludge and effluent from the nearby urban centres of greater Brisbane, infrastructure planning and better identification of soil factors affecting agricultural productivity.

This study aimed to map and document the soils at 1:50 000 scale of the entire alluvial plain (61 000 ha) in terms of their properties and irrigation suitability for a range of crops.

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCKYER VALLEY

CLIMATE The Lockyer Valley experiences a sub-humid and subtropical climate with long, hot summers and short mild winters. Climatic data for Gatton Research Station, which is in the centre of the area, are shown in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2.

The monthly rainfall at Gatton for the period 1968−1996 is shown in Table 2.1 (Bureau of Meteorology 1998). The mean monthly rainfall at Gatton for the period ranges from 29 to 123 mm with a mean annual rainfall of 839 mm. The period from June to September is comparatively drier with a mean monthly rainfall of less than 45 mm. The wettest months of December to February have a mean monthly rainfalls of 104−123 mm.

The mean monthly evaporation is significantly higher than the mean rainfall (Table 2.1). Depending on the soil moisture status, rain-fed crops may experience moisture deficits and irrigated crops reliant on groundwater may fail when aquifer supplies decline in drought periods.

Rainfall varies across the catchment from in excess of 1300mm annual rainfall in the ranges to the north and south to 750mm annual rainfall in the middle reach valley floor of Ma Ma Creek (see Figure 2.1)

Table 2.1 Climate − rainfall, evaporation and rain days (Gatton DPI Research Station) 1968−1996 Month→ Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Tota l Mean rainfall+ 123 103 74 65 71 34 44 29 30 71 92 104 839 Mean evaporation+ 220 182 192 159 115 96 87 140 171 217 222 214 2015 Highest rainfall 482 278 175 364 440 196 301 100 90 242 213 267 Lowest rainfall 23 15 6 0 3 0 0 0 0 9 4 31 Highest daily rain 199 153 71 86 124 78 181 38 41 78 83 113 Mean No. raindays++ 11 11 10 7 8 5 6 6 5 9 10 10 97 + Rainfall and evaporation measured in mm

The mean daily maximum temperature ranges from 21−32°C as shown in Table 2.2 (Bureau of Meteorology 1998). As can be expected, the winter months have a lower mean daily maximum (20−25°C). The mean daily minimum temperature ranges from about 6°C in the winter months up to 19°C in the summer months.

Heatwaves (screen temperatures >35°C) occur from September to April and peak in December and January with a monthly mean of 4−4.5 days (Table 2.2). On the other hand, frosts (screen temperatures <2°C) occur from May to September with a highest mean of 4.6 days in July.

Table 2.2 Climate − temperatures at Gatton DPI Research Station, 1968−1996 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum 31.6 30.5 29.5 27.0 23.8 21.1 20.6 22.2 25.2 27.8 29.9 31.3 26.5 Highest maximum 44.2 39.5 39.5 36.5 32.0 28.0 30.0 34.4 35.9 40.6 42.2 44.5 44.5 Mean No. days >35°C 4.5 2.1 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.3 2.8 4.0 15.9 Mean daily minimum 19.3 19.1 17.4 14.0 10.9 7.3 6.2 6.8 9.4 12.9 15.7 18.1 12.9 Lowest minimum 11.7 8.3 7.2 5.0 1.3 -1.9 -2.2 -0.5 0.0 4.0 3.3 8.3 -2.2 Mean No. days <2°C 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.7 4.6 2.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.9

Figure 2.1 Mean annual rainfall for Lockyer Valley (source: Lockyer Valley Resource Atlas, 1986)

Figure 2.2 Geology map of the Lockyer Valley, south east Queensland (simplified)

GEOLOGY AND RELIEF

The Lockyer Valley is a major easterly flowing tributary catchment of the Brisbane River with headwaters extending to the Great Dividing Range. The headwater regions consist of steep ranges with V-shaped valleys in the south and west, which abruptly flatten out to gently sloping rolling low hills with wide terraced tributary valleys developing in the middle reaches. Downstream tributary valleys widen further, and an extensive alluvial plain has developed surrounded by an upland landscape of undulating rises. The physiography of the study area includes the watershed (W) and riverine (R) components of a WRO river system (Walker and Butler 1983). The main features of the river patterns encountered are summarised in Table 2.3 using the classifications developed by Pickup (1984), Morisawa (1985) and Tricart (1960).

Table 2.3. River patterns in the Lockyer Valley

Study area component Reach classification River type Channel type (Pickup 1984) (Morisawa 1985) (Tricart 1960) Upper reaches source and armoured braided Periodic major channel reaches Middle reaches mobile zones sinuous to meandering Exceptional major channel Lower reaches mobile zones meandering Exceptional major channel

The geology of the catchment is important in that the rock materials in the landscape act as source material for the alluvia deposited in valley floors. This in turn acts as parent material that determines the nature of the soils and their suitability for agriculture. Geology also controls the distribution and quality of the aquifers that underlie the alluvial plains.

Several attempts have been made to broadly map the geology of the Lockyer Valley (McTaggart, 1963, Grimes 1968 and Cranfield et al. 1976). However Zahawi (1975) and Shaw (1979) described and mapped the geology in more detail. Beckmann and Stevens (1978) reviewed the geological history of the Brisbane River System, which includes the Lockyer Valley and Schafer et al., (1984) summarised the above reports in respect to the Lockyer Valley.

The relative landscape positions of the various geological source materials are presented in cross- section in Figure 2.3 and their distribution is shown on the geology map (Figure 2.4). The lithology and extent of the source materials that contribute to catchment alluvia are summarised in Table 2.3. On an areal basis, regolith materials derived from basalt and Heifer Creek Sandstone are the major materials contributing to the alluvia of the southern tributaries and much of Lockyer Creek itself. These are also the rocks that show the most landslide activity (Shaw 1979), making an abundance of material available for transport, unimpeded by vegetation cover.

Zahawi and Trezise (1981) found landslides to occur on Heifer Creek Sandstones where sandstone and mudstones were inter-bedded. The sandstones examined at Mount Berryman and Mount Sugarloaf landslide sites were found to be labile to sub-labile with the feldspar content of all samples always less than three per cent. Quartz was generally more abundant in the west of the study area at Mt Sugarloaf. Generally, the sandstones were weathered with high contents of free iron oxide.

Figure 2.3 Idealised cross section relationships of Lockyer Valley geology units

Table 2.4 Alluvial source materials in the Lockyer Valley catchment+ Source material Thickness Lithology Age (m) Basalt 200−450 olivine basalt, minor rhyolite, trachyte, and Tertiary interbasaltic tuff Walloon Coal Measures* <30* shales, siltstones, lithic sandstones, coal Jurassic seams and limestone Heifer Creek Sandstone 200−300 coarse, ferruginous, quartzose sandstone, Triassic mudstone and flaggy sandstone Ma Ma Creek Sandstone 80 flaggy lithic sandstone, shale, siltstone, Triassic minor fossilwood conglomerate Winmill conglomerate 30−50 flaggy sandstone and fossilwood Triassic conglomerate Gatton Sandstone 30−40 caliche and lithic sandstone Triassic Helidon sandstone 60-310 Coarse quartzose sandstone Jurassic Alluvia 10−30 clay, silt, sand and gravel Quaternary + Derived from Zahawi (1975) * In the catchment area, Walloon Coal Measures, some 200 m thick, were stripped prior to burial by Tertiary basalt.

There is an association between the broad geology units and soils (Table 2.3). These landscape attributes have implications for resource use and planning and have been documented in general terms by the Lockyer Resource Management Group Inc. (1994). Readers are referred to Smith et al. (1987) for a more detailed study of a section of upland soils in the Lockyer Valley.

Table 2.5 Broad relationships between soils and geology, Lockyer Valley

Geological unit Dominant Soils

Basalt Shallow to moderately deep stony dark loams/clayloams Walloon Coal Measures Moderately deep brown and grey cracking clays Heifer Creek Sandstone Shallow stony brown sandy loams and moderately deep stony mottled red and grey texture contrast soils. MaMa Creek Sandstone Mix of more permeable brown gradational and texture contrast soils Winwill Conglomerate Impermeable texture contrast soils Gatton Sandstone Impermeable texture contrast soils Helidon Sandstone Shallow stony sands with mix of permeable deeper, bleached, ironstone rich, red and yellow sandy loam/sandy clay soils on lower slopes Alluvial deposits Mainly black and brown cracking clays and gradational clayloams. Highly variable soil in minor tributaries relate to nature of source materials

Weathering and Erosion of Source Materials

Miocene The higher basalts on the western edge of the Lockyer Valley were deeply weathered during the Miocene. Stevens (1969) reported that lateritising conditions existed before and between basalt flows of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene age. Watkins (1967) believed that occurrences of lateritic weathering in elevated positions are the dissected remnants of an upper erosion surface that was widespread in south-east Queensland during the Eocene to Oligocene. However, Beckmann and Stevens (1978) suggested that laterisation occurred in the Miocene and may not have extended very far to the east. Field observations in the Lockyer Valley have revealed the presence of lateritic materials (ferruginous zones, silcrete) on the stripped remnants of Walloon Coal Measures but not on Tertiary basalt (K.K. Hughes, unpublished report). Understanding the relationships between elevated weathering features from different locations in south-east Queensland is far from complete.

Late Miocene to Early Pliocene During this time, Lockyer Creek and its tributaries cut narrow valleys back into the basalt plateau leaving ranges in the interfluves. As dissection proceeded, and valleys widened, structural trends influenced valley form and stream direction (Beckmann and Stevens 1978). A notable feature was the development of a predominant north-east drainage direction of the valley along the exposed, readily eroded Gatton Sandstone beds. Eventually the base level became stable enough for a distinct erosion surface to develop in some localities. This erosion surface has been termed the Woodford Surface by Beckmann and Stevens (1978) and was named the Middle Erosion Surface by Watkins (1967). The gently undulating landform comprising the lower beds of the Marburg Formation streams are considered by Watkins (1967) to be dissected peneplain remnants of the Woodford Surface.

Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene During this period there was minor tectonic activity and the highlands were steadily reduced (Beckmann and Stevens 1978). By the Early Pleistocene, the landscape of the study area is thought to have reached its present form (Figure 2.3) and apart from some active headward cutting, later changes have occurred mainly within the valley floors (Beckmann and Stevens 1978).

At present, bare rock scree slopes can be observed in places on the steepest scarps of basalt. The basalt scarps give way to low rolling plateaux and ridges of the stripped Walloon Coal Measures or the steeper ridges of Heifer Creek Sandstone beds. The interbedded nature of the Heifer Creek Sandstone member has led to benches forming on the softer, readily weathered sediments, and the accumulation of weathering debris on steep slopes (Willmott 1984). Such materials on slopes are extremely susceptible to mass movement. As a result a series of benches separated by low cliffs were produced.

Below the exposures of Heifer Creek Sandstone are low hills of Ma Ma Creek Sandstone and gently undulating rises of Winmill Conglomerate and Gatton Sandstone. These become more predominant in the downstream reaches of Tenthill Creek and Lockyer Creek.

Hillwash deposits and alluvial fans have spread over small areas in the tributaries of the major drainage lines. The major streams are surrounded by river terraces in their upper reaches and broad alluvial plains downstream.

The main source materials for the alluvium as deduced from geomorphological evidence are the elevated basalt and Heifer Creek Sandstone. Walloon Coal Measures, Ma Ma Creek Sandstone, Winmill Conglomerate and Gatton Sandstone appear to be of minor importance as source materials.

The exceptions to this generalisation are the alluvia draining from the northern tributaries of Lockyer Creek. The alluvia of Sandy Creek, Redbank Creek and Buaraba Creek are predominantly derived from Helidon Sandstone beds and are consequently very sandy compared to alluvia in other tributaries.

Valley floor erosion and deposition The geological history of the valley floor from the Palaeozoic to the Tertiary has been discussed in Powell (1987).

Within the study area, the main source materials that contributed to the valley alluvium include the weathering products of Tertiary basalt, Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures and the Marburg Formation. The upper beds of the Marburg Formation (Heifer Creek and Ma Ma Creek Sandstones) were more likely to have contributed proportionately more to the alluvia than the lower beds because of their higher position in the catchment and their greater areal extent.

During the Pleistocene, there were periods of deep incision of valley floor, commonly of 20 to 30 m with depth decreasing upstream, and down-cutting appears to have occurred as several stages (Beckmann and Stevens 1978). Major episodes of erosion and deposition are most likely due to eustatic changes but other episodes of sediment redistribution in the valleys may have been induced by climatic change. The coarser deeper layers of valley fill, which include gravel beds, indicate high stream velocities, while a fine textured surface layer indicates a progressive dwindling in stream capacity and competence.

Alluvium was deposited by all streams and in adjacent fans as the valleys filled in the Late Quaternary. Narrow flood plains and alluvial terraces are found along tributary streams, where deposition was confined to the incised area. Downstream, alluvium overflowed from the incised valley onto the surrounding valley margins so that a wide alluvial plain has developed as streams meandered across the floodplain. Relict levees of prior streams are still in evidence on the alluvial

plain surface. Large-scale floodplain aggradation and erosion ceased in the Holocene, presumably under more climatically stable conditions.

Lockyer Creek and its tributary streams in the lower reaches now have a deep meandering channel with a gentle levee extending to an alluvial plain 3 to 6 km wide. The alluvial plain is interspersed with discontinuous relict levees of prior streams and is fringed by backswamp depressions at the valley margins. In the upper reaches of tributary streams a floodplain has developed adjacent to creek channels. This occurs below an alluvial terrace that, in places gradually ascends to adjacent fan deposits. The floodplain progressively widens and the terrace narrows with increasing distance upstream.

Mineralogy Clay minerals in the soils formed from alluvia are mainly influenced by the clay minerals of the dominant source materials. The types of clay minerals in the source area are dependent on the parent material, topography and geomorphic processes, determined by the modern climate.

To elucidate the nature of source materials and their relationship to valley floor alluvia in the Lockyer Valley, Powell (1987) estimated the particle size distribution, clay and fine sand mineralogy of a range of potential source materials. These characteristics were compared to soils and sediments associated with local alluvium. Regolith materials positioned high in the landscape and derived from weathering basalt and the upper Marburg beds associated with landslides were found to be important sources of smectitic minerals. Because basalt is the major rock type in the catchment (54%), it is likely to be the main source of smectitic clays in the alluvia.

Soils and sediments derived from the sandstone member of the Heifer Creek Sandstone and Ma Ma Creek Sandstone are dominated by kaolinite. However, their contribution to the clayey alluvia in the valley floors is generally less significant.

By contrast, smectite or interlayered smectite and kaolinite are the dominant clay minerals in material derived from mudstones in Heifer Creek Sandstone and Walloon Coal Measures. Although mudstones are minor in area, their association with landslide activity and their ready weathering to easily transportable fine particle sizes, suggest that at times of active mass movement, mudstones were significant clay sized source materials.

VEGETATION

Most of the alluvial plains area has been cleared of vegetation for cultivation and clear associations of vegetation with soil landscape cannot be readily identified. However, remnants of naturally occurring vegetation were used as a basis for the following observations. Structural terminology follows current usage in south-east Queensland.

Eucalypt open forest communities with predominantly grassy understories are in evidence on the uncleared remnants of the extensive alluvial plains. Dominant tree species are silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia), Moreton Bay ash (Corymbia tessellaris) and blue gum (E. tereticornis). Occasionally narrow-leaved ironbark (E. creba) is also encountered. In depressions and wet spots, blue gum may be the only tree species present.

On fans and local alluvial plains associated with Gatton Sandstone and Winmill Conglomerate, there are open forest communities of dominantly narrow-leaved iron bark and Moreton Bay ash with subdominant silver-leaved ironbark and blue gum. Prior to cultivation, fans and local plains out of Ma Ma Creek and Heifer Creek Sandstones supported microphyll vine forest (softwood scrub) communities of complex mixed composition.

On older, elevated alluvial terraces, brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) dry scrub communities occur, with minor belah (Casuarina cristata) and soft wood scrub species.

On fans and local alluvial plains associated with the Helidon Sandstone, a mixed Eucalypt open forest of blue gum, silver leaved iron bark and Moreton Bay ash is common with broad-leaved apple (Angophera subvelutina) and swamp mahogany (Lophostemon suaveolins) present in wetter areas. During mapping, soils developed directly on the Helidon Sandstone in many areas were identified because of contrasting vegetation communities dominated by either narrow-leaved ironbark or rusty gum (A. costata)

Common soil-vegetation associations observed in the area (both uplands and alluvial plains) are listed in Table 2.6. Further regional information on vegetation is available in Durrington (1974).

Table 2.6 Soil/Geology−vegetation associations Soils Common Vegetation

Basaltic well drained soils Mixed eucalypt open forest of silver-leaved ironbark, Moreton Bay ash and bluegum Basaltic poorly drained soils Bluegum open forest Walloon Coal Measures derived soils Brigalow/belah dry scrub Heifer Creek sandstone derived soils Softwood scrub with brigalow dominant on interbedded shales. Extensive lantana where cleared Ma Ma Creek Sandstone derived soils Softwood scrub. Extensive lantana where cleared Gatton Sandstone and Winwill Conglomerate Narrow-leaved ironbark and Moreton Bay ash derived soils open forest with some bulloak and tea tree areas Helidon Sandstone derived soils Mixed eucalypt open forest including broad- leaved apple and swamp mahogany on lower slopes. Wattles where cleared. Elevated basaltic-sandstone mixed alluvia derived Brigalow/belah dry scrub soils Dark basaltic alluvia derived soils Mixed eucalypt open forest of silver-leaved ironbark, Moreton Bay ash and bluegum; bluegum open forest in depressions

Clearing for pastures has facilitated the invasion of woody weeds on all landscapes of the Lockyer Valley. Lantana (Lantana camara) infestation is particularly severe and willow wattle (A. salicina) has become common along fence lines. Other plants that are declared under the Rural Lands Protection Act, and found within the area may include, according to Carter (1997):

• annual ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) • groundsel bush (Baccharis halimifolia) • parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorous) • perennial ragweeed (Ambrosia psiloslachya) • prickly pears (Opuntia spp.) • rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) • salvinia (Salvinia spp.)

A State of the Rivers report by Carter (1997) found that riparian vegetation in the catchment was in very poor to poor condition. These ratings were attributed to the loss of vegetation through clearing and invasion of weeds, particularly lantana and castor oil plant (Ricinus Communis). Streams rated good or very good were mainly in the western tributaries, Buaraba Creek and Lake Clarendon subcatchments.

HYDROLOGY

Surface water

The 3 000 km2 catchment is drained by Lockyer Creek and its tributaries (Figure 2.4), but the Lockyer itself only flows periodically. The catchment yields about 170 000 megalitres in average annual discharge, but runoff is highly variable from year to year and ranges from 2 800 - 756 000 megalitres annual discharge (Queensland Water Resources Commission 1982).

Floods occur in the wetter years, commonly and more extensively in Laidley and Sandy Creeks and also the valley margins of the lower sections of the Lockyer Creek alluvial plains. Stream water quality in dry season base flows appears to be related to geological formation, with high salinity waters associated with the Marburg Formation (Talbot et al. 1981). Irrigation in the early part of the century depended on in-stream surface water. In-stream storages have been put in place over time and serve as supplementary irrigation sources as well as urban water supply. The main storage constructions are: Atkinson Dam (Buaraba Creek), Lake Dyer (Laidley Creek) and Lake Clarendon (Lockyer Creek) although over 20 weirs are now in place (Figure 2.5)

Groundwater

Deep drilling of the alluvial plain valley floor reveals a basement surface of incised valleys (Bureau of Investigation, 1949) that has become in-filled with gravels, sands and loam carrying large supplies of groundwater. These aquifers are recharged by surface runoff and creek recharge, subsoil seepage or from adjacent rock aquifers.

Various unpublished Queensland Water Resources Commission documents report that in general the aquifers and streambeds in the headwater regions of the southern tributaries are characterised by cobbles and coarse gravel. Further downstream, the stream-beds repose at lesser gradients and consist of sand, silt and clay. Aquifers occur at depths down to 40m. As the aquifer material becomes finer, bore yields become quite low and comparatively more water moves downstream as runoff. It is also the area where surface storages have been built and contribute significantly to irrigation. However current surface storages in the Lockyer do not meet the irrigation requirements of benefiting areas during prolonged dry periods.

Crops in the Lockyer Valley are traditionally grown using water from bores that tap these alluvial aquifers. Rates of supply from bores are variable ranging from only a few litres per second to over 50 litres per second. Initially water was drawn from wells 10 to 15 metres deep with centrifugal pumps located just above the water level. Significant expansion in groundwater use followed the introduction of deep borehole pumps to tap the deeper aquifers. However since groundwater based production commenced about 60 years ago, bore flows have declined and acute water shortages are being experienced with increasing regularity. It is only when there are sustained flows in the creek systems, that a rise in ground water levels is experienced. The exception to this is the Crowley Vale aquifer area, east of Gatton, which shows little response.

Using a critical dry period (1918 – 1928) and a water balance method, the Queensland Water Resources Commission (1987) estimated that the average annual quantity which could be safely removed from the aquifer (utilizing both storage and recharge) during the period was 25 000 megalitres (this excludes contributions from Bill Gunn Dam and Lake Clarendon). However if failure of the system every 1 in 5 to 1 in 10 years is acceptable, much more than this volume can be extracted.

In the Clarendon Sub Artesian area also known as the Central Lockyer, recent groundwater modelling carried out by the Department of Natural Resources and Mines (1999) indicated a safe groundwater yield of some 14,000 megalitres per year of which 4000 megalitres per year is supplied as a result of releases from Lake Clarendon and Bill Gunn Dam. Furthermore it is only in this Central Lockyer area where actual metered water use is available. In other parts of the Lockyer only estimates of water use have been made.

Because of the isolation of various streams, each acts hydraulically independently of the other except at junctions. Hence each stream aquifer can be treated as a separate hydrologic unit, the sum of which forms the total dimensions of the alluvial aquifer of the Lockyer Valley. The contributions of the various stream alluvia to the overall ground water system are given in Table 2.7.

Table 2.7 Alluvial areas and working storage Stream Area of alluvium (ha) Volume of working storage (megalitres) Lockyer 17 093 22 540 Laidley 6 500 11 600 Sandy 1 770 1 630 Tenthill 3 970 17 720 Ma Ma 1 240 1 780 Flagstone 2 050 9 330 Source: Queensland Water Resources Commission (1987)

The working storage consists of the volume that is easily accessible for use after all facilities are able to operate at their long term pumping rate. Significant volumes exist below working storage and these are used in dry times, but at very reduced rates by the bores located in the deepest part of the alluvium.

The average annual use of groundwater for irrigation in the Lockyer Valley is estimated at some 46 500 megalitres. The estimate of water in the working aquifer storage amounts to some 64 600 megalitres. Even though aquifer levels appear to be related to annual rainfall (Schafer et al. 1984), the average annual water use exceeds the safe annual withdrawal rates by some 18 000 megalitres.

This demand level is a problem, especially in drought years (Queensland Water Resources Commission 1982). Over exploitation of the aquifer however does not appear to be associated with significant changes in water quality for particular bores, even in dry years (Talbot et al., 1981, Queensland Water Resources Commission, 1982). In an attempt to boost recharge from creek beds, the Water Resources Commission of Queensland constructed several weirs across Flagstone, Laidley, Lockyer, Tenthill and Sandy Creeks (see Figure 2.2). However the slow infiltration effects of these weirs into bed sands and aquifers have only been local. The recharge effects, especially in the central Lockyer area, can be limited to less than 500 m from the weirs, as the aquifer system is very channelled. The annual recharge benefit of these weirs is estimated to be 6 000 megalitres (Queensland Water Resources Commission 1987).

Figure 2.4 Sub-catchments of the Lockyer Valley (Source: Lockyer Valley Resource Atlas, 1996)

Figure 2.5 Water supply and Monitoring in the Lockyer Valley (Source: Lockyer Valley Resource Atlas, 1996)

To manage the groundwater resources of the Lockyer Valley, the Clarendon Sub-Artesian Area was proclaimed in 1988 and covers the main central Lockyer area. Irrigation bores are licensed and metered and charges are levied for groundwater used, where properties are deemed to be receiving benefit from Lake Dyer (also known as Bill Gunn Dam) or Lake Clarendon. The Central Lockyer Project supplements flows in Lockyer and Laidley Creeks and also supplies irrigation water to the Morton Vale Area, the alluvial plain areas immediately downstream of Lake Clarendon.

In contrast to much of the central and lower Lockyer, Morton Vale has shallow, saline water tables within 5m of the surface. Long term sustainable irrigation of this area needs to consider the possibility of secondary salinity, should water tables rise to within 1.5m of the surface. This is the scenario presented to the few irrigators that farm salt tolerant crops in Woolshed and Plain Creeks to the east.

Although the recharge benefits may be local, over the whole valley the weir system helps to stabilise groundwater levels. In 1994-95 a large program was undertaken to de-silt all the weirs and rejuvinate the system (Department of Natural Resources, 2000). Most of the weirs along the Lockyer and Sandy Creeks rarely require de-silting as the sediments in these streams are quite sandy. This is not so for Ma Ma and upper Tenthill Creeks where impermeable sediments have deposited in the stream beds.

Recent isotope studies of infiltration rates and aquifers by Dharmasiri and Morawska (1996) concluded that leakage of summer floodwaters through creek beds is important for most of the alluvial plain aquifers for the Gatton to Forest Hill to Glenore Grove areas. This is particularly so for aquifers close to the creeks.

Using tritium tracing of soil moisture, direct recharge through the alluvial plains (soils and sediments) was found to be very small (Dharmasiri and Morawska, 1996). Their measurements suggest movements in the moisture front of the soil profile average about 100-150 mm per year, so that deep (>30 m) aquifer recharge from the surface could take 250 years.

The Crowley Vale area has recorded a steady decline in aquifer supply over the past 25 years, a decline that may be irreversible unless water use is managed. Dharmasiri and Morawska (1996) found carbon (C14) ages of groundwaters at Crowley Vale ranging up to 4810 years, indicating possibly older, more slowly recharged groundwater, compared to groundwaters close to the creeks (measured as young as 490 years).

Questions remain about the source of recharge for the Crowley Vale aquifers but recent groundwater modelling carried out by the Department of Natural Resources and Mines (2000) relied on down valley and across valley flow of water from nearby “creek based recharged areas”. The calibration results based on this assumption suggested that creeks may be the groundwater source but that distance from the Crowley Vale area and extraction by irrigators closer to the creeks may minimise recharge efficiency to the area (Ashley Bleakley, personal communication).

The quality of water in the alluvial aquifers is determined by the relative contribution of water from these various sources. Bore holes close to the Winmill Conglomerate, Gatton Sandstone, Ma Ma Creek Sandstone and Heifer Creek Sandstone tend to be high to extreme in salinity (700–1 300 ppm Chlorides, Vogler 1994). However the distribution of salinity varies between subcatchments (Schafer et al. 1984) and is thought to be entirely independent (Hassall & Associates 1990). In general terms, waters of high salinity hazard (Table 2.8) tend to be concentrated in the southern tributaries of the Lockyer Valley that have proportionally larger areas of Marburg Formation present and pass through geological constrictions.

Table 2.8 Distribution of bore water salinity hazard in the alluvia of Lockyer sub-catchments (White 1980) Alluvia Distribution of salinity hazard, ppm Cl Subcatchments (% of alluvia area measured) Area % Low Medium High Extreme (ha) Irrigated (<300) (300−700 (700−1300 (>1300) ) ) Flagstone Creek 800 50 32 55 13 Ma Ma Creek 1030 50 15 85 Tenthill Creek 2650 75 38 60 2 Deep Gully 350 5 100 Sandy Creek (Forest 1550 50 14 86 Hill) Laidley Creek 3220 70 63 24 4 9 Woodshed Creek 400 40 100 Lockyer East 8250 75 72 24 2 2 (Downstream from Gatton) Lockyer West (Upstream 2000 55 51 38 5 6 from Gatton) TOTAL 20 230 67 49 27 6 18 Note subcatchments north of Lockyer Creek not included in this study, but generally yields good quality water of low salinity hazard.

The Department of Natural Resources and Mines is the lead agency for water resources and maintains extensive databases (Hydsys & the Groundwater Database) on creek flows, water levels, chemical analyses, strata logs, drilling and casing information, registration and licensing information and pump test results.

A characteristic of the soils formed on the Lockyer Valley alluvial plain is the dominance of smectite clay minerals that form under quite wet conditions (Shaw and Dowling, 1985). In these situations, salts concentrate by evapo-transpiration in the alluvium in a zone that corresponds with the depth of the native, deep-rooted vegetation (the trees). Further mobilisation of the accumulated salts follow.

Aquifer recharge through the higher elevated upper reaches of the creeks and the more permeable soils of the upstream alluvia result in a general slow movement of leached salts (via groundwater) to the lowest elevation of the alluvia. The result is an increasing salinity gradient with distance from the headwaters that can be aggravated by geological restriction to water flow within the aquifer.

While this seems to have application for the upstream tributary alluvial systems in the south, the overwhelming majority of groundwater in the Central Lockyer finds its way into the aquifer via nearby creek bed recharge, not by downvalley flow (Ashley Bleakley, personal communication). This explains why there is not a continuous increase in salinity down the valley, as it is related to either nearby creek bed recharge or to sources of poor quality water seepage from the sandstone margins.

Based on the hydrochemical characteristics of the Sandy Creek aquifers, (the Southern Tributary) McMahon (1995) concluded that the water quality of groundwaters is related to down stream gradient. This is in response to intrusions of low salinity basaltic type aquifers over the Heifer Creek Sandstone beds (shallow) to deeper, more saline water from Ma Ma Creek Sandstone beds and Winwill Conglomerate beds. These latter aquifer sources contribute high amounts of Na, Mg, Ca and Cl in relatively equal amounts.

Shaw and Dowling (1985) identified a salinity peak in Sandy Creek bore waters in the vicinity of Blenheim that coincided with a geological constriction of the alluvium caused by the erosion resistant Winwill Conglomerate. The constriction led to a rise in the water table and historic aquifer salinisation due to enhanced uptake from the water table by tree roots. Similar peaks coinciding with Winwill Conglomerate constrictions can be found with other major and minor Lockyer Valley tributaries. McMahon (1995) also argued that this “bottleneck” effect could cause a decrease in groundwater flow velocity and possible recirculation of waters within the alluvial material. This would prolong the residence time of waters in the aquifer and result in physical enrichment of solutes in the groundwater.

The Sandy Creek (Forest Hill) alluvium overlying the Gatton Sandstone beds has more variable hydrochemistry in the aquifers. McMahon (1995) suggested that local inflows from Gatton Sandstone and mixing from various sources upstream and from the adjacent Laidley Creek aquifers are the cause of such variability.

Using a water balance model, Gardner (1985) predicted that the mean chloride concentration (an indicator of salinity) of the Tenthill aquifer will increase from 292 ppm in 1985 to 300 in 2015 to an eventual value of 340 ppm (especially associated with the Winwill Conglomerate). There is some evidence that the clearing of the upland areas associated with the more permeable soils has increased upper catchment groundwater levels and flow rates (White 1980).

LAND USE

History

Since European settlement (1841 onward), land use in the Lockyer Valley has progressed in three main phases. The first phase of 40 years consisted of extensive sheep and cattle stations. In the 1880s the Queensland closer settlements acts lead to greater subdivision and the second phase of land use, the establishment of potatoes, lucerne, maize cropping and dairying. A large influx of German migrants in the eighties and the development of mechanical cream separators and refrigeration in the nineties facilitated a swing to more dairying. By the early 1900s some 800 dairy farmers existed with over 10 000 head of cattle. About 17 000 ha of land was cultivated, mainly for fodder crops. Irrigation was small and limited to use of surface water diverted from creeks.

During this phase, excessive clearing and cultivation of the lower hill slopes, mainly for dairying lead to severe erosion and eventual abandonment of farms. Shaw (1979) estimated that 21 400 ha or 10.8% of the Lockyer Valley, has been affected by erosion.

Steeper slopes were also cleared for grazing and for a while many were productive until the early 1970’s. However the majority of these areas have now been taken over by woody weeds, mainly lantana, and are difficult to manage, especially in areas subject to landslips and severe gullying.

The third phase involved the use of groundwater for irrigation of the alluvial plains and commenced around 1936. Irrigation expanded significantly in the 1940s, with the total irrigated area reaching 7 200ha by 1948. Irrigation is concentrated on the trunk stream alluvia where the bulk of irrigation water is drawn from underground bores (note Tables 2.7 and 2.8). The area irrigated from underground supplies increased to some 13,000ha by 1983/84. In-stream weirs and dam storages constructed since the 1940s serve as supplementary irrigation sources as well as for urban water supply.

Present land use The mild climate and a moderate frost risk enables a wide variety of irrigated vegetable and field crops to be grown throughout the year with 2 to 3 crops harvested annually. Crop choice is largely constrained by limitations of water quality, soil permeability and site drainage. Irrigation application techniques, whether sprinkle, drip (trickle) or furrow irrigation, vary with the crop grown, available water quantity and quality, property size and grower preference. Crop rotations are also practiced, such as 2 years of lucerne followed by a potato crop.

The Lockyer Valley alluvial plain is a major production area for a wide variety of horticultural crops: potatoes, onions and pumpkins, processing beans, peas, carrots sweet corn and beetroot are grown, as well as fresh vegetables such as broccoli, lettuce, cabbage and cauliflower. It produces about 40% of the State’s vegetables. Lucerne production is also substantial with soybeans and grain sorghum being the main summer field crops. Some winter barley and wheat are also grown. Kinhill (1998) report an estimate of about $90 million in produce is generated annually from the Lockyer Valley. This is comparable with estimates of major crops provided in Table 2.9.

Table 2.9 Estimated annual production of major crops in the Lockyer Valley

Vegetable % of Qld Lockyer tonnage $A value Production approx. Potatoes 47 48 300 25 840 000 Pumpkins 83 36 000 7 560 000 Beetroot 100 27 720 3 470 000 Onions 87 26 000 16 120 000 Sweet corn 74 11 800 4 180 000 Lettuce 33 11 250 7 380 000 Celery 60 7 920 3 890 000 Cauliflower 47 4 410 2 210 000 Broccoli 45 3 444 5 710 000 Chinese cabbage 76 2 400 890 000

Total value 77 250 000 Source: Kinhill (1999), extracted from The Australian Horticultural Statistics Handbook 97/98

With an average rainfall of 820 mm and an evaporation of approximately 1 520 mm per annum, water (quality and quantity) is the greatest single factor limiting pasture and crop growth on the better quality soils. The majority of farms producing vegetable and/or field crops are situated on the better quality soils of the study area, and range from 8 to 400 ha with the average farm size being 25–40 ha (Smith et al. 1990).

At the edges of the main alluvial plains, backswamp depression areas and local alluvial plains adjacent to Lower Marburg Sandstone beds are mostly used for dryland pasture. Local alluvial plains and fans derived from basalt and upper Marburg Sandstone beds are also commonly cultivated and irrigated where water quality and supply are adequate. Dryland farming is also practised on small alluvial areas of favourable soils without suitable irrigation water supplies. These include the Wonga Creek and Deep Gully alluvia.

The surrounding uplands are generally used for rangeland cattle pastures, with hobby farms increasing in number. Hobby farms and rural residential subdivision is widespread but is concentrated around the main urban centres in the vicinity eg. Gatton, Laidley, Withcott, Helidon, Grantham and Murphy's Creek. Minor cropping occurs on the gentler slopes that are accessible, and some areas are irrigated. Landslips and land degradation (erosion, woody weeds, salinity) in the sandstone areas pose localised problems.

Rapid urban expansion within the Lockyer valley is forcing subdivision for alternative rural residential land use on to the alluvial plains. This has increased land values that are uneconomical for agricultural purposes. State Planning Policy 1/92: Development and the Conservation of Agricultural Land was developed in the interests of preserving areas of good quality agricultural land. In order to provide security for rural production in the future, subdivision policies of local authorities compatible with the State Planning Policy 1/92 aim to protect the better soils for agricultural use. Further fragmentation of properties to an unviable size however could lead to alienation of good quality agricultural land. For the Lockyer Valley, Hardman and Strahan (2000) recommended a minimum viable horticultural farm size of 60 to 80 ha, based on average costs and prices from 1993 to 1997.

Salinity problems

Irrigation-induced and dryland salinity have become major issues for the Lockyer Valley alluvial plain and are associated with excessive clearing of the uplands and an expansion of irrigation after World War II. Dryland salinity expands during and after wet years when rising water tables get close to the surface. By contrast irrigation salinity is exacerbated during drought years, as water levels, depressed by increased irrigation, encourage the migration of saline waters from the overlying sandstone beds into the alluvium (Queensland Water Resources Commission, 1982). Additionally farmers may draw on deeper aquifers, which are closer to the sandstone and invariably higher in salinity.

At present about 12 000 - 13 000 ha of land is irrigated, mainly from underground water supplies. Water quality is highly variable with salinities ranging from 0.7 dSm-1 to 6.6 dSm-1 although sodium adsorption ratio is generally low (<4). About 15–20% is irrigated with water high in salinity (Talbot et al. 1981), which restricts crop choice to salt tolerant species. Some farmers have constructed farm dams for water harvesting purposes. The good quality dam water is used to establish the crop followed by the gradual introduction of poorer quality bore water when the crop is more hardy.

When comparing soils under irrigation for a number of areas of Queensland, Shaw and Thorburn (1995) found the Lockyer Valley black soils to have comparatively high leaching fractions (ie deep internal drainage) when saline irrigation water was applied. Shaw and Dowling (1985) attribute this quality to the smectite rich nature of the clays but there may be other factors responsible for the well developed macroporosity and prismatic structure associated with well drained subsoils.

The senior author has also unpublished data showing the presence of high charge characteristics in the silt and fine sand fractions in some of these soils, suggesting the presence of pseudomorph minerals. Further both these fractions contained substantial quantities of exchangeable calcium, even after the addition of dispersing agents in the particle separation process. It is suggested that this calcium source could contribute to the maintenance of flocculation to counteract the addition of sodium and subsequent dispersion resulting from irrigation with poor quality water. Further research is needed to test these suppositions.

The source of salts causing the dryland salinity is fairly clear cut and is drawn from the beds of the Marburg Formation and less commonly the Walloon Coal Measures. The evidence for the source of salts causing irrigation salinity is more equivocal and varies with the sub-catchment and proximity to surrounding hills (White,1980). During the low stream flows of the 1980 drought, salinity levels were investigated by Talbot et al. (1981). Other salinity studies have been undertaken by Reeve and Jones (1984) who concluded that significant amounts of Na, Mg and Cl are contributed from the Marburg Formation. Shaw (1985) interpreted groundwater chemistry and linked them to potential rock sources using trilinear diagrams and McMahon (1995) undertook a similar study for the Sandy Creek sub- catchment.

Distribution of bore water salinity hazard on the alluvial plains of Lockyer sub-catchments is shown in Table 2.8. The presence of saline bores on the alluvial aquifers are linked to sub-catchments with a

higher proportion of Marburg Formation beds present, suggesting these beds contribute to this salinity. High salinity in bores mainly at the sandstone margins of the wider extensive plains is consistent with this hypothesis.

Estimates have also been made of the areas cultivated and irrigated on the alluvial plains. About 85% of the alluvial plains are cultivated, but as shown in Table 2.8, the proportion irrigated declines with increasing salinity hazard.

Overall, about one quarter of the total area of alluvium is serviced or potentially serviced by groundwater of high to extreme salinity hazard. On the above basis it is estimated that about 15% of the total irrigated land in the Lockyer is irrigated with saline water.

Most Lockyer soils are non-saline at the surface, while many have only low or medium salinity at depth (Bruce 1981). Induced salinity on the main alluvial plain occurs where cropping soils are irrigated with bore waters high in salinity. This is a major constraint for irrigation agriculture and either prevents the utilisation of aquifer water or reduces crop choice to a few salinity tolerant species. Long-term impacts on the physical condition of the soil (through elevated sodicity) and a build-up of soil salts in time may threaten the sustainability of such practices.

Sophisticated management practices are required in such situations to successfully grow crops in a profitable and non-degrading way. For instance, on a number of farms, growers successfully use on- farm storages to collect good quality water during flood events to complement the poorer quality bore water. Lubach and Bodman (1982) advised on a range of soil and water management steps to leach salts beyond the root zone and thus optimally deal with the saline irrigation water used in the Lockyer Valley.

Dryland salinity outbreaks have been identified and mapped by Shaw (1979). A total area of 517 ha, comprising 20 outbreaks ranging from 2-100 ha in size was found. These outbreaks appear to expand in wet years and shrink during drought in association with rises and falls with the height of the water table. They are mostly associated with constrictions in the alluvia coinciding with the presence of Winmill Conglomerate. (Schafer et al., 1984). This hard rock strata forms narrow bottle-necks for both the alluvia, the deeper saline ground waters and the interconnecting shallow perched water tables.

Recycled water proposals

The Lockyer Valley is one of several catchments being evaluated as areas with potential for use of recycled water for agricultural and industrial purposes. A commissioned study by Heiner et al. (1999) reported that effluent offers an alternative water supply that will be of better quality than the existing ground water. The permeability of three soils (one Lockyer and two Blenheim type profiles) was sufficient to ensure that the application of 100% effluent would not cause salinity problems and in fact, may reduce soil salinity in areas previously irrigated with high salinity bore water.

The Heiner et al. (1999) investigations revealed that irrigation with recycled water on major cropping soils was sustainable, provided groundwater, soil salinity and sodicity were managed and monitored. Use of recycled water offers an opportunity to reduce the level of overexploitation of groundwater in the Lockyer Valley. However management of the groundwater resource requires consideration of the impacts resulting from leaching of nitrates, salts and pathogens.

Land degradation problems Land degradation is an ongoing problem in the Lockyer Valley. Widespread clearing of upland areas has resulted in accelerated sheet and gully erosion, landslides and outbreaks of dryland salinity. The incidence of land degradation in the study area has been documented and mapped by Shaw (1979). He found that some 33 000 ha (17%) of the Valley was degraded; sheet erosion on sloping cultivated lands being the most widespread form of degradation. There was a spatial relationship between degradation, land use, geology and landform, and more significantly there appeared to be a time lag between clearing and landscape adjustment processes. Certainly for the over 1 000 landslips identified on the Heifer Creek Sandstone area, this appears to be consistent.

Detailed hydrogeological investigations into landslides in the Lockyer Valley have been carried out by Zahawi and Trezise (1981) and into salinity processes by Hughes (1984), Shaw and Dowling (1985) ,Gardner (1985) and Dixon and Chiswell (1992).

As a consequence of the increased erosion of both cultivated and grazed areas in the catchment, much of the soil removed has been deposited in natural drainage lines and streams in downstream areas, and in the alluvial floodplain. Reduced stream capacity results in a greater frequency of overbank flooding and thus promotes further erosion damage on the plains. Moreover, aggradation of streambeds results in a loss of channel diversity and habitat, decreasing the stream system’s ability to support a diverse range of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. This in turn inhibits the natural functioning of the riverine environment and eventually leads to an unhealthy river system (Koehn and O’Connor 1990).

In an assessment of riparian condition of Lockyer valley streams, Carter (1997) reported 10% of stream length was in poor condition, 56% in moderate condition and 35% in high to very high condition. Readers are referred to the Carter (1997) report for more explanation on the ecological and physical condition of Lockyer Valley streams.

Several studies suggest that Lockyer Valley contributes a disproportionately high amount of sediment to lower reaches of the Brisbane River and Moreton Bay. A QDPI study (1974) reported the Bremer and Lockyer tributaries as having the highest concentration of severe erosion in the Moreton Bay catchment. A recent report by Catchion et al. (2001) suggested that most (~75%) of the suspended sediments delivered to the lower reaches of the Brisbane River originate from subsoil channel erosion (gully and stream bank) and the remainder from cultivated surface soils. Furthermore, initial results indicated that soils developed from Marburg Formation rocks were the main sources of suspended sediment. Further research work is required to assess these propositions.

3. METHODS

SOIL SURVEY A soil survey was undertaken at 1:50 000 scale to identify and map the distribution of soils on the alluvial plain landscape of the Lockyer Valley. This includes the extensive alluvial plains and the local creek flats and sloping alluvial fans merging with the plains. Delineation of soil boundaries was assisted by air photo interpretation of 1:24 000 colour air photographs using a free survey method (Reid 1988).

Site and soil morphology were described using the system developed by the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and later updated according to McDonald et al. (1984). At each site, soil profiles were described together with landform, land surface and vegetation features. Site and morphological information are stored on computer databases (SALI) at the Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Resource Sciences Precinct, Indooroopilly.

Initially soils were inspected every 150 m along transacts at right angles to the direction of the stream channels in the expectation of observing the maximum soil variability. Inspection interval was reduced if land surface features suggested soil changes occurred over shorter distances. A provisional map reference of soil profile classes was established after examining profiles throughout the Lockyer alluvial landscape. Criteria used to establish soil profiles classes where similarity in profile colour, texture, structure and accumulation, together with mapability, consistent position in the alluvial landscape and a common source material.

A soil profile class (SPC) is a group or class of soil profiles, not necessarily contiguous, grouped on their similarity of morphological characteristics. Once the map reference was established, the study area was mapped by free survey. The density of profiles examined was about 5 sites per km2 and a total of 1642 were described for the survey area. The provisional map reference was refined as new information became available.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISATION Subsequent to the delineation of the soil profile classes, 40 representative sites were sampled at intervals down the profile (0–10, 20–30, 50–60, 80–90, 110–120, 140–150 cm) or more frequently when dictated by a change in horizon. A bulk surface sample (0–10 cm) was also collected at each site.

The soil samples were analysed by laboratory methods based on Bruce and Rayment (1982). Profile samples were analysed for: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Cl, exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity (CEC), Total P, K, S, water content, particle size analysis(PSA) and dispersion ratio. A bulk surface sample was also analysed for acid extractable P, bicarbonate extractable P, replaceable K and the micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe).

Plant available water capacity (PAWC) was estimated from soil CEC values using the equations developed by Shaw and Yule (1978).

The detailed results are presented in Appendix 1. Interpretation of the results used Baker and Eldershaw (1993) as a guide.

CLAY MINERALOGY

As described in Powell (1987), orientated samples of the clay fraction (<2 µm) from the particle size analysis were prepared for x-ray diffraction by sedimenting onto glass tiles using a modification of the Jackson (1965) method.

Magnesium was chosen as the saturating cation for all samples as it allows relatively uniform adsorbtion of water by expandable layer silicates. Potassium saturation, which specifically restricts interlayer adsorbtion of water by vermiculite, was also carried out on a limited number of samples.

Enough suspension for at least 25 mg of clay was three times saturated, centrifuged and the supernatent discarded with 10 ml of 0.5 M of MgCl2 or 10 ml of 1 M KCL. To remove chloride salts, the suspension was then three times washed, centrifuged and supernatent discarded with 10 ml of 50% ethanol. The clay was mixed into a viscous suspension with distilled water, pipetted onto a glass tile and allowed to air-dry.

The magnesium samples on glass tiles were then solvated with ethylene glycol in Petri dishes at 80O C for 4 hours. Potassium samples were subjected to the same heat treatment and in some cases to 100OC as well. After each treatment the tiles were scanned on a Siemens x-ray diffractometer using CoKα radiation (λ = 1.79021 Å) with instrument setting of 30 kV and 16 m.a. in conjunction with iron filters. Following heat treatments samples were placed in a desiccator to prevent dehydration.

Interpretation of x-ray diffraction trace patterns was based on spacings and heights and areas of the diffraction peaks of treated specimens as described by Brindley and Brown (1980) and Dixon and Weed (1977).

SOIL GEOMORPHOLOGY

The stratigraphic relationships and geomorphic framework of the alluvial plains of the Lockyer Valley were established by Powell (1987). These relationships are described in this report and were based on the following approach.

The principles of soil stratigraphy were applied to the alluvia in conjunction with soil distribution, soil morphology and landscape features, leading to the identification of four major soil stratigraphic units. Variations within soil stratigraphic units are ascribed to differences in source of parent sediment, differential transport of sand, silt and clay, and differences in internal drainage.

Recognition of a succession of alluvial landforms with particular sets of soils provides a basis for explaining the soil-geomorphic history of the area. Each stage of this history can be expressed as a pedoderm (Brewer et al., 1970) composed of several soils (facies) and associated landform elements. Criteria used to identify pedoderms include landform element, soil morphology and radiocarbon dating.

The relative age of upstream pedoderms was assessed from terraces along southern tributaries, assuming that terrace evolution was ‘normal’, i.e. the higher the terrace, the older its formation. This assumption is based on the law of crosscutting relations, which states that the older higher alluvial plain (now terrace) had to be in place prior to truncation by the stream. Deep drilling upstream failed to reveal any buried pedoderms.

The trend of progressively lower alluvial landscapes in the tributaries parallels that of other major river valleys in eastern Australia. Walker and Coventry (1976), suggest such terrace sequences are associated with a general dwindling of stream discharges in the last 30 000 years.

Downstream on the alluvial plain, terraces scarps are absent and ranking was based on the law of superposition of the younger pedoderm overlying the older as revealed from soil cores and deep borings. Radiocarbon dating of buried palaeosols provided some limiting ages for the pedoderms and any indication of earlier cut and fill processes on the alluvial plain.

Correlation between upstream and downstream pedoderms is based largely on similarity of soil morphology and to a lesser extent soils mineralogy. Changes in degree of profile development with age were not obvious with the fine textured alluvia. This absence of profile differentiation over time has also been observed by Mulcahy and Churchward (1973) for fine textured soils throughout Australia. Soil mixing and reduced infiltration by water as a result of swelling with moisture changes appear to counteract profile differentiation.

4. SOILS

The 33 soil profile classes (SPC) were identified and mapped on the alluvia in the study area. This mapping is significantly more detailed than the mapping of Smith et al. (1990) and Noble (1996). The SPC’s fall into seven distinct groups determined by landform and the lithology of the source material (see Table 4.1 and reference of soils maps).

The first four landscape soil groups in Table 4.1 were collectively identified and broadly mapped by Noble (1996) as (1b) Fine Textured Alluvial Plains whereas the remaining three groups were mapped as (1c) Mixed Alluvial Plains.

Table 4.1 Lithology − landscape soil groups and associated source materials Lithology − landscape group Source materials

Soils of the major stream flood plains and levees General catchment, dominantly basalt Soils of the major stream terraces and plains General catchment, dominantly basalt Soils of the major stream elevated terraces, fans and General catchment, dominantly basalt pediments Soils of the alluvial fans derived from basalt (upper reach Subcatchments, dominantly basalt tributaries) Soils of the alluvial fans and flats derived from upper Subcatchments, dominantly Heifer Creek Marburg beds (middle reach tributaries) Sandstone and Ma Ma Creek Sandstone Soils of the alluvial fans and flats derived from lower Subcatchments, dominantly Winmill Marburg beds (lower reach tributaries) Conglomerate and Gatton Sandstone Soils of the alluvial fans and flats derived from Helidon Subcatchments, dominantly Helidon Sandstone (northern tributaries) Sandstone

SOILS OF THE MAJOR STREAM FLOOD PLAINS AND LEVEES

Distribution These soils border the channels of the major streams and their upper reaches tributaries and cover some 11 135 ha in the Lockyer Valley. In upstream reaches they occur on flood plains below extensive terraces whereas downstream, they are found on slightly elevated creek levees that merge gradually with the alluvial plains. These are a subset of the soils belonging to the Rosewood Association (Rw) mapped by Smith et al. (1990) and the Alluvial Loams described by Noble (1996).

Description Soils belong to either the mildly leached dark soils grouping or soils grouping showing no profile development of Stace et al. (1968). In the Australian Soil Classification (ASC) terms of Isbell (1996), the soils represent the Dermosol soil order. The soil profile is generally 0.3−0.7 m thick, dark coloured, moderately structured and in the loam to light medium clay texture range. It is underlain by buried soil layers, or bedload of gravel, cobble, sand or finer sedimentary layers. The soils have high overall fertility and are usually cultivated. On drying, their surfaces either form a thin hard surface crust or appear cloddy if recently cultivated.

Soils are generally porous, permeable and well drained, with moderate to strong subsoil structure. The less permeable exception is Lockrose SPC, which may experience slower internal drainage as a consequence of a heavy clay buried soil, usually below 0.55 m.

They may be distinguished from soils of the adjacent terraces and plains by the duller lustre of their smooth ped fabric (Northcote 1974) below cultivation depth, and the absence or only trace presence of carbonate in the subsoil. Lower clay and higher silt contents and insufficient time since deposition for clay cutan development are possibly responsible for the dull appearance of these soils.

Four SPCs are found within this landscape group and their distinguishing features are shown in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Morphology and landscape position of soils of the major stream flood plains and levees

Soil profile class Distinguishing features Landscape position

Cavendish (Cd) Dark clay loam to light clay with calcareous structured Levee banks and light clay to medium clay subsoil. backslopes Lockrose (Lr) Dark fine sandy clay to light-medium clay to 0.15 to Levee banks and 0.2 m over occasionally mottled or calcareous dark or backslopes dark brown fine sandy clay loam to light clay to 0.55 to 0.9 m abruptly over dark or grey brown medium to heavy clay containing carbonate or manganese concentrations to 1.5 m. Lockyer (Ly) Dark clay loam to light clay with dark or brown neutral Flood plains, levees to alkaline structured subsoil to 0.4 to 1.0 m deep, over dark or brown layers, palaeosols or coarse bedload. Robinson (Rs) Dark or brown sandy loam to clay loam 0.1 to 0.4 m Flood plains, flood deep over buried layers, sediment or coarse bedload plain splays, point (gravel, cobble, stone). bars, channel benches

Chemical properties The main chemical properties of these soils are summarised in Table 4.3. Methods of analysis used for this and subsequent tables are described in Bruce and Rayment (1982). pH and EC were measured in water, at 1:5 dilution and CEC was determined using ammonium chloride at pH 8.5.

Table 4.3 Summary of chemical properties for soils of the major stream flood plains and levees Horizon pH EC Silt % Clay % CEC Dominant cations ESP CEC/ (1:5) (dSm-1) (cmol(+)kg-1) %clay ++ ++ A 7.2−7.9 0.03−0.04 13−28 10−57 26−35 Ca , Mg <1.3 >1 ++ ++ B 7.4−8.0 0.03−0.19 17−29 20−67 24−45 Ca , Mg <2.8 ≥1 ++ ++ Substrate 7.0−8.0 0.03−0.11 7−17 9−35 29−37 Ca , Mg 1−9 ≥1

Soils associated with the levee crests and flood plains of major streams have neutral to slightly alkaline pH in the solum (pH 7.2−8.0), low salinity and chloride levels, but variable organic carbon (0.9−4.2%) and total nitrogen levels (0.06−0.15%) in the surface 0−0.1 m. This variability is believed to be due to different land use histories, particularly irrigation water quality effects. Other chemical properties are shown in Table 4.3.

Soils of the levee backslopes are composite soils (one soil overlies another older soil) and were not included in the Table 4.3 summary. They have pH, salinity, organic carbon and total nitrogen level similar to levee crests, but have higher clay contents (35−40%) and silt contents (26−31%) in the profile. Cation exchange capacities are correspondingly higher (36−47 cmol(+)kg-1) but cation proportions are similar to the levee banks. The underlying buried layers have higher clay contents (40−53%), similar silt contents (24−35%) and higher sodicity (2.6−4.8 ESP). Soils of the levee

backslopes have been commonly identified as a light textured variant of Blenheim or as Hooper SPC. All soils analysed are at least 70% base saturated and commonly fully base saturated.

The clay contents of profile classes belonging to this soil group are much lower than for most of the other soil groups associated with the major streams. This suggests that these soils were derived from alluvia deposited by floodwaters with higher velocities in comparison to the other alluvial deposits.

Physical properties Where soils have sufficient depth (>1m) to cobble, gravel or sand, their plant available water capacity is satisfactory (106-125mm). The stony phases however hold much less water, the amount varying with the thickness of the overlying soil, and available water could be as low as 50mm for the shallower forms.

Soils become cloddy and dense when cultivated and suffer compaction, particularly for soils with more silty or clayey textures. The higher silt contents of some soils are probably responsible for them being described locally as “floury soils”, based on their behaviour following rotary hoe cultivation.

Mineralogy The Robinson and Lockyer soil profiles from the flood plain have clays of interlayered smectite with minor kaolinite and a trace of illite. A Lockyer profile from the levee of Lockyer Creek in contrast was dominantly smectite. These results suggest that these soils are mainly basaltic in origin.

SOILS OF THE MAJOR STREAM TERRACES AND PLAINS

Distribution These soils are extensive (26 176 ha) and are associated with the wide alluvial plains of the downstream reaches and the terrace above the flood plain of tributary trunk streams.

The heavier textured soils on the extensive alluvial plains area are a subset of the Rosewood Association (Rw) mapped by Smith et al. (1990) but identified more broadly by Noble (1996) as Alluvial Black Earths. The heavy textured Clarendon soils associated with backswamp depressions are mapped by Smith et al. (1990) as Dyer Association (D).

The lighter surface textured soils of this soil landscape (Sippell, Tenthill - light textured variant, Helidon SPCs) have a more mixed origin and are broadly described by Noble (1996) as Alluvial Red- Brown Earths.

Description The main features of component soils in this group are summarised in Table 4.4. The soil profile of this group is generally black to brown with clay loam to heavy clay surface textures becoming medium to heavy clay and alkaline in the subsoil. The subsoil contains carbonate and has a lenticular structure. The exception is Sippel SPC, which has sandier surface soils, and angular blocky subsoils which may be carbonate free (Table 4.4). Buried soil layers or brown loamy textured sediments are found below all soils in this landscape, although for some SPCs (Blenheim, Clarendon, Flagstone) these brown layers may not be encountered for several metres.

Most of the soils belong to the mildly leached dark soil grouping of Stace et al. 1968, probably due to the nature of their parent material, their low topographic position with moderate leaching, the semi- arid climatic conditions of soil formation and their relatively young age. Some of the better-drained soils belong to the mildly leached brown soil grouping.

Table 4.4 Morphology and landscape position of soils of the major stream terraces and plains

Soil profile class Distinguishing features Landscape position

Blenheim (Bl) Dark self mulching, cracking medium to heavy clay Extensive backplains with dark, brown or grey calcareous subsoil to 1.5 m deep or over medium to heavy clay palaeosol. Light textured variant: light clay surface texture. Infilled channels of prior streams and levee backslopes Clarendon (Cl) Humic mottled surface horizon over mottled dark or Backswamps grey medium to heavy clay with grey calcareous subsoil to 1.5 m deep. Flagstone (Fs) Grey self mulching, cracking clay with grey calcareous Backplains subsoil to 1.5 m deep or over brown friable lighter textured layers. Helidon (Hd) Grey-brown or brown loamy sand or sandy loam with Alluvial plains conspicuously bleached A2 horizon to 0.2 to 0.45 m over brown, bright yellow brown or bright reddish brown neutral clay subsoil. Manganese common, lime rare. Layered D-horizons may be evident below 0.6m. Hooper (Hp) Dark brown weakly self-mulching cloddy light to Relict levees, prior light-medium clay with brown calcareous subsoil to streams 0.7 to 1.4 m over brown friable textured layers. Lawes (Lw) Dark self mulching, cracking medium clay with dark Alluvial plains or brown calcareous subsoil to 0.1 to 1.4 m deep over adjacent to relict brown friable lighter textured layers. levees Sippel (Sp) Hardsetting texture contrast soil with dark fine sandy Alluvial plains loam to fine sandy clay loam surface soil to 0.15 to 0.45 m over brown or grey neutral to alkaline clay subsoil. Tenthill (Th) Dark brown weakly self mulching cloddy light to light- Relict levees, terraced medium clay with brown calcareous subsoil to 0.4 to plains, prior streams 0.7 m over brown or friable lighter textured layers. Light textured variant has clay loam surface texture and red brown subsoil.

Soils vary in their permeability, porosity and drainage status across this landscape, mainly in relation to landscape position and texture. The lighter textured soils associated with relict levees and prior streams and tributary streams are highly porous, permeable and well drained, whereas the heavier textured soils of the extensive backplains and backswamps have low porosity, low permeability and slow drainage.

Most soils on this landscape are cultivated apart from the backswamp depressions. The heavier textured soils are self-mulching and periodically crack, whereas the lighter textured surface soils are cloddy and crusting. Cloddy loam and clay loam surface textured soils commonly have sufficient shrink-swell capacity to break down the clods with cycles of wetting and drying.

In horizons below the depth of cultivation, soils of this group are distinguished by a highly lustrous (lac) smooth ped fabric. Stress cutans are common in the subsoil and clay cutans are well developed on brown substrate aggregates.

Chemical properties A summary of the main soil properties shows a wide range of values (Table 4.5), and pH, EC and cation results may be influenced by irrigation water quality. Generally the majority of these soils are neutral to alkaline, have clay contents varying from 30−75%, and have calcium and magnesium dominant cations. Soil analysis values are discussed in terms of subgroups separated on the basis of their occurrence on a distinct landform element.

Table 4.5 Summary of analytical data for soils of the major stream terraces and plains Horizon pH EC Silt % Clay % CEC Dominant ESP CEC/ (1:5) (dSm-1) (cmol(+)kg-1) cations % clay ++ ++ A 7.0−8.3 0.03−0.24 16−29 31−62 21−65 Ca , Mg 1.5−5.9 0.63−1.1 ++ ++ B 7.0−9.3 0.09−0.94 11−35 40−74 37−71 Ca , Mg 1.2−26 0.67−1.2 ++ ++ Substrate 7.4−8.5 0.03−0.62 9−30 16−43 19−51 Ca , Mg 1.8−10 >1.2

Soils of the relict levees of prior streams and of upstream terraces These soils have neutral to moderately alkaline soil pH (7.0−8.3) in both the A and B horizons, low salinity levels (EC <0.35 dSm-1) and low chloride levels (<0.03%). They have variable surface clay contents (31−49%) but the silt contents are more uniform (16−23%). Substrates, usually below about 0.7 m have lower clay content (21−34%) with correspondingly higher fine sand contents (38−61%). Soils generally have high CEC/% clay ratios (commonly >1), particularly in the substrate. Such high values have been also noted in subsoils on Warrill Creek flood plain soils (Powell 1979) and at Gatton Research Station (Powell 1982). It is suggested that partially weathered pseudomorph minerals present in the fine sand and silt fraction are responsible. In substrates, calcium is usually the dominant exchangeable cation with magnesium subdominant and sodium is a minor component (ESP <3).

Soils of the extensive terraced plains Most of these soils have neutral to weakly alkaline surfaces (pH 7.2−7.8) and moderately to strongly alkaline subsoils (pH 8.4–9.3). Subsoils accumulate low to high amounts of salts (0.25−1.0 dSm-1) at 0.8−1.4 m depth, with high salinity occurring in soils with deep clay subsoils. Clay contents in the profile range from 40% to 70%, while the substrate layers have 27−36% clay. Silt usually ranges between 15% and 25% (rarely up to 35%) in the profile. The CEC of both the profile and substrate are in the 40−60 cmol(+)kg-1 range despite a reduction in clay content in the subsoil. CEC/% clay ratios range from 0.7−0.99 in the profile but exceed 1.2 in the subsoil. This suggests that subsoils of these soils also contain pseudomorph minerals in the fine sand fraction.

The exchange complex through the upper subsoil is usually 90−100% base saturated with calcium and magnesium the co-dominant cations or magnesium dominant. With increasing depth magnesium and sodium increase. Soils with shallower profiles to about 1 m (eg. Lawes) have low ESP (<2.5) throughout but may have slightly more sodic substrates (ESP up to 4). Deeper clay soils (eg. Blenheim SPC) have low sodicity in the surface 0−0.1 m (ESP <5) but subsoil ESP ranges from 8 to 20.

Laboratory analyses of the Sippel and Helidon SPCs (Table 4.6) do not fit the summary data outlined above. These are sandier SPCs than the other profile classes of this subgroup and occur mainly on the alluvial plain of Deep Gully or in the western tributaries upstream of Grantham. They have lower clay, CEC and ESP values than the other profile classes; it also has lower pH and EC values and appears to have been more effectively leached.

Table 4.6 Summary of analytical data for Sippel and Helidon Soils Horizon pH EC Silt % Clay % CEC Dominant ESP CEC/ (1:5) (dSm-1) (cmol(+)kg-1) cations %clay A 6.0-7.6 0.03-0.07 3-15 10-15 10-16 Ca++, Mg++ 0.6 0.58-1.1 ++ ++ B 6.9−7.8 <0.05 3-10 27−38 23−38 Ca , Mg 0.9-4.2 0.68−0.9

Backswamp depression soils These soils (eg. Clarendon) show analytical values similar to the deeper clay soils of the adjacent plains, except that surface pH is more acid (pH 5.4−5.8). Acidity may extend to 0.6 m in gilgai mound profiles. These acid horizons have lower base saturation (56−60%) probably reflecting leaching conditions caused by prolonged saturation, and acidification from accumulation of humic materials.

Physical properties The PAWC of all these soils on this landscape is high with estimates varying from 118mm to 147mm in the top metre. The thickness, sodicity, high exchangeable magnesium and high clay content of the subsoil however leads to impeded subsoil drainage for the deeper clay soils eg Blenheim and Clarendon. This is particularly evident in depressions and/or where gilgais are prominent.

Soils with high clay contents (>45%) in the surface generally have strongly self-mulching properties, unless experiencing excessive cultivation combined with the application of irrigation water of poor water quality particularly if it has a high sodium absorption ratio (SAR). This self-mulching quality allows the soils to regenerate a satisfactory tilth with cycles of wetting and drying. However if field operations are undertaken on high clay soils when the plough layer is moist and plastic, soils become smeared, compacted and dense. This deteriorating physical condition of the soil requires ever more frequent cultivation to smash the dense plough layer and large clods to form a seed bed. Other consequences are increased topsoil waterlogging, reduced rooting depth, poor water use efficiency and slower internal soil drainage.

Fertiliser additions and extra irrigation mask this serious problem. It is suggested that this problem even causes the unnecessary addition of phosphorus (P) fertilisers on the many black Lockyer Valley soils that test as having abundant reserves of available P. It is possible that the poor soil-root contact because of soil cloddiness reduces the capacity of plant roots to take up phosphorus. Further research investment is needed to tease out the causes and impacts of soil structure degradation in relation to Lockyer Valley soil properties, irrigation efficiency and crop productivity. For the study area this is both a resource management as well as an agronomic issue.

Permanent beds combined with green manure crop rotations are one solution to soil structure degradation as it will allow the soils in the beds to regenerate naturally. A full explanation of the issues and benefits of the various repair options is described in McGarry et al. (1999).

Imperfect internal drainage of these clayey soils and their stickiness when wet are also major access issues for management or harvesting after rain or irrigation.

Lighter textured soils in the clay loam – light clay range are weakly self mulching and also experience extreme compaction and cloddiness with regular cultivation. Their high smectite clays allow them to rejuvenate to some degree following wetting and drying. The soils with sandy textures are subject to crusting and hard setting with regular cultivation. These soils will respond well to productivity systems involving greater incorporation of organic matter eg. green manure crops and pasture rotations.

Mineralogy Powell (1987) found the soils on this landscape to contain mainly interlayered smectite with subordinate kaolinite, and trace amounts of illite. Profiles show a tendency for progressively greater disorder in smectite in the horizons approaching the surface. Increasing hydroxyl interlayering of smectites suggests increased stability (Weed and Nelson 1962). Thus the increasing breakdown of smectite clays in horizons and materials closer to the surface can be explained by increased interlayering. It is suggested that smectite interlayering is occurring as a result of weathering since time of deposition, with weathering being most advanced in surface horizons.

Chlorite occurs in substantial amounts at 0.70−0.87 m in a Tenthill profile located at Mt Sylvia. In this profile, the sample was taken from what appears to be the darkened A horizon of a buried palaeosol. Chlorite and increased kaolinite appear to be the product of former surface weathering, because the clay mineralogy of layers above and below this horizon are both dominated by interlayered smectite. It is suggested that this mineral is dioctohedral chlorite of pedogenic origin, which was formed in the past by surface weathering. A trace of chlorite was also noted in the present A horizon and may indicate incipient formation of chlorite.

Catchment source rock composition (54% basalt) of Tenthill Creek and soil properties such as high clay contents and dark soil colours suggest that these soils are derived from basaltic alluvium. The clay mineralogy results support this, as smectite and interlayered smectite clay minerals were also found to be dominant in basaltic regolith.

SOILS OF THE MAJOR STREAM ELEVATED TERRACES, FANS AND PEDIMENTS

Distribution These soils occur in elevated positions above the terrace along the margins of the major stream valleys or as isolated remnants unrelated to the present major streams. The elevated terrace is usually positioned on Ma Ma Creek Sandstone beds and is moderately dissected. Where it is isolated from the major streams, it is found on gently sloping ridges between first and second order streams.

Dissected elevated terraces are observed only along upstream and middle reaches of streams. Smith et al. (1990) mapped soils in this locality as belonging to the Manteufal Association (Mt). These soils are also broadly identified by Noble (1996) as Grey Clays.

Further downstream, this soil group is found on pediments and in places along the drainage lines of minor streams. Here they appear to be derived from the neighbouring upland sedimentary rocks bordering the extensive alluvial plains. In these lower lying landscape positions, Smith et al. (1990) mapped these soils as either Plainlands Association (Pl) on alluvial fans or Scheiwe Association (S) on pediments. Noble (1996) identified impermeable clays on pediments such as Leschke SPC more broadly as Coarse Structured Clays. These types of soils occur in many similar locations throughout the Moreton Region.

Description They are generally gilgaied grey or brown clays characterised by weakly crusting to moderately self mulching surfaces, which periodically crack when dry. Such soils belong to the group of soils showing minimal profile development (Stace et al. 1968) and the Vertosols soil order of the ASC. Along the mid and upper reaches to Tenthill Creek and its major tributary they are underlain by cobbly brown sediments. Subsoils are alkaline but may become neutral to weakly acid with depth. In this part of the catchment, soils of elevated alluvia are generally associated with brigalow-belah softwood scrub.

Soils generally have low porosity, permeability and slow internal drainage, with the Leschke grey clay SPC being extremely impermeable. The exception is Ryan SPC, which is porous, permeable and well

drained but this soil is of minor occurrence. Ryan possibly represents the remnant surface of an elevated alluvial fan derived from the lower Marburg beds.

It was noted that buried palaeosols found beneath the wide alluvial plain along Deep Gully and Lockyer Creek were of similar morphology to the grey clay profile classes (Woodbine and Leschke) of this group. Based on the similarity of stratigraphic sequence, age and morphology, such palaeosols are believed to be equivalent to the surface soils of this group that occur upstream, i.e. they represent a former alluvial plain surface along the major streams.

Table 4.7 Morphology and landscape position of soils of the major stream elevated terraces, fans and pediments Soil profile class Distinguishing features Landscape position

Leschke (Lk) Grey, hardsetting, crusting light to medium clay with Elevated terraces, grey subsoil to 1.5 m. Subsoils are alkaline but may pediments, local become neutral with depth. alluvial plains Ryan (Rn) Brown hardsetting sandy loam with massive red brown Pediments neutral sandy clay subsoil. Thornton (Tt) Dark cobbly self-mulching cracking light to medium Elevated terraces, clay with dark or brown medium to heavy clay subsoil alluvial fans and to 0.5 to 1.3 m over brown layers or coarse bedload adjacent pediments Townson (Ts) Dark self-mulching cracking medium to heavy clay Elevated alluvial fans with dark, grey brown or brown subsoil to 1.5 m. and adjacent pediments Woodbine (Wb) Grey or dark self-mulching, cracking medium clay Elevated terraces, with grey subsoil to 1.5m. Subsoils are alkaline but pediments, local may become neutral to acid with depth. alluvial plains

Chemical properties The main properties of soils of the elevated terraces are shown in Table 4.8. The soils have weakly alkaline surfaces (pH 6.2−8.2) but have moderately to strongly alkaline subsoils (pH 8.3−8.8) within 0.3 m. The pH decreases to neutrality by 0.6 m or continues unchanged to 1.2 m before becoming strongly acid (pH 5.5) by 1.5 m. Moderate to high salinity accumulates in the subsoils (0.5 to 1.5 dSm-1) at depths as shallow as 0.3 m or as deep as 0.8 m. Salinity reaches a maximum between 0.6 to 1.2 m.

Clay contents usually range from a depth of 40 to 60% whereas silts vary from 11 to 21%. CECs are in the 21 to 49 cmol(+)kg-1 range resulting in [CEC:% Clay] ratios usually in the range of 0.6 to 0.8. Magnesium and sodium become increasingly dominant exchangeable cations with depth. As calcium decreases, sodium increases with ESP values of 2.7 to 6.7 in the surface soil increasing to maximum values of 26 to 35 in the subsoil.

Compared to soils previously discussed, these soils are also distinct from others in having consistently lower surface phosphorus levels (31−32 mg/Kg bicarbonate P by Colwell’s method) and lower copper (0.6−1.2 mg/Kg) and zinc (0.3−0.8 mg/Kg) as determined by DTPA extraction (see Appendix 1).

Table 4.8 shows a wide range of values for pH and electrical conductivity (EC). However there was a consistent trend towards acid to neutral pH in the deep subsoil with maximum pH in the upper metre of the profile.

Table 4.8 Summary of analytical data for soils of the major stream elevated terraces Horizon pH EC Silt* Clay* % CEC Dominant ESP CEC/ (1:5) (dSm-1) % (cmol(+)kg-1) cations %clay ++ ++ A 6.2−8.2 0.1−0.24 15−21 32−48 21−38 Ca , Mg 2.5−10 0.63−0.79 ++ ++ B 5.5−8.8 0.13−2.2 11−18 40−62 25−49 Mg , Na 5.5−35 0.6−0.83

Physical properties These soils vary in their PAWC with Townson, Thornton and Woodbine being high (124 to 140mm to 1m) whereas Leschke is much lower (50mm). The former group of soils have strong self mulching clayey surface soils which experience behaviour much like the high clay soils of the major steam terraces and plains. By contrast the Leschke soil has a hard, dense weakly cracking topsoil with no tendency to self mulch.

Mineralogy All soils sampled had consistently high interlayered smectite/kaolinite ratios except some buried palaeosols and deep subsoil samples, which have dominant smectite. (Powell 1987)

These soils are known to be older than the two previous soil groups because upstream, they occur on a higher terrace in an advanced state of dissection; in some locations, the terraces have been abandoned by the major streams. The dominance of basalt cobbles over sandstone cobbles together with the dominance of interlayered smectite over kaolinite in the clay fraction suggest that this material is dominantly basaltic.

SOILS OF ALLUVIAL FANS DERIVED FROM BASALT (UPPER REACH TRIBUTARIES)

Distribution These soils occur on steep fans (5−15%) along the upper tributary trunk streams in the south and west of the catchment. The fans descend gradually onto the terraces and plains. Although Tertiary basalt is the major source material for these fans, Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures and Heifer Creek Sandstone may contribute in a minor way. Smith et al. (1990) did not identify such soils in their study of the Lockyer Valley.

Description The main features of the two component soils are summarised in Table 4.9. Soils are characterised by the presence of stone and cobble on the surface and in the profile. Profile colours vary from black to brown and soils are underlain by brown sediment or rubble.

Soils are mainly loam to light clay in texture, moderately structured and may contain carbonate in alkaline medium clay subsoils. They are generally porous, permeable and well drained. The lighter textured loams over layers of coarse bed load (Peacock soil) may be excessively drained.

These soils belong to the mildly leached dark soils grouping (Stace et al. 1968) and the Dermosols soil order of the ASC.

Table 4.9 Morphology and distinguishing features of soils of alluvial fans derived from basalt Soil profile class Distinguishing features Landscape position

Peacock (Pc) Dark stony loam to light clay with structured dark or Alluvial fans brown neutral subsoil to 0.4 to 1 m over brown layers or coarse bedload. Spellman (Sm) Dark or grey brown cobbly clay loam to light clay with Alluvial fans dark or brown alkaline medium clay subsoil to 0.1 to 0.4 m over brown light textured layers, palaeosols or coarse bedload.

Chemical properties A summary of data from two sites is shown in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10 Summary of analytical data for soils of alluvial fans derived from basalt (2 sites) Horizon pH (1:5) EC Silt Clay % CEC Dominant ESP CEC/ (dSm-1) % (cmol(+)kg-1) cations %clay A 6.1−6.3 0.05 25−31 29−45 40−47 Ca++, Mg++ <1 1.0−1.2 B 6.9−8.4 0.02−0.42 13−25 32−60 51−60 Ca++, Mg++ 1.5−6 0.87−1.4 Substrate 7.6−8.0 0.03−0.04 17−22 38−45 43−54 Ca++, Mg++ 2.0−2.8 1.2−1.9

Soils are moderately acid in the surface becoming neutral to moderately alkaline at depth. Otherwise the profile has generally similar properties to the soils associated with relict levees and upstream terraces, except that subsoil sodicity may be slightly higher (ESP up to 6). Salt levels vary from low to moderate amounts. Silt contents are variable and clay contents increase with depth of profile but may decrease in the substrate. Calcium and magnesium are the dominant cations and ESP values are generally low (<6). CEC/% Clay ratios are consistently high (>0.8) suggesting smectite is the dominant clay mineral.

Physical properties The PAWC of Spellman in the top metre is as high as 156mm and Peacock is expected to be similar in range to Lockyer ie 100-120mm. Lower values are expected where underlain at shallower depth by gravel.

Soils become cloddy and dense when cultivated and suffer compaction, particularly for soils with more clayey surface textures.

Mineralogy Smectites are the dominant clay minerals. Like the soils of the major stream terraces and plains these soils also show increasing smectite interlayering in surface clay samples, presumably the result of increased weathering.

Cobbles and stones present in these landscapes are mainly basalt. The clay mineral suite is very similar to the basaltic source materials. These soils are therefore concluded to be mainly basaltic in origin. The common cobble component indicates deposition under high stream velocities whereas the mainly clay and silt deposits indicate slower stream velocities and colluviation.

It was also noted that the morphology, analytical data and clay mineralogy of these soils were similar to the soils of the relict levees of prior streams and upstream terraces. This supports the conclusion that these latter soils are largely basaltic in origin and associated with parent alluvium deposited by high velocity streams.

SOILS OF ALLUVIAL FANS AND FLATS DERIVED FROM UPPER MARBURG BEDS (MIDDLE REACH TRIBUTARIES)

Distribution These soils occur in fans and narrow local alluvial plains (first or second order streams) draining Heifer Creek and Ma Ma Creek Sandstones. Characteristically these soils are associated with softwood scrub, often dominated by brigalow and belah.

Except where the surface soil is excessively cultivated, soils are generally porous, permeable and well drained to the depth of any heavy clay layers or seasonal water-table. Smith et al. (1990) identified these soils as belonging to the Ropely Association (R). Soils on the lower slopes of fans may have either tough impermeable clay subsoil (Laidley soil) or shallow water-table (Geisemann soil), that interferes with effective soil drainage. These soils were mapped as being mainly Goothenda Association (Gt) by Smith et al. (1990). More broadly, Noble (1996) mapped these soils as (1b) Mixed Alluvial Plains but the soils identified in this report do not generally match with the broad soil groups suggested. This suggests that the distribution of these types of soils is restricted largely to the Lockyer Valley.

Soils on this landscape descend and merge gradually with the soils of the major stream terraces and plains. This soil landscape has been largely cleared and most soils are cultivated.

Description The topsoil is hardsetting and becomes cloddy on tillage. The profile is generally grey brown, yellow brown or red brown in colour with a sandy clay loam to sandy clay surface texture and a gradual increase in clay with depth. This group may be distinguished from other sandstone-derived soils by their more gradual texture increase down the profile. Buried and sedimentary layers are common below the profile at about 1 m depth. The main features of the component soils are summarised in Table 4.11.

Generally these soils have affinities with the mildly leached brown soils grouping of Stace et al. 1968 and classify in the ASC as belonging to the soil orders Dermosols, Kandosols and Chromosols..

Chemical properties The analytical data of soils of fans and alluvial plains out of upper Marburg beds are shown on Table 4.12. These soils are different from the soils groups discussed so far in that they are low in salts, calcium is the dominant cation in the profile and CEC:% Clay ratios never exceed 0.8.

Physical properties These soils have an estimated PAWC of 120 - 130mm in the top metre of soil. They have a tendency to hardsetting and cloddiness when cultivated.

Mineralogy Randomly interstratified minerals and kaolinite are co-dominant minerals within the clay fraction (Powell, 1987). In addition, some substrate materials were found to have a significant interlayered smectite component instead of randomly interstratified mineral.

The clay mineral suite in the solum and upper layers of the substrate are very similar to that in the regolith derived from Walloon Coal Measures and Heifer Creek Sandstone (Powell, 1987).

Table 4.11 Morphology and landscape position of soils of alluvial fans and flats derived from upper Marburg beds

Soil profile class Distinguishing features Landscape position

Abell (Ab) Grey brown to brown hardsetting sandy clay with Alluvial fans, local yellow or brown, neutral, sandy clay to sandy medium alluvial plains, clay subsoil to 0.7 to 1 m over yellow to brown layers. pediments Geisemann (Gm) Brown hardsetting sandy clay loam with brown or Mid and lower yellow brown acid to neutral sandy clay loam to sandy slopes of alluvial clay subsoil to 0.7 to 1 m over seasonally saturated fans mottled grey, ferromanganiferous sandy clay and other layers. Laidley (Ld) Grey brown hardsetting sandy clay loam to sandy Lower slopes of medium clay with variable A2 horizon development alluvial fans and and yellow to brown sandy medium to heavy clay alluvial plains subsoils. Deep subsoils are alkaline and non-calcareous and overly buried layers. Sutton (Sn) Brown hardsetting sandy clay loam to sandy clay with Alluvial fans, local neutral to alkaline red brown sandy clay to sandy alluvial plains medium clay subsoil to 0.7 to 1 m over brown to red brown layers.

Table 4.12 Summary of soil analytical data for soils of alluvial fans and flats derived from upper Marburg beds Horizon pH EC Silt Clay % CEC Dominant ESP CEC/ (1:5) (dSm-1) % (cmol(+)kg-1) cations %clay ++ A 5.9−7.0 <0.07 11−23 26−39 22−32 Ca <0.1 0.58−0.72 ++ B 6.7−8.6 0.02−0.17 10−16 30−53 21−28 Ca 0.8−8.6 0.53−0.68 ++ ++ Substrate 7.2−8.4 0.03−0.23 7−17 23−37 15−25 Ca , Mg 1.1−10 0.53−0.78

SOILS OF ALLUVIAL FANS AND FLATS DERIVED FROM LOWER MARBURG BEDS (LOWER REACH TRIBUTARIES)

Distribution These soils have developed on alluvium in narrow drainage lines derived largely from Winwill Conglomerate and Gatton Sandstone, the lower beds of the Marburg Formation. They are generally found in minor tributaries (first and second order streams) along the lower reaches of the major streams and along the margins of the extensive alluvial plains. Whiteway SPC, a texture contrast soil with black subsoil is found only on the main alluvial plain, often on back plains and swamps adjacent to the lower rises of lower Marburg beds.

Smith et al. (1990) mapped these soils as the Fitzgerald Association (Fg) with locally salinised areas mapped as Darbalara Association (Db). They are mainly used for grazing of native pastures.

Description These soils belong to the mildly leached brown soils grouping (Stace et al. 1968) and are characterised by a texture contrast profile form and a coarse structured, impermeable subsoil, which distinguishes them from other soil groups. Soils of this group have slow internal drainage, many have

low plant available water capacity and generally have a lower land use potential than the other groups of soils. The main features of component soils are summarised in Table 4.13.

Whiteway SPC is distinct in that it resembles a composite of two source materials. It is suggested that the black clay subsoil is derived from distant basaltic sources whereas the grey brown clay loam topsoil is derived from adjacent lower Marburg sources.

The SPCs of this landscape correlate broadly with the generalised soil concepts of Noble (1996) for the Moreton Region as follows:

Glencairn = Soloths Hattonvale = Sandy Solodics Stockyard = Loamy Solodics Whiteway = no correlation

Vegetation is typically an open forest of eucalypt species including narrow-leaved ironbark, bluegum, Moreton Bay ash and silver-leaved ironbark.

Table 4.13 Morphology and landscape position of soils of alluvial fans and flats derived from lower Marburg beds

Soil profile class Distinguishing features Landscape position

Glencairn (Gc) Loose or hardsetting texture contrast soil with dark or Local alluvial plains, brown loamy sand to sandy loam surface soil with minor alluvial flats, bleached A2 horizon to 0.4 to 0.6 m over acid yellow gently undulating and grey mottled sandy light to medium clay. plains of old elevated alluvia Hattonvale (Ht) Hardsetting texture contrast soil with grey brown or Local alluvial plains brown sandy loam to sandy clay loam surface soil with variable A2 horizon development to 0.15 to 0.45 m over grey brown or yellow brown alkaline clay subsoil to 0.6 m. Layers common below 0.6 m. Stockyard (Sy) Hardsetting texture contrast soil with dark to grey Local alluvial plains brown clay loam surface soil, with variable A2 horizon development to 0.15 to 0.35 m over grey brown, yellow brown or brown neutral to alkaline clay subsoil to 0.7 m. Gravel and sediment layers occur below 0.7 m. Whiteway (Ww) Hardsetting texture contrast soil with dark loam to clay Major stream loam surface soil with sporadically bleached A2 horizon terraced plains to 0.1 to 0.3 m over dark light-medium to heavy clay adjacent to local subsoil, calcareous at depth. Cultivated surface soils alluvial plains may have clay textures.

Chemical Properties This soil group is highly variable in some properties and a summary of analytical data is shown on Table 4.14 for soils having a lighter surface texture (Hattonvale and Glencairn).

Table 4.14 Summary of analytical data of Hattonvale and Glencairn soils

Horizon pH EC Silt Clay % CEC Dominant ESP CEC/ (1:5) (dSm-1) % (cmol(+)kg-1) cations %clay ++ ++ A 6.0−6.7 0.1 – 0.2 10−32 12−15 9−16 Ca , Mg 1.0 ++ ++ B 7.5−9.1 <0.4 or 1.2 10−32 29−33 17−23 Ca , Mg 1−42 0.6−0.8 ++ ++ Substrate 19−29 13−24 Ca , Mg 0.7−1.0

The analytical data from a Stockyard soil profile is shown in Table 4.15. A shallow clay-rich alluvial deposit (>40% clay) may sometimes be found overlying these soils, possibly indicating recent flooding. The dominance of magnesium and sodium in the B horizon and substrate is believed to reflect a similar balance of cations in the source materials.

Table 4.15 Summary of analytical data for Stockyard Soil Horizon pH EC Silt Clay % CEC Dominant ESP CEC/ (1:5) (dSm-1) % (cmol(+)kg-1) cations %clay A 6.5-7.0 0.06-0.12 12-32 13-33 22-25 Ca++, Mg++ 1.2-14 0.6-0.7 B 6.7-8.8 0.09-1..2 10-27 19-45 13-28 Mg++, Na+ 34-42 0.6 ++ + Substrate 7.8-9.1 0.19−0.8 15−36 29−40 21-36 Mg , Na 38−42 0.7-0.9

Physical properties PAWC is variable within this group of soils and relates to the depth and texture of the A horizons. The thick sandy A horizon of Glencairn SPC provides some drainage but it comes at the cost of a quite low PAWC (46mm). Stockyard SPC, with a clay loam shallow A horizon, has a PAWC of 75mm and Whiteway SPC, which has a strong basaltic soil influence, has an estimated PAWC of 130mm.

With cultivation, all these soils become increasingly denser, hardsetting and cloddy, particularly those with higher clay contents in the topsoil.

Mineralogy No mineralogical analysis was undertaken for this group of soils but the intermediate to high CEC:% Clay ratios suggest that a clay mineral assemblage of mixed character in the AB soil profile and a substrate at depth that is high in smectite. The possible presence of a smectite-rich soil layer is compatible with the observations of Smith et al. (1990), who identified smectite dominant B horizons in soils developed in situ on the Gatton Sandstone member of the lower Marburg beds.

SOILS OF ALLUVIAL FANS AND FLATS DERIVED FROM HELIDON SANDSTONE (NORTHERN TRIBUTARIES)

Distribution These soils occur on the gently undulating plains, alluvial fans and flats derived from Helidon Sandstone along the northern tributaries of the Lockyer Creek. Noble (1996) broadly mapped these soils as belonging within (1c) Mixed Alluvial Plains.

Description Morphological characteristics of the soils are shown in Table 4.16. Soils are always characterised by very sandy surface textures but have a wide variety of other profile features. Subsoils may be red, yellow or brown in colour with ferruginous (ironstone) concretions and buried layers common at depth. Poorer drained soils frequently contain paler colours and manganiferous concretions. Better drained soils are red or brown in colour.

Balaam and Spring soils occur as complex undifferentiated patterns on gently undulating plains of old elevated alluvia. They generally contain structureless massive subsoils, are red or yellow in colour and ferruginous concretions are common. Noble (1996) identified these soils more broadly as Lateritic Podzolics. These soils fit generally within the broad soil grouping described as mildly to strongly acid and highly differentiated (Stace et al. 1968). In ASC terminology, these soils classify variably as either Chromosols, Dermosols or Tenosols.

Below the old elevated alluvia, soils of the terraces of major streams have a more predictable distribution and are either texture contrast soils (Buaraba, Holcomb) or gradational soils with red or less commonly, yellow brown, massive subsoils (Redbank). There are broad correlations with the generalised soil groupings identified by Noble (1996), which are based on Stace et al. (1968) great soil group names:

Buaraba = Alluvial Red-Brown Earths Holcomb = Red Podzolics Redbank = Red earths

On more recently deposited, younger landscapes of the lower terraces, flood plains and alluvial fans, are found weakly differentiated deep red or yellow sands, (the Donnell soil). Donnell is part of a soil group more broadly identified in the Moreton Region by Noble (1996) as Earthy Sands, also a Stace et al. (1968) great soil group name.

Table 4.16 Morphology and landscape position of soils of the alluvial fans and flats derived from Helidon sandstone (northern tributaries) Soil profile class Distinguishing features Landscape position

Balaam (Bm) Dark to brown sandy loam to loamy sand over yellow Gently undulating sandy clay loam to sandy clay or layer of abundant plains of old elevated ferruginous concretion. Layering may be evident after alluvia about 0.9 m. Traces of manganese. Ferruginous concretions common.

Buaraba (Br) Brownish black to grey brown fine sandy loam to clay Higher terraces of loam with pale or bleached A2 horizon to 0.3 to 0.4 m major streams over brown neutral clay subsoil. Layered D-horizons may be evident below 0.9 m.

Donnell (Dn) Dark to red brown loamy sand to sandy loam over red Lower terraces, flood brown or yellow sand to sandy loam B or D horizons. plains and alluvial Occasional gravel and manganese. Acid or neutral. fans

Holcomb (Hc) Brown loamy sand to sandy clay loam to 0.15 to 0.35 m Higher terraces of over strongly structured red neutral clay subsoil. major streams

Redbank (Rb) Brown loamy sand to sandy clay loam over red brown Higher terraces of or yellow brown sandy loam, sandy clay loam to sandy major streams and clay acid or neutral subsoil. A red-yellow D-horizon of minor alluvial flats coarse sand common.

Spring (Sg) Sandy loam A1 with pale or bleached A2 horizon to 0.3 Gently undulating to 0.45 m overlying red brown clay loam acid subsoils. plains of old elevated Ferruginous concretions common. alluvia

Chemical properties The analytical data of some of these soils are shown on Table 4.12. These soils are similar to those derived from upper Marburg Formation materials in that they are low in salts, calcium is the dominant cation in the profile and CEC:% Clay ratios rarely exceed 0.6, except for surface soil organic matter enhancement. Soils on terraces and older alluvia are weakly acidic to neutral in pH but some young soils from the flood plains measured as more alkaline in pH (possibly an irrigation water effect, as pHs were generally neutral for these soils).

The Buaraba SPC was not sampled for analysis but based on similarity of morphology is expected to have similar chemical properties to Sippel SPC (see Table 4.6).

Table 4.17 Summary of analytical data of soils of the alluvial fans and flats derived from Helidon Sandstone (northern tributaries) Horizon pH (1:5) EC Silt Clay CEC Dominant ESP CEC/ (dSm-1) % % (cmol(+)kg-1) cations %clay

Balaam and Spring on gently undulating plains of old elevated alluvia A 5.3−6.4 0.05−0.14 13 5−9 4−12 Ca++, <1 1.0 Mg++ ++ B 5.6−6.6 0.01−0.07 4−16 20−34 5−9 Mg , 1−2 0.3−0.6 Ca++

Holcomb on higher terraces of major streams ++ A 5.6 0.11−0.28 18−20 25−34 8−9 Ca , <1 0.2−0.4 Mg++ ++ B 6.5−7.1 0.01−0.05 14−22 28−42 7−11 Ca , 0.2−0. 0.2−0.3 Mg++ 6

Donnell on lower terraces, flood plains and alluvial fans A 8.3−8.6 0.15−0.24 12 17 6 Ca++, <1 0.4 Mg++ ++ B 7.5−8.3 0.01−0.04 2−7 7−20 3−5 Ca , 1−2 0.2−0.3 Mg++

Physical properties The PAWC of these soils to 1m is generally much lower than for other soils of the alluvial plains. The deep sand, Donnell is estimated to hold 47mm, with the remaining soils having PAWCs between 62-68mm. Based on its similarities to Sippel SPC, the Buaraba SPC is expected to have a PAWC of >100mm.

With their low organic matter contents, repeated cultivation causes these soils to become rapidly denser, increasingly surface sealing and hardsetting, but their sandy, less plastic nature protects them to a degree from extreme compaction.

Mineralogy No mineralogical analysis was undertaken for this group of soils but the low CEC:% Clay ratios suggest that a clay mineral assemblage low in smectite and high in kaolinite and sesquioxides.

SOIL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Along different stream reaches, a number of characteristic alluvial soil-geomorphic relationships were observed in the Lockyer Valley by Powell (1987), see Figure 4.18. Based on radio carbon dating soil mineralogy and geomorphic principles, the alluvial landscape of the Lockyer Valley was concluded by Powell (1987) to have developed in five stages during late Pleistocene and Holocene time with the fluvial deposition and erosion of four soil stratigraphic units on pedoderms. At the peak of the last global glaciation 18 000 to 20 000 years ago, there was a major geomorphic change with pediment erosion processes being replaced with predominantly fluvial erosion processes. Episodes of lateral erosion followed by infilling occurred in upstream tributaries to form terraces; downstream erosion was mainly vertical, deposition was more extensive and pedoderms were partially or completely buried.

Table 4.18 Landform components, soil facies and age of alluvial pedoderms of the Lockyer Valley (Powell, 1987).

Pedoderm Landform component Surface soil facies Palaeosol soil facies

Woodbine-Townson Elevated terraces, fans and Woodbine, Thornton, buried grey clay pediments (upstream). Townson, Ryan,

minimum age of Ryan, buried chernozem 19 360 ± 280 yr.b.p. (site 2) Elevated pediments, fans and Leschke 21 770 ± 280 yr.b.p. (site 3) local alluvial plains (downstream) Backswamps Clarendon

Tenthill-Blenheim Terraced plains Tenthill, Lawes, Blenhelm, Flagstone, Whiteway, Sippel estimated to be between Relict Levees and prior Tenthill, Hooper 10 000-20 000 yr.b.p. streams Backswamps Clarendon Alluvial fans Spellman, Sutton, Laidley, Abell, Geiseman Local alluvial plains. Stockyard, Hattonvale Degraded terrace slopes Woodbine

Wilson No surface expression buried chernozem minimum age of 10 240 ± 130 yr.b.p. (site 1)

Locker-Robinson Flood plains Robinson, Lockyer estimated to be younger Levee crests Lockyer, Cavendish than 10 240 yr.b.p. Levee backslopes Blenheim-light textured variant Cavendish Alluvial fans Peacock

(a) Upstream reach – Blackfellow Creek (site 23*, Las Peidras)

(b) Midstream reach – Tenthill Creek (sites 13 to 16, Mt Sylvia

(d) Downstream reach – Lockyer Creek (sites 1 to 3, Lawes)

Figure 4.1 Cross section of four typical alluvial soil landscapes in the study area. (Powell, 1987).

Soils developed on fine textured basaltic alluvia prior to the peak of the last glaciation are predominantly Grey and Brown Vertosols (grey and brown clays) with sodic, alkaline upper subsoils and saline, neutral to weakly acid deep subsoils. Soils developed on similar parent alluvium during the postglacial transgression are predominantly Black Vertosols (black earths) and heavy textured Dermosols (chernozems) with alkaline subsoils, commonly less than 1.5 m deep. With increasing age, these soils become progressively richer in kaolinite clay and lower in weatherable fine sand minerals.

Soils developed on the medium textured basaltic alluvia of stream levees were found to show greater profile differentiation with time compared to soils developed on fine textured alluvia. Medium textured alluvia deposited during the post-glacial transgression have developed into Chromosols (red-brown earths) with moderate texture differentiation whereas soils of Holocene age have developed into Dermosols with weak texture differentiation (prairie soils and chernozems). During this period, smectites in the clay fraction have become increasingly interlayered towards the surface and fine sand minerals progressively weathered.

Based on deep drilling, radiocarbon dating of buried palaeosols, mineral composition and soil stratigraphy principles, Powell (1987) proposed a geomorphic framework that explained and predicted the distribution of soils on the alluvial landscape of the Lockyer Valley. The term pedoderm was used to describe soil stratigraphic units in alluvial landscapes and is defined by Brewer et al., (1970) as a mappable unit of soil, entire or partially truncated, at the earth’s surface or wholly or partially buried, which has characteristic and stratigraphic relationships that permit its consistent recognition and mapping. The main features or the four identified pedoderms are summarised in Table 3 and are described by Powell (1987) in more detail. Pedoderms were named after the more extensive SPCs occurring within them.

Each soil within a pedoderm is a soil facies (eg a black earth facies) and each differing geomorphic or lithological situation is called a component (eg a floodplain component). A pedoderm represents a period during which soil formation has taken place and is assigned a stratigraphic position based on the age of the youngest geological unit in which the pedoderm occurs.

This soil-geomorphic framework provides an orderly explanation of the nature, distribution and origin of the soils in the Lockyer Valley alluvial landscape. This stratigraphic approach can assist in the prediction and identification of soil classes and their associated attributes important for land management. Typical transects of pedoderm and soil sequences are illustrated in Figure 4.2.

(a) Tenthill Creek alluvia – middle reach (Powell, 1987).

(b) Lockyer Creek alluvial plain – reach

Figure 4.2 Pedoderms, soil facies and landform elements in the study area. (Powell, 1987).

5. LAND EVALUATION

LAND SUITABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE A five-class land suitability classification, with suitability decreasing progressively from class 1 to 5, was used in evaluating the soils of alluvial origin of the Lockyer Valley. The land was assessed on the basis of a specified land use that allows optimum production with minimal degradation to the land resource in the long-term (Land Resource Branch Staff 1990). The five classes of land suitability classification are briefly defined below:

Class 1 Suitable land with negligible limitations

Class 2 Suitable land with minor limitations

Class 3 Suitable land with moderate limitations

Class 4 Marginal land, presently unsuitable due to severe limitations

Class 5 Unsuitable land with extreme limitations that preclude its use

Soils of the Lockyer Valley were assessed for a wide range of climatically adapted crops using good quality irrigation water and assuming standard irrigation and fertiliser management practices. To determine the suitability of any parcel of land for a particular crop, it was necessary to consider the requirements for each crop. Soil, land and environmental attributes that cause less than optimum conditions for a particular crop are known as limitations. The main land use requirements and limitations assessed for the selected crops are shown in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 Distinguishing land use requirements and limitations for irrigated land uses considered for the Lockyer Valley alluvial plains.

Land use requirements Limitations

Rock-free stoniness Adequate soil depth for physical support soil depth Suitable timing for cultivation narrow moisture range Ability to harvest underground crops soil adhesiveness Absence of damaging floods flooding Level land surface microrelief Minimum soil loss from erosion erosion Adequate water supply available water Adequate soil aeration wetness

LIMITATIONS AND LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT

The selected limitations of soil, land and environmental attributes of each soil profile class (SPC) were matched with the requirements of each land use to determine the suitability of each mapping unit for a particular land use. The limitations were rated in terms of severity from negligible (1) to very serious (5) and the overall suitability class for an SPC usually determined by the most severe limitation class. However, a combination of limitations may lead to a downgrading of the suitability class. From this the areas of land suitability for various crops climatically suited to the area were determined (Table 5.2).

A brief description of the types of soils associated with each irrigation suitability class is presented below.

Class 1 land This land is suitable for all crops considered under existing management conditions, with negligible management problems. It has excellent drainage and good available water capacity allowing quick access after rain or irrigation.

Class 2 land This land is suitable for growing most crops grown in the district, but may have some problems with soil compaction and very occasional flooding in some parts.

Class 3 land This land is mainly suitable for growing all the crops that can handle heavy clay soils or poorer drainage conditions. Stickiness and wetness can hamper timeliness of management operations. The clayey soils in this class are not as well suited for root and tuber crops as Class 2 land. There are also some minor class 3 lands that are excessively drained or surface sealing that require more frequent irrigation that Class 2 land.

Class 4 land This land is marginal and considered presently unsuitable for sustainable irrigation. It is doubtful whether the inputs required to achieve and maintain production outweigh the benefits in the long term. Additional studies are needed to determine whether the effect of the limitations (commonly excess wetness, flood prone or low available water in the Lockyer Valley) can be reduced to achieve sustained production. Most Class 4 land is associated with depressions or poorer drained soils in local alluvial tributaries or gravelly flood prone soils in the upper stream reaches.

Class 5 land This land is unsuitable for irrigated cropping mainly because of poor drainage, wetness or flood risk. Typically such lands are in swamps or near flood prone creek channels.

An assessment of the limitations and suitability ratings for each SPC and each of the different land uses is stored on a computer database and linked to ArcInfo GIS. Enquiries for any recorded information for a particular SPC or a coverage of the whole area may be directed to the Data Coordinator, Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Natural Resources and Mines, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland, 4068.

Table 5.2 Irrigated land suitability ratings and areas (ha) for different land uses

Land use Irrigated land suitability rating Suitable (ha) Marginal Unsuitable (ha) (ha)* Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Total Class 4 Class 5 Asparagus 17893 8949 26842 7879 26903 Avocado 1891 9669 5732 17292 2336 41995 Brassicas 4725 31739 10129 46593 13594 1437 Cotton 15341 5068 14187 34596 12581 14448 Carrots 13039 8758 10525 32322 23348 5954 Cucumber, 16050 10983 27033 28139 6451 zucchini, rockmelon Flowers (shallow 13047 8870 20591 42508 12857 6133 rooted) Grain (including 4725 16899 25565 47189 13319 1116 sweet corn) Vineyards 3197 23379 26576 24141 10907 Lucerne 5091 15963 25661 46715 13715 1193 Mango 10392 5730 10454 26576 24160 10887 Oilseed 4725 16899 23673 45297 15210 1116 Peanut 13795 5766 21361 40922 14043 6645 Potato 13138 3919 25401 42458 12507 6645 Snowpea, celery, 13047 8870 20736 42653 12837 6133 tomato, lettuce, capsicum, Strawberry, 14930 3600 35294 53824 4746 3054 cucurbits, pumpkins, watermelon Contract 13956 18678 9910 42544 12289 6791 vegetables and onions GENERAL 3019 1982 38747 43748 13549 4327 IRRIGATION

From Table 5.2, 43 748 ha of the alluvial plain areas are suitable for general irrigated agriculture. However, the main limitation to the full utilisation of this area is the lack of reliable, good quality irrigation water. The recent development of water storages at Lake Clarendon and Lake Dyer has helped somewhat, but is only of modest benefit overall.

47 Secondary salinity from rising water tables is a serious sustainability issue that threatens many irrigation areas that receive additional water from surface storages or other external sources. An assessment of salinity hazard was not considered in this evaluation. This was because alluvial areas with shallow saline groundwaters were identified through the wetness limitation and in most situations are not irrigated from bores.

The Lockyer Valley is well placed for the possible development of sewage effluent reuse schemes from major nearby urban centres. Such a scheme has been successfully adopted at Hervey Bay and is being considered at Pimpama. Feasibility studies for the use of recycled waters have been commissioned by the Department of Natural Resources (Kinhill,1998 and Heiner et al. 1999) but a decision is still to be made on whether the project will proceed.

The suitabilities of each SPC of the Lockyer Valley for crops listed in Table 5.2 are shown in Appendix 2. More than 60% of the total alluvial area is suitable for all the crops considered except avocado, which is only suitable in about 30% of the area. Appendix 2 and the soil map should be consulted for more detailed information on the suitability of each mapping unit for the range of crops considered. Land suitability maps for these crops are available on request to Department of Natural Resources.

IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY IMPACTS ON LAND SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainable use of soils in the Lockyer Valley may also be affected by the quality of the irrigation water applied and the various management techniques available (Lubach and Bodman, 1984) to minimise root zone salinity. Pitayarak (1986) assessed the soil – irrigation water interaction to predict equilibrium salinities in the root zone (to 0.9m). Average salinity was calculated using the predicted leaching fraction methods described by Shaw and Thorburn (1985). When examining water-recycling options, Heiner et al., (1999) predicted steady state salinity, deep drainage values and soil stability threshholds for a limited range of water quality applications and soil types from the Lockyer Valley.

With use of increasingly saline irrigation water, soil behaviour changes will impact on productivity, particularly where crops of low or medium salinity tolerance are being considered. Readers are referred to the Queensland Salinity Management Handbook (DNR 1997) to determine the salinity tolerance of crops being considered. In addition, a high level of soluble salts will restrict water uptake by osmotic inhibition, resulting in a decrease in rooting depth and plant available water capacity.

The impact of sodium-induced dispersion when rainfall leaches electrolyte (built up by irrigation water) through the soil profile will depend not only on soil type but also soil and water management (water blending, irrigation techniques, soil shaping, gypsum application, etc). With so many variables, reliance on predicted salinity and dispersion effects should be done cautiously. Further critical examination of these interactions is required to determine the impacts of long-term irrigation management using saline water.

AGRICULTURAL LAND CLASSES

State Planning Policy 1/92: Development and the Conservation of Agricultural Land was developed in the interests of preserving areas of good quality agricultural land. In order to provide security for rural production in the future, subdivision policies of local authorities compatible with the State Planning Policy 1/92 aim to protect the better soils for agricultural use. Four classes of agricultural land have been defined for Queensland (DPI/DHLGP 1993); for convenience these are reproduced here:

Class A Crop land – Land suitable for current and potential crops with limitations to production which range from none to moderate levels.

Class B Limited crop land – Land that is marginal for current and potential crops due to severe limitations; and suitable for pastures. Engineering and/or agronomic improvements may be required before the land is considered suitable for cropping.

Class C Pasture land – Land suitable only for improved or native pastures due to limitations which preclude continuous cultivation for crop production; but some areas may tolerate a short period of ground disturbance for pasture establishment.

Class D Non-agricultural land – Land not suitable for agricultural uses due to extreme limitations. This may be undisturbed land with significant habitat, conservation and/or catchment values or land that may be unsuitable because of very steep slopes, shallow soils, rock outcrop or poor drainage.

The separation of Class A and Class B land, which are both good quality agricultural land, may not be as straightforward as defined above. For consistent distinction, in addition to the above definition, the following should be taken into account:

• Class A land is generally suitable for long-term production of most climatically adapted crops, although there may be a narrow range of crops which are not suitable due to soil, land or environmental limitations.

• Class B land has severe limitations and is generally unsuitable for long-term production of most crops. However it may be suitable for a restricted range of crops.

Class C land is further separated into:

• Subclass C1: pastoral land which is suitable for occasional cultivation for sowing of introduced pastures but does not allow for continuous cultivation.

• Subclass C2: land which can support natural pasture but does not support cultivation for pasture improvement.

In 1988 an assessment of agricultural land classes was prepared for Gatton Shire (Powell 1988). This report found that the bulk of Lockyer Valley alluvial plains comprise good quality agricultural land, with Class A land dominating Class B land. Class C or pasture land includes Clarendon, Hattonvale, Leschke, Stockyard and some phases of other soils which have adverse attributes. Agricultural land classes of the Lockyer Valley area in the order of soil names are shown in Table 5.3. This information can be depicted on 1:50 000 scale maps on request to the data coordinator, Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Natural Resources and Mines, 80 Meiers Road , Indooroopilly.

In assigning the agricultural land classes for each mapping unit all the crops considered in the previous section on land suitability assessment are considered. The assessment and assignment of the agricultural land classes arrived at is from a medium intensity survey at the scale of 1:50 000 which is sufficient for planning purposes. In assessing individual applications for subdivision, a more detailed survey and land evaluation assessment is usually necessary.

Table 5.3 Agricultural land potential of soils of the Lockyer Valley Ag land Ag land Soil name Code class Soil name Code class Abell Ab A Leschke Lk C2 Abell (light) Ab(l) A Leschke (gilgai) Lk(g) C2 Balaam Bm A Leschke (heavy) Lk(h) C2 Blenheim Bl A Leschke (sloping) Lk(sl) C2 Blenheim (depression, gilgai) Bl(dg) C1 Leschke (wet, acid) Lk(wa) D Blenheim (depression) Bl(d) C1 Lockrose Lr A Blenheim (eroded) Bl(e) B Lockyer Ly A Blenheim (gilgai) Bl(g) A Lockyer (heavy) Ly(h) A Blenheim (heavy) Bl(h) A Lockyer (stony) Ly(st) A Blenheim (light) Bl(l) A Peacock Pc A Blenheim (rise) Bl(r) A Peacock (heavy) Pc(h) A Buaraba Br A Redbank Rb A Buaraba (red) Br(r ) A Redbank (stony) Rb(st) A Buaraba (yellow) Br-y A Robinson Rs A Cavendish Cd A Robinson (heavy) Rs(h) A Clarendon Cl C2 Robinson (stony) Rs(st) C2 Clarendon (gilgai) Cl(g) C2 Ryan Rn A Clarendon (sandy) Cl(s) C2 Sippel Sp A Donnell Dn A Spellman Sm A Flagstone Fs A Spellman (stony) Sm(st) B Flagstone (light) Fs(l) A Spring Sg A Flagstone (stony) Fs(st) A Stockyard Sy C1 Geismann Gm B Stockyard (depression) Sy(d) C2 Geismann (light) Gm(l) B Stockyard (heavy) Sy(h) C2 Glencairn Gc B Stockyard (sandy) Sy(s) C2 Stockyard (stony) Sy(st) C2 Hattonvale Ht C2 Sutton Sn A Hattonvale (acid) Ht(a) C2 Sutton (light) Sn(l) A Hattonvale (sloping) Ht(sl) C2 Tenthill Th A Hattonvale (stony) Ht(st) C2 Tenthill (depression) Th(d) A Helidon Hd A Tenthill (heavy) Th(h) A Helidon (heavy) Hd(h) A Tenthill (light) Th(l) A Helidon (stony) Hd(st) B Tenthill (stony) Th(st) A Holcomb Hc A Thornton Tt A Hooper Hp A Thornton (heavy) Tt(h) A Hooper (light) Hp(l) A Townson Ts A Laidley Ld A Townson (brown) Ts(br) A Laidley (eroded) Ld(e) C2 Whiteway Ww A Lawes Lw A Whiteway (depression) Ww(d) C2 Lawes (hardsetting) Lw(hs) A Woodbine Wb A Lawes (heavy) Lw(h) A Woodbine (stony) Wb(st) C2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study took an extended period to complete the field work and then write up and we are indebted to those within NR&M who encouraged and supported its completion, in particular Jim Dale, John Mullins and Don Begbie.

We also appreciate those NR&M individuals who contributed to the databases, calculations, maps and report preparation, with special thanks to John Myers, Diane Bray, Val Eldershaw and Chris Ahern.

Professional advice and direction in the early stages of the work by the late Ron McDonald (then DPI), Dr Brian Schafer (formerly University of Queensland, Gatton Campus) and Dr Don MacLeod (University of New England, retired) are gratefully acknowledged. Dr Schafer also kindly acted as referee for the report.

Local advice on soil management and crop agronomy was readily given by past and present DPI officers Max Roberts, Bart Bartholomai, Gary Lubach, the (late) Ron McMahon, Peter Deuter, Keith Bodman and the Lockyer Catchment Coordinating Committee.

We also wish to thank the many others within State Government agencies who assisted us in the work leading to this report.

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56 APPENDIX 1

MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOILS OF THE LOCKYER VALLEY

(Note: All grid references are in MGA)

Index to soils Soil Site No Page Soils of the major stream floodplains and levees Cavendish 42 54 Lockyer Z3 55 Robinson E12 56 Soils of the major stream terraces and plains Blenheim (light textured variant) 781 57 Blenheim 783 58 Blenheim A19 59 Blenheim A20 60 Blenheim C46 61 Blenheim (brown subsoil variant) Z13 62 Blenheim BL-D 63 Blenheim BL-M 64 Blenheim BL-S 65 Clarendon A24 66 Clarendon S3 67 Clarendon S4 68 Clarendon S9 69 Flagstone S1 70 Flagstone Z39 71 Helidon Z10 72 Lawes 780 73 Lawes Z4 74 Sippel A26 75 Sippel Z6 76 Sippel Z19 77 Tenthill 55 78 Tenthill E10 79 Soils of the major stream elevated terraces, fans and pediments Leschke A23 80 Woodbine E11 81 Spellman 782 82 Spellman E14 83 Soils of alluvial farms and flats derived from upper Marburg beds Abell A22 84 Laidley 779 85 Sutton E13 86 Soils of alluvial fans and flats derived from lower Marburg Glencairn S5 87 Stockyard (heavy variant) A25 88 Whitway S2 89 Soils of the alluvial fans and flats derived from Helidon Sandstone (Northern Tributaries) Balaam S6 90 Donnell S8 91 Holcomb S10 92 Spring S7 93

SOILS OF THE MAJOR STREAM FLOODPLAINS AND LEVEES

SOIL TYPE: Cavendish SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: Z42 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 420 500 mE 6 949 600 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 1 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Chernozem LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: levee PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uf6.31 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: alluvial plain SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: HAPLIC, CALCIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: BROWN, DERMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES

ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: recently cultivated, hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

APd 0 to .10 m Brownish black (10YR2/3) moist; light medium clay; massive; moderately moist; very firm. A1 .10 to .38 m Dark brown (10YR3/4) moist; light medium clay; strong angular blocky; moist; very firm; very few fine manganiferous concretions, very few fine ferruginous concretions. B21 .38 to .55 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; medium clay; strong angular blocky; moist; very firm; very few fine ferruginous concretions, very few fine manganiferous concretions. 5

8 B22k .55 to 1.25 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; few medium distinct brown mottles, few medium faint dark mottles; light medium clay; strong angular blocky; moist; very firm; few medium calcareous concretions, very few medium ferromanganiferous nodules. B23k 1.25 to 1.70 m Dark brown (10YR3/4) moist; common coarse prominent orange mottles; medium clay; strong angular blocky; moist; very firm; few medium calcareous concretions, very few medium ferromanganiferous nodules. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 7.0 .14 .007 ! ! ! ! 4.0 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 7.1 .10 .005 ! 3 13 28 57 ! 36 19 10 .65 1.5 ! .112 1.24 .024 ! 4.2 20 ! .60 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 7.2 .09 .004 ! ! ! ! 5.0 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 7.5 .08 .004 ! 2 7 27 67 ! 42 25 14 .94 .95 ! .058 1.13 .016 ! 4.2 25 ! .53 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.9 .16 .017 ! 3 7 28 64 ! 39 23 15 .84 .82 ! .045 1.13 .010 ! 4.7 24 ! .52 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.4 .30 .019 ! 3 10 29 60 ! 45 27 19 1.0 .79 ! .049 1.01 .009 ! 5.4 25 ! .57 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.5 .28 .014 ! 3 16 26 54 ! 44 25 19 1.3 .73 ! .056 .996 .007 ! 5.0 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.6 .21 .009 ! ! ! ! 3.4 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 2.0 ! .14 ! 113 99 ! 1.4 ! ! 55 46 1.2 1.8 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Lockyer SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: Z 3 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 422 931 mE 6 948 887 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Prairie soil LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: levee PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uf6.32 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: flood plain SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Haplustoll FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: MELANIC, EUTROPHIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: BLACK, DERMOSOL. (Confidence level 3). DOMINANT SPECIES

ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: recently cultivated, hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP1 0 to .12 m Brownish black (7.5YR2/2) moist; fine sandy, clay; strong; moist; moderately weak. clear to-

5 AP2 .12 to .30 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; fine sandy light medium clay; strong; moist; moderately weak. clear

9 to- B21 .30 to 1.25 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; fine sandy light medium clay; strong; moist; moderately weak. sharp to- B22 1.25 to 1.50 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; fine sandy medium heavy clay; strong; moist; moderately weak.

! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 7.4 .31 .027 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 7.4 .40 .044 ! 6 46 19 31 ! 33 16 12 1.3 .80 ! .166 1.02 .028 ! 2.5 14 ! .53 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 7.5 .28 .023 ! ! ! ! 3.7 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 8.0 .15 .009 ! 8 48 17 30 ! 32 18 11 1.2 .53 ! .158 .996 .023 ! 3.5 15 ! .73 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 8.2 .13 .005 ! 3 57 7 31 ! 32 19 11 1.2 .30 ! .141 1.02 .019 ! 3.8 15 ! .72 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.4 .14 .005 ! 10 55 8 27 ! 25 17 8.5 .92 .28 ! .114 .990 .019 ! 3.3 12 ! .81 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.3 .16 .007 ! 4 50 17 32 ! 25 16 8.3 *** .32 ! .139 1.11 .018 ! 2.8 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.4 .23 .012 ! ! ! ! 4.8 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.3 ! .09 ! 492 121 ! .70 ! ! 27 15 1.2 2.0 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD:

SOIL TYPE: Robinson SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: E12 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 422 806 mE 6 929 988 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Alluvial soil LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Um6.21 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: flood plain SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Haplustoll FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: MELANIC, REGOLITHIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: Open forest CHERNIC-LEPTIC, TENOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus species

ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: loose, soft

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP 0 to .14 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; sandy clay loam; weak 2-5mm clod; moist; moderately weak; common <1mm roots. clear to- A12 .14 to .30 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; sandy clay loam; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; moist; moderately weak; common <1mm roots. clear to- AC .30 to .50 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/3) moist; fine sandy clay loam; massive; moist; moderately weak; few <1mm roots. gradual to- C .50 to .65 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; fine sandy loam; massive; moist; moderately weak; few <1mm roots. abrupt to- D1 .65 to .80 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/3) moist; fine sandy loam; massive; moist; loose. clear to- D2 .80 to 1.10 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/3) moist; loamy fine sand; single grain; moist; loose. clear to- D3 1.10 to 1.20 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/3) moist; sandy loam; many medium pebbles, rounded basalt; massive. clear to- D4 1.20 to m Cobbles, basalt, medium pebbles, basalt. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! 6 ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! 0 ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 7.1 .08 .046 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 7.2 .04 .001 ! 30 37 14 20 ! 35 17 11 .42 1.1 ! .217 1.07 .015 !3.8 22 11 ! .72 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 7.4 .03 .001 ! ! ! !3.9 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 7.5 .03 .001 ! 28 39 17 20 ! 32 18 11 .70 .57 ! .210 1.02 .012 !4.5 24 12 ! .72 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 7.4 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 7.4 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.4 .03 .001 ! 24 49 14 16 ! 33 19 13 .65 .26 ! .214 .95 .011 !4.6 23 12 ! .57 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 7.0 .11 .007 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 7.1 .11 .007 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 7.0 .12 .006 ! 47 35 7 10 ! 31 18 10 .55 .37 ! .195 .95 .014 !4.4 16 10 ! .45 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 7.1 .13 .008 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 7.1 .15 .012 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 7.1 .18 .015 ! 43 40 9 9 ! 29 17 10 .39 .34 ! .205 .99 .015 !3.9 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! ! ! 925 108 ! 1.3 ! ! 26 12 0.7 0.9 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 0.8 ! .06 ! 841 104 ! 1.1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 0.8 ! .05 ! 888 101 ! .71 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOILS OF THE MAJOR STREAM TERRACES AND PLAINS

SOIL TYPE: Blenheim(light textured variant) SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: 781 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 437 156 mE 6 935 328 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Chernozem LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uf6.32 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Haplustoll FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: MELANIC-VERTIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: HYPOCALCIC, BLACK, DERMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: recently cultivated

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION AP 0 to .20 m Brownish black (5YR3/1) moist; silty clay; moderate clod; moderately moist; very weak. clear to- B21 .20 to .60 m Brownish black (5YR3/1) moist; light medium clay; strong 5-10mm angular blocky; moderately moist; very weak. diffuse to- B22 .60 to 1.20 m Brownish black (5YR3/1) moist; medium clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; moderately moist; moderately weak. diffuse to- B23 1.20 to 1.40 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) moist; light medium clay; moderate 20-50mm prismatic; moderately moist;

6 very weak. gradual to- 1 B3k 1.40 to 1.60 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) moist; silty clay; moderate 20-50mm prismatic; moderately moist; very weak; very few calcareous soft segregations. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 8.2 .12 .003 ! ! ! .254 1.15 .023 ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 8.1 .11 .003 ! 2 35 29 40 ! 50 26 21 1.1 .52 ! .250 1.15 .024 ! 5.8 40 22 ! .63 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 8.0 .20 .016 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 7.8 .17 .014 ! 1 38 31 40 ! 49 26 19 1.2 .38 ! .248 1.16 .021 ! 5.3 39 22 ! .69 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 7.8 .14 .013 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 7.9 .14 .012 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.8 .17 .014 ! 1 28 35 46 ! 50 29 20 1.3 .39 ! .226 1.15 .015 ! 5.7 44 25 ! .67 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 7.7 .20 .022 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 7.7 .22 .024 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 7.8 .26 .029 ! 1 20 32 51 ! 52 31 21 1.4 .44 ! .213 1.14 .012 ! 5.7 47 28 ! .61 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 7.7 .30 .034 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 7.7 .30 .035 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 7.6 .32 .037 ! 1 27 28 51 ! 57 28 23 1.5 .41 ! .219 1.00 .013 ! 6.0 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 7.6 .31 .036 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 7.6 .29 .034 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 7.8 .31 .034 ! 1 40 28 41 ! 53 30 20 1.4 .29 ! .210 1.00 .011 ! 6.7 43 23 ! .58 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 2.0 ! .15 ! 80 190 ! .41 ! ! 31 10 1.0 1.7 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 1.8 ! .16 ! 80 203 ! .40 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 1.7 ! .15 ! 36 202 ! .41 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Blenheim SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: 783 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 439 106 mE 6 931 313 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 2 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.16 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Pellustert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: ENDOCALCAREOUS, STRUCTURAL FORM: EPIPEDAL, BLACK, VERTOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus tessellaris, Dichanthium species, Digitaria species ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: hard setting, periodic cracking

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .25 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; light clay; moderate <2mm granular; moist; moderately weak. gradual to- B21 .25 to .90 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 5-10mm lenticular; moist; moderately weak. gradual to- B22k .90 to 1.40 m Dark greyish yellow (2.5Y5/2) moist; few faint yellow mottles; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular; moderately moist; moderately firm; few calcareous concretions. gradual to- B23 1.40 to 1.70 m Dark greyish yellow (2.5Y5/2) moist; many prominent yellow mottles; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular; moderately moist; moderately firm; very few calcareous concretions. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! 6 ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! 2 ! B 0.10 ! 6.1 .04 .002 ! ! ! .150 1.15 .034 ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 5.8 .05 .003 ! 9 23 26 47 ! 48 16 12 0.4 .87 ! .147 1.15 .038 ! 5.4 42 24 ! .43 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 6.3 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.7 .03 .001 ! 2 28 25 51 ! 48 22 16 1.1 .32 ! .096 1.10 .017 ! 6.2 43 24 ! .64 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 7.2 .04 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 7.6 .07 .007 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.9 .12 .014 ! 1 12 19 71 ! 71 35 30 3.2 .33 ! .063 .78 .017 ! 8.7 58 33 ! .62 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 8.1 .18 .025 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 8.3 .22 .031 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.4 .26 .035 ! 5 20 14 66 ! 64 30 30 3.5 .18 ! .069 .69 .013 ! 7.9 50 29 ! .63 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 8.5 .25 .038 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 8.6 .31 .037 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.6 .29 .037 ! 12 29 10 51 ! 43 19 23 2.7 .14 ! .067 .71 .008 ! 5.7 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 8.4 .26 .037 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 8.5 .34 .037 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.5 .33 .034 ! 4 29 13 57 ! 48 20 24 2.9 .16 ! .088 .85 .006 ! 6.0 44 25 ! .75 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 3.2 ! .25 ! 302 103 ! .65 ! ! 399 30 3.3 4.3 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 3.5 ! .25 ! 271 93 ! .74 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 2.1 ! .14 ! 320 46 ! .41 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Blenheim SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: A19 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 436 766 mE 6 948 137 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.15 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Pellustert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: ENDOCALCAREOUS, STRUCTURAL FORM: SELF-MULCHING, BLACK, VERTOSOL. (Confidence DOMINANT SPECIES level 1) ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm. PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking, self-mulching

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP 0 to .20 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; fragments, rounded quartz; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moist; moderately firm; weakly cemented; few <1mm roots. gradual to- B21 .20 to .55 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; many coarse distinct grey mottles; medium heavy clay; strong 50-100mm lenticular parting to strong 2-5mm lenticular; moist; very weak; common 2-5mm roots. diffuse to- B22 .55 to .75 m rownish black (10YR3/1) moist; few medium faint dark mottles; medium clay; strong 20-50mm lenticular parting to strong 5-10mm lenticular; moist; very weak; very few calcareous concretions; common 2-5mm roots. B23k .75 to 1.40 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR4/3) moist; few fine prominent dark mottles; medium clay; strong 20-50mm lenticular largest peds, parting to strong 20-50mm angular blocky; many clay skin; moist; very weak; common calcareous concretions, calcareous soft segregations; few 1-2mm roots. clear to- 6

3 B31 1.40 to 1.45 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR4/3) moist; silty clay; strong 20-50mm angular blocky parting to strong 0-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist; very weak; few manganiferous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. clear to- B32k 1.45 to 1.80 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR4/3) moist; light medium clay; strong 50-100mm prismatic largest peds, parting to strong 20-50mm angular blocky; moderately moist; very weak; common calcareous concretions, common calcareous soft segregations. Blenheim Site No. A19 ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 8.5 .12 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 8.5 .09 .002 ! 8 18 20 58 ! 53 25 27 2.6 .84 ! .096 0.78 .025 ! 8.0 52 26 ! .78 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 8.5 .20 .008 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 8.3 .39 .021 ! 6 21 18 61 ! 59 26 31 3.5 .44 ! .099 0.71 .025 ! 9.6 56 29 ! .64 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 8.0 .62 .043 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 7.7 .68 .055 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.7 .66 .056 ! 3 12 21 60 ! 55 17 34 4.5 .40 ! .089 0.78 .019 ! 7.6 57 29 ! .66 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 7.7 .81 .072 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 8.1 .86 .068 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.5 .72 .061 ! 4 17 31 49 ! 53 13 37 4.5 .24 ! .108 0.71 .013 ! 6.2 47 25 ! .74 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 8.6 .73 .064 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 8.7 .71 .061 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.7 .70 .065 ! 2 18 35 46 ! 53 11 40 4.6 .22 ! .108 0.81 .011 ! 7.6 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 8.8 .76 .071 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 8.7 .82 .085 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.8 .79 .093 ! 2 20 40 51 ! 55 9.5 42 5.5 .22 ! ! 9.9 ! ! ! ! ! 1.45 ! 8.7 .79 .089 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.7 ! .16 ! 220 97 ! 1.1 ! ! 17 77 1.6 1.3 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 1.6 ! .14 ! 233 99 ! .82 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 1.5 ! .15 ! 243 78 ! .55 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Blenheim SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: A20 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 435 706 mE 6 946 137 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: backplain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.15 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Pellustert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: ENDOCALCAREOUS-ENDOHYPERSODIC, SELF-MULCHING, DOMINANT SPECIES BLACK, VERTOSOL. (Confidence level 1) ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm. PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking, self-mulching

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP 0 to .15 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky parting to moderate 2-5mm angular blocky; moist; very weak; common <1mm roots. clear smooth to- B1 .15 to .30 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/1) moist; few medium faint grey mottles; medium heavy clay; strong 10-20mm angular blocky parting to strong 5-10mm angular blocky; moist; very weak; common <1mm roots. Gradual to B21 .30 to 1.10 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; heavy clay; strong 10-20mm lenticular parting to strong 2-5mm lenticular; moist; very weak; common <1mm roots. gradual to- B22k 1.10 to 1.50 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; few coarse distinct dark mottles; medium heavy clay; strong 20-50mm lenticular parting to moderate 5-10mm angular blocky; moist; very weak; few calcareous concretions; common <1mm roots. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! !

6 ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! 4 ! B 0.10 ! 8.4 .18 .011 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 8.1 .14 .009 ! 6 11 23 62 ! 65 31 33 1.3 1.5 ! .105 0.82 .036 !10.1 60 31 ! .64 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 8.1 .18 .015 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 8.1 .23 .024 ! 5 12 20 65 ! 65 32 33 1.5 1.0 ! .095 0.82 .030 ! 9.5 59 30 ! .61 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 7.8 .42 .055 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 7.9 .42 .057 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 8.0 .41 .053 ! 2 9 15 74 ! 71 31 38 .90 .43 ! .052 0.67 .018 !12.2 61 33 ! .65 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 8.1 .38 .047 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 8.1 .43 .051 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.2 .44 .051 ! 3 12 19 70 ! 65 20 41 3.5 .44 ! .054 0.75 .020 ! 8.5 59 31 ! .70 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 8.2 .44 .054 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 8.4 .52 .057 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.8 .53 .056 ! 3 18 21 61 ! 54 12 37 5.6 .37 ! .072 0.79 .015 ! 8.1 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 8.8 .60 .065 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 8.9 .66 .075 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 9.0 .60 .068 ! 3 18 22 61 ! 54 7.0 36 8.8 .46 ! ! 7.3 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 2.1 ! .19 ! 244 111 ! 1.3 ! ! 17 10 2.1 0.8 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 2.6 ! .20 ! 350 133 ! 1.4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 2.1 ! .16 ! 230 117 ! 1.2 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD:

SOIL TYPE: Blenheim SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: C46 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 431 406 mE 6 951 337 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug3.1 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT Pellustert VEGETATION: FAO UNESCO UNIT: STRUCTURAL FORM: Isolated trees AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus tessellaris, Eucalyptus tereticornis ENDOCALCAREOUS-ENDOHYPERSODIC, SELF-MULCHING, ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm BLACK, VERTOSOL. (Confidence level 3).

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: self-mulching, periodic cracking

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A11 0 to .03 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; light medium clay; moderate 2-5mm granular; moderately moist; very strong. clear to- A12j .03 to .07 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist; very strong. clear to- B21 .07 to .40 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; moderately moist; very 6 strong. gradual to- 5 B22 .40 to .64 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/1) moist; heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; moderately moist; very strong; very few calcareous concretions. gradual to- B23 .64 to .90 m Dull reddish brown (5YR4/3) moist; heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular; moderately moist; very strong; few calcareous concretions. gradual to- B24k .90 to 1.25 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately firm; common calcareous soft segregations. clear to- DCk 1.25 to m Dull reddish brown (2.5YR5/3) moist; medium clay; many calcareous many manganiferous. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! 0.10 ! 7.0 .07 .052 ! 17 19 30 38 ! ! ! 4.5 ! .66 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 8.5 .14 .246 ! 5 13 21 66 ! ! ! 6.8 ! .82 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 8.8 .28 .627 ! 3 16 19 67 ! ! ! 6.3 ! .94 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 9.2 .39 .543 ! 9 20 13 60 ! ! ! 6.4 ! .93 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 9.3 .41 .458 ! 12 37 16 41 ! ! ! 4.2 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 9.2 .46 .676 ! 13 27 12 49 ! ! ! 5.7 ! .97 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! 0.10 ! 1.9 ! .16 ! 107 47 ! ! ! 300 38 3.3 1.8 ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.4 ! .14 ! 49 13 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Blenheim (brown subsoil variant) SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: Z13 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 413 281 mE 6 950 587 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0.2 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Brown clay LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.34 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Chromustert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: ENDOCALCAREOUS, STRUCTURAL FORM: EPIPEDAL, BROWN, VERTOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES

ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION AP 0 to .18 m Brownish black (7.5YR2/2) moist; light medium clay; strong 2-5mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately firm. B21 .18 to .50 m Brown (10YR4/4) moist; medium clay; strong 2-5mm angular blocky; moist; moderately firm. B22 .50 to .70 m Brown (10YR4/4) moist; light medium clay; strong 20-50mm lenticular parting to strong 2-5mm lenticular; moist; moderately firm. B23t .70 to 1.00 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; light medium clay; strong 50-100mm lenticular; moist; moderately firm; few medium calcareous concretions.

6 D 1.00 to 1.50 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; light clay; strong 2-5mm angular blocky; moist; moderately weak; very 6 few medium calcareous concretions.

! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 7.2 .07 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 7.1 .07 .001 ! 17 21 17 47 ! 37 17 13 .64 .86 ! .087 1.00 .029 ! 4.4 18 ! .54 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 7.3 .08 .001 ! ! ! ! 4.4 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 7.6 .08 .001 ! 25 20 10 45 ! 36 15 16 1.0 .46 ! .068 .902 .023 ! 4.5 18 ! .64 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.8 .28 .004 ! 19 22 12 49 ! 38 14 23 1.8 .33 ! .043 .874 .037 ! 4.3 20 ! .51 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.6 .55 .037 ! 6 14 23 58 ! 50 18 33 3.0 .46 ! .047 .909 .030 ! 5.9 24 ! .57 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.7 .59 .068 ! 5 10 20 65 ! 52 18 30 3.0 .52 ! .055 .921 .014 ! 7.7 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.6 .91 .132 ! ! ! ! 8.1 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.4 ! .14 ! 55 42 ! .84 ! ! 67 23 2.5 1.0 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Blenheim SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: BL-D CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 433 906 mE 6 952 012 mN ZONE 56 COMMENT: gilgai - depression SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug3.1 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Pellustert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: ENDOCALCAREOUS, STRUCTURAL FORM: SELF-MULCHING, BLACK, VERTOSOL. (Confidence DOMINANT SPECIES level 1). ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking, self-mulching

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION A1 0 to .05 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 20-50mm angular blocky; fine cracks; many very fine macropores; moderately moist; very firm; many 1-2mm roots. gradual smooth to- B21 .05 to .30 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 50-100mm prismatic largest peds, parting to 20-50mm angular blocky; fine cracks; many very fine macropores; moist; moderately weak; common 1-2mmroots. clear wavy to-

6 B22 .30 to .80 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 10-20mm lenticular; 7 many very fine macropores; moist; moderately firm; common 1-2mm roots. clear wavy to- B23k .80 to 1.20 m Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; medium heavy clay; weak 2-5mm lenticular; many very fine macropores; moist; moderately weak; few coarse calcareous concretions; common 1-2mm roots. clear wavy to- B24k 1.20 to 1.50 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/3) moist; medium clay; strong 20-50mm lenticular largest peds, parting to strong 2-5mm lenticular; many prominent unspecified; many very fine macropores; moist; very weak; few coarse calcareous concretions; common 1-2mm roots. gradual wavy to- B25k 1.50 to 1.65 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; light clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular; many distinct unspecified; many very fine macropores; moist; very weak; few medium calcareous concretions; few 1-2mm roots.

! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! 0.10 ! 6.6 .06 .003 ! 3 15 22 62 ! 46 14 14 .47 .82 ! .17 1.48 .02 ! 7.3 23 ! .54 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.8 .07 .004 ! 3 17 20 62 ! 60 27 24 1.3 .71 ! !10.6 31 ! .70 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.5 .17 .020 ! 2 3 57 37 ! 60 28 26 1.9 .53 ! .11 1.05 .01 !11.2 32 ! .62 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.3 .41 .036 ! 6 17 26 57 ! 58 30 26 2.2 .46 ! .14 1.10 .01 !10.3 28 ! .67 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.1 .45 .055 ! 14 20 19 53 ! 54 26 25 2.1 .44 ! .13 1.10 .01 !10.0 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.5 .16 .012 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! 0.10 ! 2.1 ! .14 ! 402 209 ! .83 ! ! 306 80 5.7 1.1 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Blenheim SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: BL-M CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 433 906 mE 6 952 012 mN ZONE 56 COMMENT gilgai - mound SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.15 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Chromustert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: EPICALCAREOUS, STRUCTURAL FORM: SELF-MULCHING, GREY, VERTOSOL. (Confidence DOMINANT SPECIES level 2). ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking, self-mulching

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION A1 0 to .05 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; fine cracks; many very fine macropores; dry; very firm; common coarse calcareous concretions; many 1-2mm roots. clear smooth to- B21 .05 to .60 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 10-20mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 2-5mm lenticular; many very fine macropores; moist; moderately weak; few medium calcareous concretions, few coarse calcareous concretions, few medium calcareous soft segregations; common 1-2mm roots. clear irregular to- B22 .60 to 1.00 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 50-100mm lenticular; many very fine macropores; moist; moderately weak; few coarse calcareous concretions, few medium calcareous soft

6 segregations; common <1mm roots. clear wavy to- 8 B23 1.00 to 1.40 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/3) moist; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 5-10mm lenticular; many very fine macropores; moist; moderately weak; few coarse calcareous concretions; common <1mm roots. clear wavy to- B24 1.40 to 1.70 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/3) moist; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 10-20mm lenticular; many very fine macropores; moist; very weak; few medium calcareous concretions, few medium calcareous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! 0.10 ! 8.1 .12 .001 ! 9 9 18 63 ! ! .12 1.06 .03 ! 9.0 29 ! .42 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 8.6 .17 .001 ! 4 14 21 62 ! ! .11 .98 .01 !10.6 28 ! .48 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 8.7 .25 .008 ! 10 8 36 48 ! ! .11 .99 .01 !10.5 29 ! .53 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.7 .30 .019 ! 3 6 21 68 ! ! !10.4 28 ! .51 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.7 .31 .022 ! 3 19 18 63 ! 54 22 27 2.6 .51 ! ! 9.8 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.8 .16 .007 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.80 ! 8.3 .09 .003 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! 0.10 ! 1.5 ! .11 ! 518 17 ! 1.1 ! ! 16 27 2.2 1.0 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Blenheim SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: BL-S CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 433 906 mE 6 952 012 mN ZONE 56 COMMENT: Gilgai - shelf SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.16 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Pellustert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: ENDOCALCAREOUS, STRUCTURAL FORM: SELF-MULCHING, BLACK, VERTOSOL. (Confidence DOMINANT SPECIES level 1). ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking, self-mulching

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION A1 0 to .15 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 20-50mm angular blocky; fine cracks; many very fine macropores; dry; very strong; many 1-2mm roots. abrupt wavy to-

6 B21 .15 to 1.00 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; heavy clay; moderate 50-100mm lenticular largest peds, parting to 9 moderate 10-20mm lenticular; many very fine macropores; moderately moist; moderately firm; common 1-2mm roots. clear wavy to- B22k 1.00 to 1.20 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular; many very fine macropores; moderately moist; moderately weak; few coarse calcareous concretions, very few very coarse calcareous concretions; common 1-2mm roots. clear wavy to- B23 1.20 to 1.70 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/3) moist; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular parting to moderate 2-5mm lenticular; many very fine macropores; moderately moist; very weak; common calcareous concretions; few 1-2mm roots.

! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! 0.10 ! 6.9 .08 .003 ! 4 11 14 68 ! 59 20 20 .63 1.6 ! .20 1.12 .03 ! 8.4 32 ! .52 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 7.1 .07 .003 ! 4 9 16 75 ! ! !11.7 34 ! .63 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.4 .11 .011 ! 5 18 27 52 ! 42 16 16 1.5 .53 ! .21 1.38 .01 ! 7.6 23 ! .74 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 7.8 .29 .033 ! 3 12 22 66 ! ! .16 1.20 .01 ! 9.8 28 ! .66 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.5 .32 .026 ! 3 18 20 62 ! 53 25 25 2.3 .46 ! .12 1.02 .01 !10.0 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.6 .13 .008 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! 0.10 ! 1.7 ! .15 ! 369 238 ! 1.5 ! ! 184 54 3.9 0.4 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Clarendon SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: A24 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 433 456 mE 6 949 287 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0.5 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Wiesenboden LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: swamp PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.16 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Aquert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: EPISODIC, EPIPEDAL, STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall open forest AQUIC, VERTOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus tereticornis, Paspalum dilatatum, Digitaria didactyla TYPE OF MICRORELIEF: normal gilgai VERTICAL INTERVAL: 0.30 m ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm HORIZONTAL INTERVAL: 6 m PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION A1 0 to .10 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; common fine brown mottles; medium clay; moderate 5-10mm subangular blocky; moist; moderately weak. clear to- B21 .10 to .43 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/1) moist; very few fine faint brown mottles; medium clay; strong 20-50mm angular blocky parting to strong 5-10mm angular blocky; moist; moderately weak; very few manganiferous soft segregations. gradual to- B22 .43 to .70 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; few fine faint brown mottles; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular parting to moderate 5-10mm lenticular; moist; moderately weak; very few manganiferous concretions. diffuse to- B23k .70 to .90 m Yellowish grey (2.5Y4/1) moist; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular; moist; moderately firm; common calcareous concretions. diffuse to- B24kc .90 to 1.30 m Yellowish grey (2.5Y4/1) moist; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular; moist; moderately weak; few calcareous concretions. diffuse to- B24kc 1.30 to 1.70 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; few fine faint brown mottles; medium clay; strong 20-50mm lenticular largest peds, parting to strong 5-10mm lenticular; moist; moderately weak; few manganiferous concretions, common calcareous concretions.

7 ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! 0 ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 5.7 .16 .015 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 5.4 .13 .010 ! 9 2 24 61 ! 44 8.4 11 2.6 .70 ! .048 0.97 .049 ! 5.6 54 28 ! .56 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 5.5 .12 .013 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 5.5 .21 .028 ! 4 8 24 51 ! 37 7.0 9.7 3.9 .34 ! .036 0.86 .016 ! 4.3 42 22 ! .99 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 5.5 .30 .044 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 5.5 .50 .080 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 5.9 .61 .096 ! 9 7 4 57 ! 26 8.3 13 8.9 .27 ! .022 0.78 .010 ! 5.0 50 24 ! .99 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 7.1 .67 .100 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 7.7 .71 .107 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.0 .57 .102 ! 5 5 16 63 ! 57 14 28 15 .36 ! .032 0.73 .010 ! 6.9 61 31 ! .99 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 8.5 .60 .081 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 8.8 .46 .063 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 9.3 .64 .080 ! 10 5 19 62 ! 50 12 25 13 .47 ! .034 0.87 .009 ! 5.4 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 8.9 .50 .066 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 8.6 .39 .073 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.8 .44 .064 ! 6 5 21 65 ! 47 12 21 13 .48 ! .039 0.95 .008 ! 6.0 58 27 ! .90 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 4.8 ! .32 ! 8 21 ! .67 ! ! 342 118 1.7 3.0 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 5.2 ! .32 ! 6 30 ! .54 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 2.3 ! .17 ! 2 10 ! .34 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Clarendon SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: S 3 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: almost certain or certain MGA REFERENCE: 444 356 mE 6 962 787 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Wiesenboden LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: drainage depression PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.1 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT Aquert VEGETATION: FAO UNESCO UNIT: STRUCTURAL FORM: AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: HAPLIC, MASSIVE, DOMINANT SPECIES AQUIC, VERTOSOL. (Confidence level 1). ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

O1 0 to .03 m Dry; loose. clear wavy to- O2 .03 to .00 m Dry; loose; many 2-5mm roots. sharp wavy to- A1 .00 to .08 m Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; medium clay; weak 10-20mm angular blocky; dry; very strong; common fine ferruginous-organic tubules; common 2-5mm roots. clear wavy to- 7

1 B21 .08 to .37 m Black (7.5YR2/1) moist; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; dry; very strong; few fine ferruginous-organic tubules, few fine ferruginous soft segregations; common 1-2mm roots. clear wavy to- B22 .37 to 1.23 m Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; medium clay; strong 50-100mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 20-50mm prismatic; dry; very strong; very few medium ferromanganiferous concretions, few fine ferruginous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. sharp smooth to- B23 1.25 to 1.62 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; heavy clay; strong 50-100mm lenticular largest peds, parting to strong 5-10mm lenticular; dry; very strong; few fine ferruginous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 5.1 .69 .006 ! ! ! ! 6.2 ! ! ! ! ! 0.08 ! 6.1 .14 .004 ! 1 5 22 68 ! 62 16 18 1.4 .93 ! .106 .853 .033 ! 6.4 29 ! .44 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 7.0 .08 .003 ! 1 3 31 61 ! 58 21 26 2.0 .57 ! .239 .887 .015 ! 7.0 29 ! .53 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.8 .09 .004 ! 2 3 25 67 ! 54 22 27 2.9 .47 ! .122 .879 .010 ! 6.2 29 ! .63 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.0 .14 .010 ! 1 6 23 70 ! 55 20 28 3.9 .47 ! .094 .770 .010 ! 5.8 31 ! .69 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.4 .13 .007 ! 1 4 25 66 ! ! .054 .712 .008 ! 5.6 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.6 .15 .011 ! ! ! ! 6.8 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 4.0 ! .53 ! 65 169 ! 1.5 ! ! 358 13 .41 1.3 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Clarendon SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: S 4 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: almost certain or certain MGA REFERENCE: 441 956 mE 6 958 837 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Wiesenboden LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: drainage depression PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.16 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Aquert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: MOTTLED, EPIPEDAL, STRUCTURAL FORM: AQUIC, VERTOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus tereticornis ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

O1 0 to .00 m Dry; loose. abrupt to- A1 .00 to .20 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; strong <2mm angular blocky; dry; moderately strong; many fine ferruginous-organic tubules; few <1mm roots. clear to- B21 .20 to .50 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; common fine distinct brown mottles; medium clay; strong 2-5mm angular blocky; dry; moderately strong; common fine ferruginous soft segregations, few fine manganiferous concretions; few <1mm roots. gradual to- 7 B22c .50 to .80 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/1) moist; few fine distinct brown mottles; heavy clay; moderate 50-100mm 2 prismatic largest peds, parting to moderate 2-5mm angular blocky; dry; moderately strong; common fine ferruginous soft segregations, few medium manganiferous concretions; few 2-5mm roots. clear to- 2B21cb .80 to 1.56 m Brownish grey (7.5YR4/1) moist, dry conspicuously bleached; few coarse distinct dark mottles; heavy clay; strong 100-200mm lenticular; dry; moderately strong; common fine ferruginous soft segregations, very few fine manganiferous concretions; few 2-5mm roots. clear to- 2B22cb 1.56 to 1.78 m Brownish grey (7.5YR4/1) moist, dry conspicuously bleached; few coarse distinct dark mottles; heavy clay; strong 100-200mm lenticular next size peds; dry; moderately strong; common fine ferruginous soft segregations; few 2-5mm roots. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 5.2 .36 .015 ! 5 3 24 64 ! 53 15 15 .97 1.4 ! .152 .774 .054 ! 6.3 30 ! .39 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 3.3 ! .38 ! 48 230 ! 1.2 ! ! 287 96 1.0 .88 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Clarendon SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: S 9 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: almost certain or certain MGA REFERENCE: 441 806 mE 6 958 887 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Wiesenboden LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: drainage depression PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.16 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Aquert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: MOTTLED, STRUCTURAL FORM: SELF-MULCHING, AQUIC, VERTOSOL. (Confidence level 1) DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus tereticornis ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: self-mulching HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION A1 0 to .05 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; common fine prominent orange mottles; light clay; moderate 2-5mm granular; dry; moderately weak; common 2-5mm roots. abrupt wavy to- B21 .05 to .36 m Brownish grey (7.5YR4/1) moist; many medium prominent orange mottles; medium clay; moderate 10-20m lenticular; dry; moderately firm; few 1-2mm roots. abrupt wavy to- B22 .36 to .43 m Brownish grey (10YR4/1) moist; common fine distinct orange mottles; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm lenticular largest peds, parting to strong 50-100mm lenticular; dry; moderately strong; few <1mm roots. abrupt wavy to- 2A1b .43 to .51 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm lenticular largest peds, parting to strong 50-100mm lenticular; dry; moderately strong; few medium ferruginous concretions, very highly calcareous, few fine manganiferous concretions; few <1mm roots. abrupt smooth to- 2B21kb .51 to .70 m Brownish grey (10YR4/1) moist; common fine distinct orange mottles; light medium clay; moderate 5-10mm subangular blocky largest peds, parting to strong 50-100mm lenticular; dry; moderately strong; many calcareous soft segregations, very highly calcareous; few <1mm roots. abrupt wavy to- 2B22kb .70 to 1.13 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; many coarse prominent orange mottles; medium clay; small pebbles, subangular quartz, weak, dispersed; moderate 5-10mm lenticular largest peds, parting to 7 strong 50-100mm lenticular; dry; moderately strong; common medium manganiferous concretions, few 3 coarse calcareous concretions, very highly calcareous; few <1mm roots. sharp smooth to- 3B23 1.13 to 1.16 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; clay loam, fine sandy; abundant small pebbles, subangular quartz, moderately strong, stratified; massive; dry; very firm; very highly calcareous. sharp smooth to- 4B24 1.16 to 1.38 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; many medium distinct orange mottles; light medium clay; moderate 10-20mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 20-50mm lenticular; dry; moderately strong; few <1mm roots. clear wavy to- 5A1kb 1.38 to 1.52 m Brownish grey (10YR4/1) moist; common medium distinct dark mottles, few fine faint yellow mottles; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm lenticular largest peds, parting to strong 50-100mm lenticular; dry; moderately strong; very few coarse calcareous concretions, very highly calcareous; few <1mm roots. clear wavy to- 5B21kb 1.52 to 1.56 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; common fine distinct yellow mottles; medium clay; moderate 5-10mm lenticular largest peds, parting to strong 50-100mm lenticular; dry; moderately strong; very few coarse calcareous concretions, very highly calcareous; few <1mm roots. clear wavy to- 5B22kb 1.56 to 1.74 m Brownish grey (10YR4/1) moist; few medium distinct dark mottles, common fine distinct orange mottles; medium clay; moderate 5-10mm lenticular largest peds, parting to strong 50-100mm lenticular; dry; moderately strong; very few coarse calcareous concretions, very highly calcareous; few <1mm roots. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 5.2 .35 .009 ! ! ! ! 5.2 ! ! ! ! ! 0.05 ! 5.3 .16 .012 ! 9 3 36 47 ! 50 11 10 1.3 .84 ! .144 .927 .063 ! 5.1 25 ! .34 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 5.8 .07 .007 ! 3 7 27 63 ! 42 13 14 1.2 .40 ! .076 .793 .015 ! 5.0 24 ! .48 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 8.9 .24 .010 ! 9 12 24 56 ! 50 28 23 1.9 .31 ! .071 .655 .015 ! 6.1 24 ! .48 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.7 .24 .014 ! 3 40 21 38 ! 41 21 21 1.6 .22 ! .104 .868 .011 ! 4.9 20 ! .52 ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 8.6 .10 .007 ! 5 38 24 37 ! 41 20 23 1.5 .20 ! .106 .888 .009 ! 4.5 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.8 .24 .011 ! ! ! ! 6.0 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 4.3 ! .44 ! 41 139 ! 1.0 ! ! 337 57 1.3 1.6 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Flagstone SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: S 1 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: almost certain or certain MGA REFERENCE: 457 306 mE 6 965 787 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0.5 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Grey clay LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: backplain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.24 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT Chromustert VEGETATION: FAO UNESCO UNIT: STRUCTURAL FORM: AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: ENDOHYPERSODIC, DOMINANT SPECIES SELF-MULCHING, GREY, VERTOSOL. (Confidence ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm level 1).

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking, self-mulching

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP 0 to .10 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; heavy clay; moderate 5-10mm angular blocky parting to moderate <2mm angular blocky; dry; very firm. abrupt to- B21 .10 to .65 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; few fine faint brown mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately firm; very few manganiferous concretions. clear to- 2B22 .65 to 1.05 m Brownish grey (10YR4/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 20-50mm lenticular; moderately moist; moderately firm. gradual to- 2B23 1.05 to 1.70 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist; medium clay; strong 20-50mm lenticular; moderately moist; moderately firm; few manganiferous soft segregations, few manganiferous concretions. clear to- 7 2B24k 1.70 to 1.80 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist; medium clay; strong 20-50mm lenticular; moderately moist; 4 moderately firm; few calcareous concretions, few manganiferous soft segregations. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 6.4 .16 .006 ! ! ! ! 4.2 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 6.6 .11 .008 ! 5 10 22 64 ! 46 10 20 1.8 1.0 ! .076 .485 .032 ! 4.5 24 ! .54 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.1 .28 .039 ! 5 14 22 59 ! 40 8.0 19 3.2 .31 ! .065 .474 .019 ! 4.4 23 ! .80 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 6.2 .50 .081 ! 3 11 27 59 ! 41 7.9 21 5.3 .30 ! .063 .532 .014 ! 4.7 24 ! .94 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 7.8 .80 .128 ! 3 5 20 70 ! 55 13 32 9.6 .35 ! .038 .433 .014 ! 6.4 30 ! .90 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.1 .82 .125 ! 1 6 19 73 ! 53 12 30 8.9 .32 ! .034 .432 .008 ! 6.3 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.3 .75 .112 ! ! ! ! 5.8 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.5 ! .14 ! 20 33 ! .90 ! ! 101 57 2.6 0.9 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Flagstone SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: Z39 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 416 281 mE 6 943 987 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0.5 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Grey clay LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: backplain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.25 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Chromustert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: ENDOCALCAREOUS, STRUCTURAL FORM: SELF-MULCHING, GREY, VERTOSOL. (Confidence DOMINANT SPECIES level 1). ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking, self-mulching

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP1 0 to .05 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; medium clay; strong granular; dry; very strong. clear to- AP2 .05 to .22 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; medium clay; massive; moderately moist; moderately strong; very few

7 fine manganiferous concretions. gradual to-

5 B1 .22 to .34 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; medium clay; strong 2-5mm lenticular; moderately moist; very firm; very few fine manganiferous concretions. gradual to- B21k .34 to .75 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; medium clay; strong 2-5mm lenticular parting to strong 5-10mm lenticular; moderately moist; very firm; common medium calcareous concretions, very few fine manganiferous concretions. gradual to- B22k .75 to 1.05 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; medium clay; moderate 5-10mm lenticular; moderately moist; very firm; common medium calcareous concretions, very few fine manganiferous concretions. gradual to- B23 1.05 to 1.55 m Dull brown (7.5YR5/4) moist; light medium clay; moderate 5-10mm lenticular; moderately moist; very firm; few medium calcareous soft segregations, very few fine manganiferous concretions.

! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 7.1 .29 .029 ! ! ! ! 6.7 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 7.5 .34 .037 ! 2 14 20 64 ! 52 20 24 1.7 1.3 ! .122 1.23 .025 ! 4.8 27 ! .49 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 7.9 .23 .025 ! ! ! ! 5.3 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 8.0 .23 .024 ! 1 18 21 61 ! 48 20 23 2.0 1.0 ! .106 1.21 .018 ! 5.1 25 ! .57 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 8.4 .48 .049 ! 2 21 22 58 ! 49 19 24 2.2 .86 ! .092 1.13 .015 ! 5.3 26 ! .53 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.4 .68 .082 ! 7 23 22 50 ! 48 20 26 2.0 .70 ! .101 1.01 .013 ! 4.3 22 ! .57 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.2 .85 .123 ! 4 33 21 44 ! 45 18 25 1.7 .65 ! .101 1.03 .010 ! 4.8 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.1 .99 .145 ! ! ! ! 5.1 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.6 ! .11 ! 351 163 ! 1.2 ! ! 92 19 3.7 1.3 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Helidon SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: Z10 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 415 256 mE 6 950 437 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0.2 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Grey-brown podzolic soil LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Db1.42 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Paleustalf FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: BROWN, CHROMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: firm

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .35 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/4) moist; loamy sand; massive; dry; very weak. clear to- A2e .35 to .50 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist, dull orange (7.5YR7/3) dry; loamy sand; massive; dry; very weak. abrupt to- B21t .50 to .90 m Brown (7.5YR4/6) moist; light medium clay; strong; moderately moist; moderately firm; few medium manganiferous soft segregations. gradual to- B22t .90 to 1.10 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; light medium clay; strong; moderately moist; moderately firm; few medium manganiferous soft segregations. gradual to- C 1.10 to 1.35 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; light sandy clay loam; strong; moderately moist; moderately firm; few medium manganiferous soft segregations. clear to- 7

6 D 1.35 to 1.50 m Dark brown (10YR3/4) moist; light medium clay; strong; moderately moist; moderately firm; few medium manganiferous soft segregations.

! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 7.2 .06 .004 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 7.3 .07 .004 ! 50 36 3 10 ! 7 3.1 2.5 .08 .65 ! .053 .907 .018 ! 0.6 4 ! .43 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 7.4 .06 .007 ! ! ! ! 0.8 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 7.6 .03 .001 ! 39 39 11 12 ! 7 3.0 1.8 .05 .64 ! .051 1.00 .011 ! 0.6 4 ! .70 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.3 .05 .001 ! 24 31 10 38 ! 26 12 5.6 1.1 1.1 ! .134 1.12 .011 ! 3.1 15 ! .71 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 6.9 .05 .006 ! 23 41 3 31 ! 23 12 6.2 .60 .45 ! .097 1.10 .008 ! 3.2 12 ! .53 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 7.3 .05 .005 ! 51 28 1 19 ! 14 7.3 3.9 .30 .32 ! .069 .869 .006 ! 1.9 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 7.0 .09 .012 ! ! ! ! 3.7 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 0.7 ! .07 ! 104 46 ! .66 ! ! 18 21 0.4 3.4 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Lawes SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: 780 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 437 031 mE 6 938 387 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.17 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Pellustert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: ENDOCALCAREOUS, STRUCTURAL FORM: SELF-MULCHING, BLACK, VERTOSOL. (Confidence DOMINANT SPECIES level 1). ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking, self-mulching HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION AP 0 to .20 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium clay; strong 5-10mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately firm. gradual to- B21 .20 to .60 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium clay; strong 5-10mm lenticular; moderately moist; moderately firm. clear to- B22k .60 to 1.20 m Brownish black (5YR3/1) moist; medium clay; strong 5-10mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately firm; few calcareous concretions. gradual to- B31k 1.20 to 1.35 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; light medium clay; strong 5-10mm angular blocky; dry; moderately weak; few calcareous concretions. gradual to-

7 D 1.35 to 1.50 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; clay loam; moderate 50-100mm prismatic; dry; moderately weak. 7 ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 7.8 .08 .005 ! ! ! .226 1.07 .022 ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 7.8 .11 .011 ! 3 10 29 62 ! 63 27 29 1.7 .87 ! .226 1.07 .022 ! 7.9 52 31 ! .65 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 7.7 .15 .014 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 7.9 .22 .026 ! 3 10 25 70 ! 69 30 35 2.6 .47 ! .206 .96 .021 ! 8.2 59 36 ! .66 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 7.6 .34 .041 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 7.6 .54 .069 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.8 .77 .100 ! 1 6 27 70 ! 68 27 36 3.4 .46 ! .201 .96 .018 ! 7.8 58 36 ! .63 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 8.0 .89 .121 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 8.1 .94 .126 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.1 .94 .138 ! 1 13 30 66 ! 67 28 37 4.4 .32 ! .192 .91 .018 ! 7.9 56 34 ! .64 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 8.2 1.0 .121 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 8.3 1.0 .131 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.3 .88 .110 ! 1 11 33 61 ! 63 25 37 5.1 .25 ! .184 .90 .010 ! 7.5 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 8.4 .83 .100 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 8.5 .72 .084 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.5 .62 .077 ! 3 40 30 33 ! 51 18 29 5.1 .23 ! .212 1.03 .006 ! 6.3 44 24 ! .70 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.9 ! .16 ! 54 149 ! .68 ! ! 55 17 2.1 1.8 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 1.9 ! .16 ! 65 142 ! .70 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 1.5 ! .13 ! 100 104 ! .48 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Lawes SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: Z 4 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 423 706 mE 6 948 762 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.15 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Pellustert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: HAPLIC, EPIPEDAL, STRUCTURAL FORM: BLACK, VERTOSOL. (Confidence level 2). DOMINANT SPECIES

ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: recently cultivated, surface crust

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP1 0 to .12 m Brownish black (7.5YR2/2) moist; medium clay; strong; moist; moderately firm. AP2 .12 to .35 m Brownish black (7.5YR2/2) moist; medium clay; strong; moist; moderately firm. B21 .35 to .90 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; medium clay; strong; moist; moderately firm. D .90 to 1.50 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/4) moist; light medium clay; moderate; moist; moderately weak; very few fine calcareous concretions.

7 ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! 8 ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 7.6 .35 .030 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 7.1 .43 .035 ! 3 18 28 52 ! 44 19 19 1.3 1.9 ! .231 1.20 .037 ! 5.5 22 ! .57 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 7.5 .26 .018 ! ! ! ! 5.6 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 7.1 .38 .031 ! 1 16 23 63 ! 53 24 20 1.9 1.1 ! .226 1.02 .029 ! 5.5 28 ! .53 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.4 .61 .065 ! 1 18 27 59 ! 50 28 18 2.3 .59 ! .157 .992 .026 ! 5.9 26 ! .50 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.2 .59 .057 ! 1 26 30 48 ! 48 29 18 2.2 .52 ! .151 .951 .021 ! 6.4 25 ! .62 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.2 .59 .063 ! 1 30 32 42 ! 54 32 20 2.7 .58 ! .185 .902 .018 ! 7.4 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.3 .60 .064 ! ! ! ! 8.1 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 2.4 ! .19 ! 502 309 ! 1.9 ! ! 55 15 2.6 3.3 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Sippel SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: A26 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 425 756 mE 6 945 237 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0.5 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Non-calcic brown soil LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Db2.12 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Paleustalf FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: Mid-high open forest BROWN, CHROMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus tessellaris, Eucalyptus melanophloia, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus melanophloia, Acacia salicina, Heteropogon contortus, Chloris gayana, Eucalyptus tessellaris ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION A1 0 to .20 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; fine sandy loam; weak <2mm granular; moderately moist; moderately weak; common 1-2mm roots. gradual to- A3 .20 to .42 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist, dull brown (7.5YR6/3) dry; clayey sand; massive; moderately moist; moderately weak; few 1-2mm roots. abrupt to- B2t .42 to 1.22 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; many medium faint grey mottles; fine sandy light medium clay; strong 50-100mm prismatic parting to moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; few clay skin; moderately moist; moderately weak; very few manganiferous soft segregations. abrupt to- D1 1.22 to 1.36 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; clayey sand; single grain; moderately moist; very weak; very few manganiferous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. abrupt to- 7 D2 1.36 to 1.47 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; fine sandy, clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry; moderately strong; 9 very few manganiferous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. gradual to- 4Ab 1.47 to 1.80 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; very few fine faint brown mottles; light medium clay; strong 50-100mm prismatic; dry; very firm; few <1mm roots. Sippel Site No. A26 ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 6.0 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 6.0 .03 .001 ! 29 40 15 15 ! 16 7.2 2.5 .10 .76 ! .053 1.06 .022 ! 1.9 24 8 ! .39 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 6.0 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.1 .01 .001 ! 36 39 10 12 ! 8 5.0 1.5 .10 .38 ! .036 1.07 .010 ! 1.2 16 5 ! .91 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 6.3 .01 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 6.6 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.1 .02 .001 ! 23 30 10 33 ! 24 15 7.3 .21 .57 ! .081 1.15 .012 ! 3.7 29 15 ! .63 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 7.1 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 7.3 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 7.6 .02 .002 ! 26 32 10 27 ! 23 13 7.5 .18 .44 ! .059 1.15 .009 ! 3.3 26 12 ! .66 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 7.6 .03 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 7.6 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 7.8 .02 .001 ! 38 30 9 19 ! 19 11 7.0 .14 .36 ! .054 1.04 .008 ! 2.8 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 7.8 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 7.4 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 7.9 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.60 ! 7.8 .04 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.7 ! .13 ! 61 44 ! .79 ! ! 72 76 1.0 5.5 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 1.7 ! .13 ! 46 35 ! .73 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 1.0 ! .08 ! 34 26 ! .58 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Sippel SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: Z 6 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 418 856 mE 6 955 412 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 1 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Red brown earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Db1.43 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Haplustalf FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: BLEACHED, EUTROPHIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: BROWN, DERMOSOL. (Confidence level 3). DOMINANT SPECIES

ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: firm

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP1 0 to .15 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/4) moist; clay loam, fine sandy; moderate granular; moderately moist; moderately weak. A2e .15 to .25 m Brown (7.5YR4/6) moist, dull orange (7.5YR7/4) dry; clay loam; moderate granular; moderately moist; moderately weak. B21 .25 to .65 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; medium clay; strong; moderately moist; very firm; few medium manganiferous soft segregations. B22 .65 to 1.25 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; medium clay; strong; moderately moist; very firm; few medium manganiferous

8 soft segregations. 0 D 1.25 to 1.50 m Brown (7.5YR4/6) moist; loamy sand; single grain; moist; very weak.

! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 6.6 .07 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 6.5 .11 .011 ! 27 17 28 30 ! 14 6.4 2.9 .08 1.2 ! .088 .915 .022 ! 1.5 8 ! .74 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 6.7 .05 .005 ! ! ! ! 1.5 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 7.2 .03 .002 ! 27 14 24 37 ! 14 7.0 2.9 .21 .27 ! .096 .926 .010 ! 1.8 10 ! .67 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.7 .04 .002 ! 10 13 26 56 ! 30 18 6.9 .84 .56 ! .057 1.16 .011 ! 4.3 20 ! .60 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.2 .05 .005 ! 27 21 15 40 ! 25 15 6.6 .61 .57 ! .049 1.06 .008 ! 2.9 14 ! .69 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 7.9 .03 .002 ! 60 7 7 27 ! 16 9.8 4.1 .30 .39 ! .059 .766 .007 ! 2.0 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 7.2 .01 .001 ! ! ! ! 0.5 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.4 ! .10 ! 82 62 ! .56 ! ! 79 97 1.1 3.1 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Sippel SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SITE NO: Z19 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 411 556 mE 6 953 362 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: levee PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Db2.33 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Natrustalf FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: EUTROPHIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: HYPERNATRIC, BROWN, SODOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES

ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: recently cultivated, hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP1 0 to .10 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; clay loam, fine sandy; fragment; dry. A2j .10 to .20 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; few medium distinct pale mottles; clay loam, fine sandy; fragment;

8 moderately moist. 1 B21 .20 to .65 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; common coarse prominent dark mottles; medium clay; strong; moist;; very few medium manganiferous soft segregations. B22 .65 to 1.20 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/3) moist; medium clay; strong; moderately moist. D 1.20 to 1.50 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; light clay; moderate; dry.

! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 7.1 .08 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 7.0 .07 .002 ! 16 54 12 16 ! 13 5.4 4.1 .28 .44 ! .078 1.29 .024 ! 1.6 6 ! .77 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 8.1 .06 .001 ! ! ! ! 1.6 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 8.9 .14 .007 ! 10 39 11 42 ! 28 15 7.9 5.0 .30 ! .092 1.14 .011 ! 4.0 19 ! .92 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 8.8 .16 .012 ! 9 46 12 37 ! 25 13 7.0 4.8 .31 ! .058 1.16 .011 ! 3.4 17 ! .90 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.5 .25 .027 ! 13 42 12 35 ! 31 17 8.8 3.7 .39 ! .084 1.18 .014 ! 3.7 16 ! .90 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.3 .40 .047 ! 4 45 17 37 ! 32 20 11 2.6 .49 ! .080 1.19 .011 ! 4.4 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.1 .36 .050 ! ! ! ! 4.5 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.1 ! .09 ! 81 61 ! .37 ! ! 68 48 0.6 1.5 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Tenthill SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material SITE NO: 55 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 433 106 mE 6 951 937 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 1 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: prior stream PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.15 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: alluvial plain SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Chromustert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: MOTTLED, STRUCTURAL FORM: Isolated trees SELF-MULCHING, BROWN, VERTOSOL. (Confidence level 1) DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus tessellaris ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: self-mulching, periodic cracking

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION AP 0 to .17 m Brownish black (7.5YR2/2) moist; common coarse brown mottles; medium clay; massive clod; moist; moderately firm. clear to-

B .17 to .60 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/4) moist; common medium dark mottles; medium clay; strong 10-20mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; common macropores; moist; moderately weak. gradual to-

8 D1k .60 to 1.40 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; fine sandy, clay; strong 20-50mm prismatic; common clay skin; common 2 macropores; moist; moderately weak; few calcareous concretions. gradual to-

D2 1.40 to 1.50 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; fine sandy, clay; few medium pebbles, rounded basalt; strong 20-50mm prismatic; moist; moderately weak.

! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! 0.10 ! 7.4 .10 63 ! 9 30 16 49 ! 32 16 16 .94 .70 ! .111 0.91 .021 ! 4.8 ! .53 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.9 .09 86 ! 9 24 13 57 ! 46 19 17 1.4 .52 ! .083 0.88 .017 ! 7.4 ! .54 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.8 .10 75 ! 10 32 14 48 ! 44 22 18 1.7 .44 ! .097 0.75 .016 ! 6.7 ! .50 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.1 .08 74 ! 6 55 13 28 ! 44 22 18 1.8 .53 ! .119 0.85 .011 ! 6.1 ! .47 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.1 .12 115 ! 12 51 14 26 ! 40 21 17 1.7 .64 ! .112 0.88 .009 ! 5.0 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.0 .12 157 ! 44 28 9 21 ! 29 15 10 1.0 1.8 ! .116 0.75 .006 ! 4.4 ! .74 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! 0.10 ! 1.2 ! .08 ! 211 165 ! .64 ! ! 49 9 1.5 1.4 ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.1 ! .09 ! 211 134 ! .49 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Tenthill SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: E10 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 423 056 mE 6 943 012 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.15 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Haplustoll FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: MELANIC, HYPOCALCIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: Open forest RED, DERMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus species

ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: recently cultivated, periodic cracking

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP 0 to .20 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) moist; light medium clay; massive clod; moist; moderately weak; few <1mmroots. abrupt wavy to- B21 .20 to .50 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/3) moist; light medium clay; strong 2-5mm angular blocky; moist; moderately weak; few <1mm roots. gradual to- B22 .50 to .65 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/3) moist; silty clay; strong 2-5mm angular blocky; moist; moderately weak; few <1mm roots. gradual to- B3k .65 to .75 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; silty clay; massive; moist; moderately weak; very few calcareous concretions, very few calcareous soft segregations. gradual to- D1 .75 to .90 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; silty clay; massive; moist; moderately weak. gradual to-

8 D2 .90 to 1.00 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; silty clay; angular blocky; moist; moderately weak. gradual to-

3 D31 1.00 to 1.30 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; silty clay; massive; moist; moderately weak. gradual to- D32 1.30 to 1.45 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; silty clay loam; massive; moist; moderately weak. clear to- D4 1.45 to 1.50 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; fine sandy loam; massive; moist; moderately weak. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 7.2 .14 .007 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 7.0 .24 .021 ! 4 22 23 48 ! 42 19 14 .63 2.6 ! .222 1.31 .035 !4.9 41 23 ! .34 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 7.0 .35 .032 ! ! ! !5.3 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 7.2 .32 .031 ! 2 23 27 55 ! 50 28 19 .85 1.5 ! .197 1.09 .038 !6.6 46 26 ! .23 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 7.2 .30 .028 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 7.2 .24 .020 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.3 .23 .018 ! 1 27 32 45 ! 51 29 18 .94 1.3 ! .188 1.10 .028 !7.0 42 24 ! .32 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 7.5 .27 .016 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 7.3 .25 .015 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 7.4 .21 .013 ! 3 47 25 31 ! 49 30 18 .95 .95 ! .185 .97 .017 !6.4 37 20 ! .59 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 7.4 .19 .011 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 7.6 .20 .011 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 7.6 .21 .011 ! 1 47 30 30 ! 48 30 16 .85 .78 ! .184 .99 .018 !6.2 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 7.6 .19 .011 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 7.7 .18 .011 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 7.6 .12 .007 ! 13 61 14 16 ! 45 25 15 .95 1.0 ! !5.4 28 15 ! .31 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! ! ! 859 283 ! 2.3 ! ! 50 23 2.4 2.4 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 1.6 ! .12 ! 944 320 ! 2.4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 1.4 ! .12 ! 900 303 ! 1.9 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOILS OF THE MAJOR STREAM ELEVATED TERRACES, FANS AND PEDIMENTS

SOIL TYPE: Leschke SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: A23 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 439 606 mE 6 950 637 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0.5 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Grey clay LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: footslope PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.2 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: alluvial plain SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Chromustert FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: EPISODIC, CRUSTY, STRUCTURAL FORM: GREY, VERTOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES: Acacia harpophylla TYPE OF MICRORELIEF: normal gilgai ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm VERTICAL INTERVAL: 0.40 m HORIZONTAL INTERVAL: 8 m COMPONENT OF MICRORELIEF SAMPLED: mound PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking, surface crust

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION A1 0 to .13 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; light medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately firm; many 2-5mm roots. clear wavy to- B21 .13 to .70 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR5/2) moist; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; moderately moist; very firm; many 2-5mm roots. gradual to- B22 .70 to .90 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR6/2) moist; very few fine distinct yellow mottles; medium clay; few fragments, rounded quartz; moderate 50-100mm angular blocky parting to moderate 50-100mm lenticular; moderately moist; very firm; common <1mm roots. gradual smooth to- B23c .90 to 1.80 m Brownish grey (10YR6/1) moist; medium clay; few fragments, rounded quartz; moderate 50-100mm lenticular parting to moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately firm; few manganiferous concretions; few <1mm roots. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! 8 ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! 4 ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 7.2 .30 .039 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 6.2 .24 .032 ! 21 23 21 33 ! 31 11 8.2 2.2 1.2 ! .050 0.91 .041 ! 3.5 32 15 ! .54 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 8.2 .66 .104 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 8.3 .90 .136 ! 20 23 17 40 ! 28 9.0 12 5.8 .60 ! .023 0.83 .019 ! 3.7 34 17 ! .96 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 8.2 1.0 1.60 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 8.0 1.2 1.79 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.6 1.5 2.31 ! 15 18 17 46 ! 28 6.1 13 8.2 .69 ! .013 0.85 .014 ! 3.7 36 18 ! .99 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 7.2 1.5 2.26 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 6.7 1.6 2.58 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 6.6 1.3 2.27 ! 15 19 20 46 ! 28 4.4 14 9.0 .67 ! .014 0.84 .012 ! 4.0 36 18 ! .97 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 6.9 1.6 2.49 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 7.0 1.2 2.05 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 7.1 1.2 1.91 ! 20 20 17 39 ! 25 3.0 12 8.7 .63 ! .017 0.84 .011 ! 3.3 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 7.2 1.2 1.96 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 7.3 1.2 2.01 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 7.3 1.2 1.96 ! 21 22 14 40 ! 25 2.5 12 8.8 .59 ! ! 3.4 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.3 ! .10 ! 41 31 ! .72 ! ! 27 20 0.6 0.8 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 3.0 ! .27 ! 93 67 ! .99 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! .71 ! .07 ! 65 45 ! .46 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Woodbine SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: E11 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 423 906 mE 6 932 288 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 3 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Grey clay LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: hillslope PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.28 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace (dissected) SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Pellustert VEGETATION FAO UNESCO UNIT: STRUCTURAL FORM AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: ENDOHYPERSODIC, DOMINANT SPECIES: Acacia harpophylla SELF-MULCHING, GREY, VERTOSOL. (Confidence level 1) ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking, self-mulching HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION AP 0 to .20 m Reddish brown (2.5YR4/1) moist; sandy medium clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky largest peds, parting to moderate 2-5mm granular; moist; moderately strong; few <1mm roots. abrupt to- B21k .20 to .40 m Reddish grey (2.5YR5/1) moist; medium clay; few medium pebbles, rounded quartz; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moist; moderately firm; few calcareous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. clear to- B22 .40 to 1.10 m Brownish grey (5YR5/1) moist; fine faint dark mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular; slickenside; moist; moderately firm; few <1mm roots. diffuse to- B23 1.10 to 1.80 m Brownish grey (5YR5/1) moist; fine faint brown mottles; sandy medium clay; few medium pebbles, rounded quartz; strong 10-20mm lenticular; slickenside; moist; moderately firm; common <1mm roots. 8

5 ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 8.4 .10 .025 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 8.2 .10 .001 ! 27 9 15 48 ! 38 20 16 .94 .29 ! .045 .37 .021 !5.0 33 18 ! .56 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 8.6 .12 .002 ! ! ! !5.1 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 8.8 .19 .010 ! 25 10 12 57 ! 40 18 20 2.2 .25 ! .033 .38 .016 !5.6 36 20 ! .62 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 8.9 .20 .014 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 9.0 .30 .025 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 8.8 .30 .029 ! 23 9 14 59 ! 49 12 28 6.3 .24 ! .024 .37 .016 !6.0 45 23 ! .95 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 8.8 .30 .035 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 8.7 .40 .062 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.6 .50 .062 ! 23 9 11 59 ! 47 7.4 26 9.6 .25 ! .024 .39 .015 !5.8 44 23 ! .99 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 8.6 .50 .053 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 8.4 .40 .049 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.1 .60 .064 ! 21 9 12 62 ! 46 5.3 25 12 .23 ! .024 .37 .014 !6.0 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 7.4 .50 .056 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 6.0 .40 .048 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 5.5 .60 .063 ! 30 10 11 53 ! 37 3.5 21 9.6 .20 ! .021 .36 .014 !5.0 53 21 ! .94 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! ! ! 34 15 ! .43 ! ! 17 9 1.4 0.3 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 0.8 ! .09 ! 23 6 ! .34 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 0.8 ! .08 ! 19 4 ! .32 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOILS OF ALLUVIAL FANS DERIVED FROM BASALT

SOIL TYPE: Spellman SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: 782 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 438 716 mE 6 927 688 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 7 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Chernozem LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: fan PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Gn3.43 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: alluvial fan SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Paleustoll FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: SODIC, CALCIC, BLACK, STRUCTURAL FORM: DERMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus tessellaris SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Very few cobbles ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: periodic cracking, self-mulching HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION AP 0 to .15 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/1) moist; clay loam; strong <2mm granular; moist; very weak. gradual to- B21t .15 to .40 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; few fragments, subrounded basalt; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moist; moderately weak. clear to- B22t .40 to .55 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; medium clay; few fragments, subrounded basalt; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moist; moderately firm. clear to- B23t .55 to .65 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; light medium clay; many fragments, subrounded basalt; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moist; moderately firm. gradual to- B24k .65 to .90 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; medium clay; few fragments, subrounded basalt; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moist; moderately firm; few calcareous soft segregations. abrupt to- D .90 to m Many fragments, basalt, abundant fragments, basalt. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH !

8 ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2!

6 ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 6.0 .05 .002 ! ! ! .222 1.23 .040 ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 6.1 .05 .001 ! 15 23 31 33 ! 40 12 9.1 0.1 1.8 ! .217 1.25 .047 ! 5.5 39 20 ! .41 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 6.3 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.9 .04 .001 ! 8 19 18 60 ! 52 23 19 1.0 .76 ! .154 .84 .021 ! 6.1 47 27 ! .55 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 7.5 .05 .003 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 7.9 .10 .008 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 8.2 .17 .018 ! 14 28 20 41 ! 52 28 23 2.5 .23 ! .150 .77 .013 ! 6.2 41 23 ! .66 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 8.2 .27 .032 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 8.3 .40 .051 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.4 .42 .054 ! 9 22 25 48 ! 53 29 23 3.2 .32 ! .179 .99 .011 ! 5.9 45 26 ! .69 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 3.3 ! .27 ! 606 118 ! 1.7 ! ! 309 28 2.2 6.1 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 3.9 ! .34 ! 624 112 ! 1.9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 1.8 ! .15 ! 758 76 ! 1.2 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Spellman SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: E14 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 421 731 mE 6 921 962 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 8 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Prairie soil LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: fan PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uf6.32 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: alluvial fan SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Haplustoll FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: MELANIC, EUTROPHIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: Open forest RED, DERMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus melanophloia ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: loose, self-mulching HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION A1 0 to .30 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) moist; light clay; many medium pebbles, rounded basalt; strong 10-20mm granular; dry; moderately strong; many 2-5mm roots. clear to- B21 .30 to .50 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) moist; medium heavy clay; few medium pebbles, rounded basalt; strong 20-50mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately firm; few manganiferous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. clear to- B22 .50 to .70 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/3) moist; medium clay; strong 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately strong; few manganiferous soft segregations; common <1mm roots. gradual to- B3 .70 to 1.00 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/3) moist; light clay; moderate 10-20mm lenticular; moderately moist; moderately firm; very few manganiferous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. gradual to- D1 1.00 to 1.20 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) moist; light clay; few medium pebbles, rounded basalt; massive; dry; 8 moderately firm; few <1mm roots. gradual to- 7 D2 1.20 to 1.50 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) moist; medium heavy clay; many cobbles, rounded basalt; strong 2-5mm lenticular; moderately moist; moderately firm; few <1mm roots. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 6.4 .05 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 6.3 .05 .001 ! 20 14 25 45 ! 47 17 9.3 .14 2.8 ! .318 1.27 .039 !6.5 ! .29 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 6.5 .03 .001 ! ! ! !6.4 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.6 .03 .001 ! ! 52 18 14 .43 1.1 ! .316 .89 .018 !8.0 25 ! ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 6.8 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 6.9 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.2 .02 .001 ! 17 25 20 41 ! 51 27 21 .89 .57 ! .197 .77 .014 !8.1 44 25 ! .46 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 7.5 .03 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 7.7 .03 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 7.6 .03 .001 ! 14 33 22 32 ! 54 30 22 1.1 .84 ! .210 .78 .010 !8.2 38 23 ! .50 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 7.5 .02 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 7.7 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 7.6 .03 .002 ! ! 39 21 16 .87 .64 ! .223 .84 .009 !5.7 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 7.6 .02 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 7.7 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.0 .04 .002 ! 17 23 17 45 ! 48 26 20 1.5 .64 ! .177 .84 .008 !6.51 44 24 ! .70 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! ! ! 443 125 ! 1.9 ! ! 114 32 2.1 0.5 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 2.8 ! .26 ! 738 259 ! 2.6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 1.4 ! .12 ! 891 287 ! 1.5 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOILS OF ALLUVIAL FANS AND FLATS DERIVED FROM UPPER MARBURG BEDS

SOIL TYPE: Abell SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: A22 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 432 266 mE 6 938 440 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 2 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uf6.33 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: alluvial plain SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Ustochrept VEGETATION FAO UNESCO UNIT: STRUCTURAL FORM: AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, DOMINANT SPECIES BROWN, DERMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: recently cultivated, hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP 0 to .30 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; sandy clay; weak 50-100mm clod; moist; moderately weak. clear to- B1 .30 to .40 m Dull brown (7.5YR5/4) moist; sandy clay; weak 20-50mm subangular blocky; moist; moderately weak; very few manganiferous concretions. gradual to- B21 .40 to .60 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist; many medium distinct brown mottles; sandy light clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moist; moderately weak. gradual to- B22 .60 to 1.00 m Dull reddish brown (5YR4/3) moist; common medium faint grey mottles; sandy light clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moist; moderately weak. gradual to- B31 1.00 to 1.20 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; sandy clay; few fragments, rounded ferricrete; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to moderate 5-10mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately weak. gradual to- 2B32 1.20 to 1.70 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; fine sandy, clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to moderate 5-10mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately weak; few manganiferous soft segregations. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! 8 ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! 8 ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 6.3 .03 .021 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 6.2 .02 .001 ! 18 35 12 32 ! 23 12 2.7 .15 .52 ! .064 1.01 .020 ! 3.3 24 12 ! .64 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 6.2 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.2 .03 .001 ! 16 34 12 36 ! 22 13 2.7 .10 .46 ! .063 1.05 .022 ! 3.0 27 13 ! .65 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 6.7 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 7.2 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.1 .02 .001 ! 21 29 11 36 ! 24 17 4.2 .16 .22 ! .021 0.97 .011 ! 3.8 27 13 ! .75 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 7.2 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 7.3 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 7.3 .04 .001 ! 17 27 16 38 ! 25 17 5.8 .21 .29 ! .022 1.09 .012 ! 3.4 29 15 ! .84 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 7.2 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 7.3 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 7.4 .03 .001 ! 34 30 10 23 ! 18 11 5.1 .23 .23 ! .028 0.98 .009 ! 3.0 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 7.3 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 7.3 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 7.2 .03 .001 ! 15 42 13 29 ! 21 13 6.6 .31 .26 ! ! 3.1 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.2 ! .13 ! 44 57 ! .49 ! ! 59 56 2.1 7.9 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 1.2 ! .13 ! 41 57 ! .45 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 1.1 ! .13 ! 46 60 ! .49 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: .

SOIL TYPE: Laidley SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: 779 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 440 956 mE 6 944 147 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0.5 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: backplain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Gn3.06 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: alluvial plain SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Haplustalf FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: BLEACHED-VERTIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall open forest CALCIC, BROWN, DERMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES: Acacia harpophylla ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Very few

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: loose

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION A1 0 to .15 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; clay loam; moderate 2-5mm granular; moderately moist; very weak. clear to- A2e .15 to .25 m Greyish brown (7.5YR5/2) moist, dull orange (7.5YR7/3) dry; clay loam; moderate 5-10mm granular; dry; very weak. gradual to- B21t .25 to .40 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; light medium clay; moderate 50-100mm columnar; dry; moderately firm; few manganiferous soft segregations, very few ferruginous soft segregations. gradual to- B22t .40 to .60 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist; light medium clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular; dry; very firm; very few manganiferous soft segregations, few ferruginous soft segregations. B23k .60 to .80 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist; light medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry; very firm; very few calcareous soft segregations. 8 B31k .80 to .90 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist; sandy clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry; very firm; 9 few calcareous soft segregations, very few manganiferous soft segregations. B32 .90 to 1.30 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; sandy clay; moderate 50-100mm angular blocky; dry; moderately firm; few manganiferous soft segregations. B33 1.30 to 1.50 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; sandy clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry; very firm; few manganiferous soft segregations. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 6.0 .06 .002 ! ! ! .068 .93 .035 ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 5.9 .06 .003 ! 16 26 23 39 ! 32 11 3.5 0.1 1.5 ! .077 1.04 .039 ! 3.2 27 17 ! .42 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 5.9 .02 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.7 .03 .002 ! 12 26 16 49 ! 26 13 5.0 0.9 .31 ! .034 .92 .015 ! 3.4 24 15 ! .55 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 7.2 .04 .003 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 7.9 .08 .007 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 8.6 .17 .013 ! 11 22 17 53 ! 28 18 7.4 2.4 .23 ! .018 .82 .014 ! 3.6 32 20 ! .50 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 8.8 .22 .019 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 8.8 .25 .024 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.4 .23 .025 ! 29 24 13 36 ! 20 11 5.3 2.0 .21 ! .023 .76 .012 ! 2.8 25 14 ! .93 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 8.3 .21 .024 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 8.0 .19 .022 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 7.9 .15 .019 ! 35 32 7 28 ! 15 7.8 5.1 1.4 .18 ! .019 .78 .008 ! 2.4 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 7.6 .16 .018 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 7.3 .15 .018 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 6.9 .16 .018 ! 22 31 14 36 ! 18 8.5 7.2 1.7 .22 ! .019 .88 .010 ! 2.7 24 13 ! .93 ! ! ! ! 0.25 ! 6.0 .02 .001 ! 16 32 17 39 ! ! .046 .97 .016 ! 3.0 23 14 ! .45 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 2.6 ! .21 ! 43 56 ! .79 ! ! 161 84 1.9 9.6 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 3.0 ! .27 ! 31 42 ! 1.4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 1.7 ! .13 ! 22 32 ! .53 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Sutton SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: E13 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 421 356 mE 6 928 988 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 4 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Red brown earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: fan PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dr2.32 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: alluvial fan SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Haplustalf VEGETATION FAO UNESCO UNIT: STRUCTURAL FORM AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: HAPLIC, HYPOCALCIC, DOMINANT SPECIES: RED, DERMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: recently cultivated, hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP 0 to .15 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/3) moist; sandy clay loam; massive clod; moderately moist; moderately strong; few <1mm roots. gradual to- B21k .15 to .50 m Dull reddish brown (5YR4/3) moist; faint red mottles; sandy light medium clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moist; moderately firm; very few calcareous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. Clear to- B22 .50 to .90 m Dull reddish brown (5YR4/4) moist; fine sandy, clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moist; moderately firm; few <1mm roots. diffuse to- B3 .90 to 1.05 m Dull reddish brown (5YR4/4) moist; clay loam; weak 20-50mm prismatic; moist; moderately firm; few <1mm roots. diffuse to- D1 1.05 to 1.50 m Dull reddish brown (5YR5/4) moist; sandy clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moist; moderately firm; few <1mm roots. diffuse to- D2 1.50 to 1.65 m Dull reddish brown (5YR4/4) moist; sandy clay loam; few medium pebbles, rounded quartz; massive; moist; moderately firm; few <1mm roots. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! 9 ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! 0 ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 6.8 .08 .001 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 7.0 .06 .001 ! 33 31 11 26 ! 15 6.3 2.7 .13 2.0 ! .091 1.03 .025 !1.7 18 09 ! .73 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 7.1 .04 .001 ! ! ! !2.0 ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 7.0 .05 .001 ! 20 22 10 44 ! 24 15 4.7 .24 .65 ! .040 1.11 .015 !3.2 26 13 ! .67 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 7.2 .06 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 7.6 .07 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.7 .06 .002 ! 19 34 13 34 ! 23 14 5.6 .29 .72 ! .032 1.16 .015 !3.5 23 12 ! .48 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 7.7 .05 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 7.7 .05 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 7.7 .05 .003 ! 28 30 11 30 ! 21 11 6.6 .29 .94 ! .036 1.12 .013 !2.7 21 10 ! .69 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 7.7 .07 .005 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 7.6 .06 .004 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 7.7 .05 .003 ! 12 33 17 37 ! 23 12 8.7 .30 1.1 ! .040 1.24 .012 !3.3 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 7.7 .05 .003 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 7.6 .05 .002 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 7.6 .06 .003 ! 18 33 17 33 ! 22 11 7.1 .23 .94 ! .036 1.20 .014 !3.0 25 12 ! .59 ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! ! ! 586 128 ! 1.6 ! ! 45 51 2.1 7.1 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 1.1 ! .12 ! 183 119 ! 1.7 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 1.3 ! .11 ! 97 89 ! .80 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: .

SOILS OF ALLUVIAL FANS AND FLATS FROM LOWER MARBURG BEDS

SOIL TYPE: Glencairn SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: S 5 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: almost certain or certain MGA REFERENCE: 437 606 mE 6 962 037 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Soloth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dy3.42 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: alluvial plain SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Natrustalf FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: MAGNESIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: MOTTLED-HYPERNATRIC, GREY, SODOSOL. (Confidence DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus tereticornis level 1) ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: hard setting HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION A1 0 to .10 m Dull brown (7.5YR5/3) moist; sand; single grain; dry; very weak; 1-2mm roots. diffuse to- A2e .10 to .30 m Dull brown (7.5YR6/3) moist; sand; single grain; dry; very weak; 1-2mm roots. abrupt to- 9

1 B21t .30 to .40 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR6/2) moist; many medium distinct yellow mottles; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; dry; moderately weak; 2-5mm roots. gradual to- B22t .40 to .90 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) moist; many medium distinct gley mottles; sandy clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry; very firm; very few calcareous nodules; 1-2mm roots. gradual to- B23t .90 to 1.35 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR6/6) moist; many coarse distinct gley mottles; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; dry; moderately strong; few calcareous nodules; 2-5mm roots. gradual to- B34cft 1.35 to 1.60 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) moist; many medium distinct gley mottles; light medium clay; moderate 2-5mm polyhedral; dry; moderately strong; few ferruginous soft segregations, few manganiferous soft segregations; 2-5mm roots. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 5.6 .13 .004 ! ! ! ! 0.6 ! .59 ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 6.0 .04 .001 ! 60 28 7 6 ! 4 .36 .49 .05 .10 ! .018 .040 .018 ! 0.3 2 ! .59 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.6 .01 .001 ! 57 29 9 6 ! 2 .10 .31 .03 .05 ! .002 .021 .008 ! 0.2 1 ! .69 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 5.8 .34 .055 ! 36 16 6 41 ! 12 .13 5.6 3.3 .12 ! .006 .094 .011 ! 2.0 14 ! .98 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 5.9 .40 .061 ! 38 19 9 34 ! 12 .13 5.9 3.6 .08 ! .005 .103 .008 ! 1.9 14 ! 1.0 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 6.1 .39 .076 ! 21 17 16 45 ! 22 .03 10 7.1 .14 ! .010 .392 .008 ! 2.9 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 6.1 .37 .064 ! ! ! ! 2.7 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.1 ! .08 ! 11 10 ! .15 ! ! 106 19 .14 0.8 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Stockyard(heavy textured variant) SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: A25 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: MGA REFERENCE: 430 831 mE 6 949 562 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: 0.5 % GREAT SOIL GROUP: Alluvial soil LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: flood-out PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uf6.13 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: alluvial plain SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Ustifluvent FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: EUTROPHIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall open forest HYPERNATRIC, YELLOW, SODOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus crebra, Eucalyptus maculata ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: hard setting HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION A1 0 to .10 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; light medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately firm; common <1mm roots. gradual to- AC .10 to .18 m Greyish brown (7.5YR5/2) moist; fine sandy loam; moderate 5-10mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately weak; few manganiferous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. clear to- 2A1 .18 to .24 m Greyish brown (5YR4/2) moist; loam, fine sandy; massive; moderately moist; very weak; few <1mm roots. clear to- 2A2eb .24 to .30 m Dull orange (7.5YR7/3) moist; fine sandy loam; massive; moderately moist; very weak; few <1mm roots clear to- 2B21tb .30 to .37 m Dull orange (7.5YR6/4) moist; many medium prominent grey mottles; light medium clay; moderate 50-100mm columnar; moderately moist; moderately weak; few manganiferous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. diffuse to- 2B22tb .37 to .60 m Dull orange (7.5YR6/4) moist; light clay; strong 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist; very weak; few manganiferous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. gradual to- 2B23tb .60 to .80 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; common medium prominent brown mottles; light medium clay; strong 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately firm; very few manganiferous concretions. clearto- 2B3tb .80 to 1.10 m Dull orange (7.5YR6/4) moist; many coarse faint grey mottles; sandy clay; weak 50-100mm prismatic; dry; moderately strong; very few manganiferous concretions. abrupt to- 3A1b 1.10 to 1.30 m Brownish grey (10YR6/1) moist; clay loam; few fragments, charcoal; strong 20-50mm prismatic; moderately moist; very weak; manganiferous soft segregations. gradual to- 3B21tb 1.30 to 1.50 m Greyish brown (7.5YR5/2) moist; many medium prominent brown mottles; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm angular 9 blocky; moderately moist; moderately firm; few calcareous concretions, manganiferous soft segregations. diffuse to- 2 3B22tb 1.50 to 1.70 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/4) moist; many medium faint grey mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist; moderately firm; few manganiferous soft segregations,calcareous concretions. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 6.5 .12 .009 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 6.5 .07 .006 ! 5 10 37 41 ! 25 8.2 8.3 1.5 .65 ! .033 1.20 .028 ! 3.3 38 17 ! .76 ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! 6.7 .08 .006 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.7 .11 .011 ! 9 45 32 13 ! 9 1.7 2.3 1.3 .81 ! .020 1.17 .008 ! 1.0 21 5 ! .94 ! ! ! ! 0.40 ! 6.1 .21 .019 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.50 ! 6.5 .59 .078 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 7.5 1.1 1.52 ! 8 34 27 29 ! 17 2.7 7.5 6.8 .18 ! .021 1.17 .016 ! 2.6 29 13 ! .99 ! ! ! ! 0.70 ! 7.7 1.2 1.77 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.80 ! 8.2 .64 .099 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 8.4 .37 .056 ! 37 31 10 19 ! 13 2.3 6.2 5.5 .15 ! .015 1.20 .009 ! 1.8 24 10 ! .99 ! ! ! ! 1.00 ! 8.5 .45 .058 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.10 ! 8.7 .63 .087 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 8.9 .80 .115 ! 5 30 36 29 ! 21 5.2 8.0 8.0 .26 ! .023 1.18 .009 ! 2.5 ! ! ! ! ! 1.30 ! 9.1 .76 .110 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.40 ! 8.9 .75 .105 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 8.8 .73 .105 ! ! ! ! 3.1 ! ! ! ! ! 0.24 ! 7.0 .10 .009 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 2.4 ! .20 ! 3 11 ! .56 ! ! 169 66 1.7 2.9 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 1.9 ! .18 ! 2 7 ! .52 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.20 ! .93 ! .07 ! 5 4 ! .31 ! ! ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Whiteway SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: S 2 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: almost certain or certain MGA REFERENCE: 450 006 mE 6 964 987 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Affinities with Solodic LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: backplain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uf6.32 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: alluvial plain SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT Paleustalf VEGETATION: FAO UNESCO UNIT: STRUCTURAL FORM: AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: VERTIC, HYPERCALCIC, DOMINANT SPECIES BLACK, DERMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: hard setting HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION AP 0 to .21 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/3) moist, brownish grey (7.5YR6/1) dry; light medium clay; weak 10-20mm subangular blocky; dry; very strong; few fine ferromanganiferous concretions; common <1mm roots. sharp smooth to- B21tc .21 to .50 m Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; medium clay; weak 20-50mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 10-20mm lenticular; dry; very strong; common fine ferromanganiferous concretions; few <1mm roots. clear wavy to- B22t .50 to .82 m Black (7.5YR2/1) moist; medium clay; strong 20-50mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; dry; very strong; few fine ferromanganiferous concretions; few <1mm roots. abrupt wavy to- B23t .82 to 1.05 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; strong 50-100mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; dry; very strong; common coarse calcareous nodules, very highly 9 calcareous, few fine ferromanganiferous concretions; few <1mm roots. gradual wavy to- 3 B24tk 1.05 to 1.25 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; strong 50-100mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 10-20mm lenticular; dry; very strong; common coarse calcareous nodules, very highly calcareous, few fine ferromanganiferous concretions; few <1mm roots. diffuse wavy to- B24tk 1.25 to 1.41 m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; medium clay; strong 50-100mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 10-20mm lenticular; dry; very strong; few very coarse calcareous soft segregations, very highly calcareous, few fine ferromanganiferous concretions; few <1mm roots. clear wavy to- B25tkc 1.41 to 1.75 m Dark brown (10YR3/4) moist; medium clay; strong 50-100mm lenticular largest peds, parting to moderate 10-20mm lenticular; dry; very strong; many extremely coarse calcareous soft segregations, very highly calcareous, common fine ferromanganiferous concretions; few <1mm roots. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 6.0 .24 .003 ! ! ! ! 3.1 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 6.7 .12 .005 ! 9 25 31 34 ! 34 7.0 13 2.3 .63 ! .230 1189 .034 ! 3.2 16 ! .56 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 8.3 .23 .021 ! 7 26 23 48 ! 45 12 27 6.2 .27 ! .258 .935 .025 ! 4.9 25 ! .52 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 9.3 .55 .057 ! 4 28 23 48 ! 50 11 31 10 .31 ! .145 .947 .018 ! 5.4 24 ! .88 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 9.2 .65 .077 ! 4 21 20 53 ! 45 9.0 28 10 .35 ! .086 .815 .013 ! 5.0 24 ! .98 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 9.3 .71 .079 ! 6 20 17 55 ! 46 9.5 28 *** .34 ! .058 .703 .013 ! 5.1 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 9.5 .70 .071 ! ! ! ! 4.0 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 2.0 ! .18 ! 468 130 ! .72 ! ! 256 30 2.4 2.5 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOILS OF THE ALLUVIAL FANS AND FLATS DERIVED FROM HELIDON SANDSTONE (NORTHERN TRIBUTARIES)

SOIL TYPE: Balaam SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: S 6 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: almost certain or certain MGA REFERENCE: 437 006 mE 6 967 087 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Yellow earth LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dy2.81 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace (dissected) SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Plinthustalf FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: BLEACHED, EUTROPHIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: BROWN, CHROMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION A1 0 to .12 m Brownish black (5YR2/1) moist; sandy loam; massive; moist; very weak; few <1mm roots. clear wavy to- A2e .12 to .25 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist, dull yellowish orange (10YR7/4) dry; sandy loam; massive; moist; very weak; few <1mm roots. clear wavy to- B21t .25 to .43 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) moist; sandy clay loam; massive; moist; very weak; few <1mm roots. clear wavy to- B22tc .43 to .87 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) moist; sandy clay loam; massive; moist; very weak; few coarse ferruginous soft segregations; few <1mm roots. abrupt wavy to- 9

4 B23tc .87 to 1.04 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR6/8) moist; light sandy clay loam; few small pebbles, rounded tabular quartz, moderately strong, dispersed; massive; dry; moderately weak; many coarse ferruginous concretions; few 2-5mm roots. clear wavy to- B24tc 1.04 to 1.38 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR6/6) moist; light sandy clay loam; few small pebbles, rounded tabular quartz, moderately strong, dispersed; massive; dry; moderately weak; very many coarse ferruginous concretions; few 2-5mm roots. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 5.3 .11 .001 ! ! ! ! 0.8 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 5.4 .13 .003 ! 53 27 13 9 ! 12 2.4 1.5 .12 .12 ! .017 .013 .019 ! 1.1 4 ! .59 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 5.8 .02 .001 ! 47 31 13 11 ! 5 .39 1.5 .05 .04 ! .006 .003 .009 ! 0.9 5 ! .61 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 5.6 .03 .001 ! 40 21 4 34 ! 9 .07 2.9 .13 .05 ! .015 .027 .013 ! 2.0 10 ! .11 ! ! ! ! 0.87 ! 5.9 .07 .004 ! 37 21 10 33 ! 9 .34 3.5 .35 .14 ! .017 .023 .014 ! 2.1 12 ! .26 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 6.6 .01 .001 ! 46 22 10 22 ! 8 .10 3.7 .16 .05 ! .013 .011 .008 ! 1.9 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.4 ! .06 ! 6 5 ! .18 ! ! 35 10 .12 .22 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Donnell SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: S 8 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: almost certain or certain MGA REFERENCE: 432 106 mE 6 955 8037 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Red earth – Earthy Sand intergrade LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: terrace flat PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uc4.32 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terraced land SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Ustochrept FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: RED, KANDOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus tessellaris ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: loose

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP 0 to .13 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; sandy loam; massive; dry; very weak. clear to- B2 .13 to .60 m Reddish brown (5YR4/6) moist; sandy loam; massive; dry; very weak; very few manganiferous soft 9

5 segregations. clear to- B3 .60 to .80 m Brown (7.5YR4/6) moist; sandy loam; massive; moderately moist; very weak; very few manganiferous concretions. diffuse to- C .80 to 1.40 m Brown (7.5YR4/6) moist; clayey sand; single grain; dry; loose; very few manganiferous concretions. gradual to- D 1.40 to 1.60 m Bright brown (7.5YR5/6) moist; sand; few fragments, rounded quartz; single grain; dry; loose. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 8.3 .24 .001 ! ! ! ! 0.8 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 8.6 .15 .001 ! 57 16 12 17 ! 6 6.4 1.2 .05 .28 ! .082 .713 .017 ! 0.9 5 ! .65 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 8.3 .04 .001 ! 60 16 2 17 ! 4 2.7 1.3 .05 .25 ! .029 .688 .008 ! 0.8 5 ! .96 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 8.1 .03 .001 ! 60 14 7 20 ! 5 1.8 1.9 .04 .29 ! .034 .805 .007 ! 1.0 6 ! .66 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 7.9 .02 .001 ! 68 16 6 10 ! 3 .96 1.3 .03 .23 ! .026 .705 .007 ! 0.7 4 ! .70 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 7.5 .02 .001 ! 70 18 4 7 ! 3 .49 .71 .05 .32 ! .020 .784 .006 ! 0.4 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 6.3 .01 .001 ! ! ! ! 0.4 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.0 ! .09 ! 176 25 ! .41 ! ! 5 34 .62 1.2 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

SOIL TYPE: Holcomb SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: S10 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: almost certain or certain MGA REFERENCE: 430 556 mE 6 955 350 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Non-calcic brown soil LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: terrace flat PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dr2.12 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terraced land SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Haplustalf FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: HAPLIC, EUTROPHIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: RED, DERMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: loose

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

AP 0 to .30 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/3) moist; loam, fine sandy; massive; moist; very weak; 1-2mm roots. gradual to- B2t .30 to .65 m Reddish brown (5YR4/6) moist; light clay; moderate 20-50mm prismatic; dry; moderately strong; 1-2mm roots. gradual to- B31t .65 to .90 m Reddish brown (5YR4/8) moist; clay loam, fine sandy; moderate 10-20mm prismatic parting to moderate 2-5mm polyhedral; dry; moderately strong; few manganiferous concretions; 1-2mm roots. diffuse to- B32t .90 to 1.60 m Reddish brown (5YR4/8) moist; clay loam, fine sandy; weak 20-50mm prismatic; dry; moderately strong; very few manganiferous soft segregations. clear to- 9

6 D 1.60 to 1.80 m Reddish brown (2.5YR4/6) moist; common fine faint grey mottles; light medium clay; moderate 2-5mm polyhedral; dry; moderately strong; very few manganiferous soft segregations. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 5.6 .28 .001 ! ! ! ! 1.1 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 5.7 .11 .001 ! 14 44 18 25 ! 9 2.8 1.1 .06 .81 ! .080 1493 .019 ! 1.1 7 ! .73 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.5 .05 .001 ! 10 39 20 34 ! 8 4.4 1.5 .05 .73 ! .049 1519 .014 ! 1.5 11 ! .60 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 6.8 .04 .001 ! 10 29 22 42 ! 11 5.8 2.2 .08 .41 ! .036 1429 .014 ! 2.1 13 ! .34 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 6.8 .03 .001 ! 20 40 14 28 ! 7 3.2 1.6 .17 .20 ! .033 1490 .010 ! 1.2 8 ! .38 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 6.8 .03 .001 ! 19 39 14 28 ! 7 3.9 1.9 .06 .26 ! .030 1529 .011 ! 1.4 ! ! ! ! ! 1.50 ! 6.8 .03 .001 ! ! ! ! 1.6 ! ! ! ! ! 1.80 ! 7.1 .01 .001 ! ! ! ! 2.4 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 0.7 ! .08 ! 123 95 ! .97 ! ! 30 142 4.3 4.7 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

OIL TYPE: Spring SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: unconsolidated material (unidentified) SITE NO: S 7 CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: almost certain or certain MGA REFERENCE: 431 806 mE 6 962 387 mN ZONE 56 SLOPE: GREAT SOIL GROUP: Yellow Podzolic Soil LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dy2.81 LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: terrace (dissected) SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Plinthustalf FAO UNESCO UNIT: VEGETATION AUSTRALIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION: BLEACHED-FERRIC, STRUCTURAL FORM: MAGNESIC, RED, CHROMOSOL. (Confidence level 1). DOMINANT SPECIES ANNUAL RAINFALL: 780 mm

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: hard setting HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A11 0 to .04 m Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; sandy loam; massive; dry; very weak; common 2-5mm roots. abrupt wavy to-

9 A12 .04 to .16 m Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; sandy loam; massive; dry; moderately firm; few 1-2mm roots. 7 A2ec .16 to .42 m Bright brown (7.5YR5/6) moist, dull orange (7.5YR7/3) dry; clayey sand; massive; dry; moderately firm; many coarse ferruginous concretions; few 1-2mm roots. abrupt smooth to- B2c .42 to .71 m Bright reddish brown (5YR5/6) moist; clay loam; massive; dry; very firm; many coarse ferruginous concretions; few 1-2mm roots. abrupt wavy to- D1c .71 to .96 m Bright reddish brown (5YR5/8) moist; many coarse prominent red mottles, common medium distinct yellow mottles; massive; dry; very firm; platy continuous weakly cemented thin ironpan; few coarse ferruginous concretions. clear wavy to- D2c .96 to 1.32 m Bright reddish brown (5YR5/8) moist; many coarse prominent yellow mottles, common coarse prominent red mottles; massive; dry; very firm; platy continuous weakly cemented thin ironpan; few coarse ferruginous concretions. ! Depth ! 1:5 Soil/Water !Particle Size! Exch. Cations ! Total Elements ! Moistures !Disp.Ratio! Exch Exch ECEC ! pH ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! CS FS S C ! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! P K S ! ADM 33* 1500*! R1 R2 ! Al Acid !CaCl2! ! metres ! dS/m % ! % ! m.eq/100g ! % ! % ! ! m.eq/100g ! ! ! ! @ 40C @105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 80C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C !@ 40C! ! B 0.10 ! 6.2 .14 .001 ! ! ! ! 1.0 ! ! ! ! ! 0.10 ! 6.4 .05 .001 ! 46 33 13 8 ! 12 4.5 2.3 .09 .36 ! .019 .071 .024 ! 1.1 5 ! .55 ! ! ! ! 0.30 ! 6.3 .01 .001 ! 48 33 13 5 ! 4 .46 .86 .06 .20 ! .005 .063 .009 ! 0.7 3 ! .84 ! ! ! ! 0.60 ! 6.1 .02 .001 ! 37 30 12 23 ! 9 .16 2.9 .09 .66 ! .011 .103 .013 ! 1.7 9 ! .45 ! ! ! ! 0.90 ! 6.2 .02 .002 ! 35 27 16 25 ! 9 .16 3.3 .17 .22 ! .008 .054 .009 ! 2.0 10 ! .26 ! ! ! ! 1.20 ! 6.5 .01 .002 ! 39 28 15 20 ! 7 .07 3.2 .13 .14 ! .007 .042 .007 ! 1.3 ! ! ! ! ! Depth !Org.C !Tot.N ! Extr. P ! HCl !CaCl2 Extr! DTPA-extr. ! Extractable ! P ! Alternative Cations ! ! ! (W&B)! !Acid Bicarb.! K ! K P ! Fe Mn Cu Zn B !SO4S NO3N NH4N !Buff Equil! CEC Ca Mg Na K ! ! metres ! % ! % ! mg/kg ! meq%! mg/kg ! mg/kg ! mg/kg !Cap ug/L! m.eq/100g ! ! !@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 105C ! @ 40C ! @ 105C ! ! B 0.10 ! 1.4 ! .08 ! 6 5 ! .36 ! ! 20 13 .16 1.5 ! ! ! ! * -33kPa (-0.33bar) and -1500kPa (-15 bar) using pressure plate apparatus. Cation method: . CEC methods: . Alternative cation method: . Alternative CEC method: . ECEC METHOD: .

APPENDIX 2

LIMITATIONS AND SUITABILITY OF LOCKYER VALLEY SOILS FOR VARIOUS

CROPS

Table A1 Limitation subclass rules

Limitation Subclasses

Soil depth D1 > 1.5 m D2 1.0 – 1.5 m D3 0.6 – 1.0 m D4 0.4 – 0.6 m D5 < 0.4 m Erosion E < 1% E2 1 – 4% E3 4 – 8% E4 > 8% Flooding F1 > 40 yrs freq. F2 10 – 40 yrs F3 6 – 9 yrs F4 2 – 5 yrs F5 < 2yrs Plant available water M1 > 100 mm M2 70 – 100 mm M3 45 – 70 mm M4 < 45 mm Narrow moisture range R1 no restriction R2 moderate range R3 narrow range Soil adhesion A1 slightly adhesive A2 moderately adhesive A3 strongly adhesive Stoniness S1 <2% S2 2-10% S3 10-20% S4 20-50% S5 >50% Wetness *Drainage class Permeability W1 5 - 6 H W2 5 M W3 3 - 4 M W4 2 - 3 MS W5 1 HMSV Microrelief T1 <0.1m vertical interval T3 0.1 – 0.3 m T4 0.3 – 0.6 m T5 >0.6 m

* Drainage class and Permeability codes and definitions follow McDonald et al., (1984)

Table A2 Limitations of Lockyer Valleys soils and their general suitability for irrigated crops

Limitations of soil, land and environmental attributes Soil name Code Erosion Stoniness Soil Narrow Available Soil adhesion Flooding Wetness Micro General depth moisture water relief Irrigation range Suitability Abell 'Ab' 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 Abell (light) 'Ab(l)' 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 Balaam 'Bm' 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 Blenheim 'Bl' 1 1 2 3 1 3 1-4 3 1 3-4 Blenheim 'Bl(dg)' 1 1 2 3 1 3 4 4 3 4 (depression,gilgai) Blenheim (eroded) 'Bl(e)' 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 4 Blenheim (gilgai) 'Bl(g)' 2 1 2 3 1 3 3-4 3 3 3-4 Blenheim (heavy) 'Bl(h)' 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 3

99 Blenheim (light) 'Bl(l)' 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 Blenheim (rise) 'Bl(r)' 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 Blenheim (depression) 'Bl-d' 1 1 2 3 1 3 4 4 1 4 Buaraba 'Br' 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 Buaraba (red) 'Br-r' 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 Buaraba (yellow) 'Br-y' 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 Cavendish 'Cd' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-3 2 1 2-3 Churchill 'Ch' 2 1 4 1 3 2 1 4 1 5 Clarendon 'Cl' 1 1 3 3 1 3 2-5 4 1 4-5 Clarendon (gilgai) 'Cl(g)' 1 1 3 3 1 3 5 4 4 5 Clarendon (sandy) 'Cl(s)' 1 1 3 3 1 3 5 4 1 5 Donnell 'Dn' 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 Flagstone 'Fs' 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Flagstone (light) 'Fs(l)' 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Flagstone (stony) 'Fs(st)' 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Glencairn 'Gc' 2 1 4 1 3 1 1 3 1 4

Table A2 Continued

Soil name Code Erosion Stoniness Soil Narrow Available Soil adhesion Flooding Wetness Micro General depth moisture water relief Irrigation range Suitability Geismann 'Gm' 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 4 Geismann (light) 'Gm(l)' 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 4 Holcomb 'Hc' 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 Helidon 'Hd' 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 Helidon (heavy) 'Hd(h)' 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 Helidon (stony) 'Hd(st)' 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 Hooper 'Hp' 1 1 1 1 1 2 2-3 2 1 2-3 Hooper (light) 'Hp(l)' 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Hattonvale 'Ht' 2 1 4 1 3 2 1 3 1 4 Hattonvale (sloping) 'Ht(sl)' 3 1 4 1 3 2 1 3 1 5 Hattonvale (stony) 'Ht(st)' 2 3 4 1 3 2 1 3 1 5 Hattonvale (acid) 'Ht-a' 2 1 4 1 3 2 1 3 1 5 Laidley 'Ld' 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 1 4

1 Laidley (eroded) 'Ld(e)' 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 5 00 Leshke 'Lk' 2 1 4 3 3 3 1 4 1 4 Leshke (gilgai) 'Lk(g)' 2 1 4 3 3 3 1 4 1 4 Leshke (heavy) 'Lk(h)' 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 4 1 5 Leshke (sloping) 'Lk(sl)' 3 1 4 3 3 3 1 4 1 5 Leshke (wet,acid) 'Lk(wa)' 2 1 5 3 3 3 1 4 1 5 Lockrose 'Lr' 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 Lawes 'Lw' 1 1 1 3 1 3 1-3 3 1 3 Lawes (heavy) 'Lw(h)' 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Lawes (hardsetting) 'Lw(hs)' 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 4 Lockyer 'Ly' 1 1 1 1 1 2 3-4 2 1 3-4 Lockyer (heavy) 'Ly(h)' 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 Lockyer (stony) 'Ly(st)' 1 3 4 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 Peacock 'Pc' 3 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 Peacock (heavy) 'Pc(h)' 3 1 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 Redbank 'Rb' 1 1 1 1 2 1 1-2 1 1 3 Redbank (stony) 'Rb(st)' 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 Ryan 'Rn' 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 3

Table A2 (Continued)

Soil name Code Erosion Stoniness Soil Narrow Available Soil adhesion Flooding Wetness Micro General depth moisture water relief Irrigation range Suitability Robinson 'Rs' 1 1 3 1 1 1 3-4 1 1 3-4 Robinson (heavy) 'Rs(h)' 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 4 Robinson (stony) 'Rs(st)' 1 5 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 Spring 'Sg' 1 1 1 1 2 1 4-5 2 1 4-5 Spellman 'Sm' 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 Spellman (stony) 'Sm(st)' 2 3 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 4 Sutton 'Sn' 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 Sutton (light) 'Sn(l)' 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 1

01 Sippel 'Sp' 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 Stockyard 'Sy' 2 1 4 2 2 3 1-3 4 1 4 Stockyard (heavy) 'Sy(h)' 2 1 4 3 1 3 1-4 4 1 5 Stockyard (sandy) 'Sy(s)' 2 1 4 1 2 2 1 4 1 5 Stockyard (stony) 'Sy(st)' 2 1 4 2 2 3 1 4 1 5 Stockyard (depression) 'Sy-d' 1 1 4 2 2 3 1 5 1 5 Tenthill 'Th' 1 1 2 2 1 3 1-3 2 1 1-3 Tenthill (depression) 'Th(d)' 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Tenthill (heavy) 'Th(h)' 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Tenthill (light) 'Th(l)' 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 Tenthill (stony) 'Th(st)' 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 Townson 'Ts' 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Townson (brown) 'Ts(br)' 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Thornton 'Tt' 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 Thornton (heavy) 'Tt(h)' 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 4 1 3 Woodbine 'Wb' 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 Woodbine (stony) 'Wb(st)' 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 Whiteway 'Ww' 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 Whiteway (depression) 'Ww-d' 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 4 1 4

Table A3 Suitability of Lockyer Valley soils for vegetables and flowers

Soil Contract Brassica Potato Shallow Asparagus Snowpea,celery, Strawberry, Carrot Cucumber, Code vegetables rooted tomatoes, cucurbits, zucchini, and flowers lettuce, pumpkin, rockmelon onions capsicum watermelon Ab 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Ab(l) 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Bl 2 2 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 Bl(d) 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 5 5 Bl(d) 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 Bl(dg) 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 Bl(e) 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 5 4 Bl(g) 3 2 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 Bl(h) 3 2 4 4 5 4 3 5 4 Bl(k) 2 2 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 Bl(l) 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 Bl(r) 3 2 3 3 5 3 3 3 4 Bl(s) 3 2 4 4 5 4 3 5 4 Bm 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Br 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Br(r) 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Br(y) 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 Cd 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Cl 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 Cl(g) 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 Cl(s) 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 Dn 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 Fs 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 Fs(l) 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 Fs(st) 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 Gc 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 Gm 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Gm(l) 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 Hc 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 Hd 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 Hd(h) 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 Hd(st) 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 4 3 Hp 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 Hp(l) 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 Hp(r) 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 Ht 4 4 1 4 5 4 3 4 4 Ht 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 Ht(a) 5 5 5 4 5 4 3 4 4 Ht(sl) 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 5 4 Ht(st) 5 5 5 4 5 4 3 5 4 Ld 4 2 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 Ld(e) 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 4 Lk 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Lk(g) 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Lk(h) 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Lk(s) 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Lk(sl) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Lk(wa) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Lr 2 2 4 2 4 2 3 2 3 Lw 2 2 3 2 4 2 3 2 4 Lw(h) 3 2 4 3 5 3 3 3 4 Lw(hs) 3 3 4 3 5 3 3 3 4 Ly 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 Ly(h) 2 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 Ly(st) 5 3 3 0 4 3 4 4 4

102

Table A3 (continued)

Pc(h) 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 Rb 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 Rb(st) 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 4 2 Rn 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Rs 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 Rs(h) 3 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 Rs(st) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 Sg 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Sm 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 Sm(st) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 Sn 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Sn(l) 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Sp 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 Sp(st) 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 Sy 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 Sy(d) 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 Sy(g) 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 Sy(h) 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 Sy(st) 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 4 Th 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 Th 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 Th(d) 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 Th(h) 2 2 3 2 4 2 3 2 4 Th(l) 5 3 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 Th(st) 4 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 Ts 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 Ts(br) 5 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 Tt 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 Tt(h) 5 3 4 5 5 5 4 3 5 Wb 4 2 4 3 5 3 3 3 4 Wb(st) 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 Ww 3 3 3 4 5 4 3 4 4 Ww(d) 5 4 0 5 5 5 4 5 5 Ww(d) 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5

103

Table A4 Suitability of Lockyer Valley soils for avocado, mango, grain, oilseeds, lucerne, cotton, peanut.

Soil code Avocado Mango Vineyards Grains Oilseeds Lucerne Cotton Peanut

Ab 4 3 3 3 3 2 5 2 Ab(l) 3 3 3 3 3 2 5 2 Bl 5 4 4 2 2 3 1 3 Bl(d) 5 4 5 4 4 3 1 4 Bl(d) 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 4 Bl(dg) 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 4 Bl(e) 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 4 Bl(g) 5 4 4 2 2 3 2 3 Bl(h) 5 4 4 2 2 3 2 4 Bl(k) 5 4 4 2 2 3 1 3 Bl(l) 5 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 Bl(r) 5 4 4 2 2 3 2 3 Bl(s) 5 4 4 2 2 3 2 4 Bm 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 Br 3 2 3 3 3 1 3 1 Br(r) 3 2 3 3 3 1 3 1 Br(y) 4 3 3 3 3 1 3 2 Cd 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 Cl 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 Cl(g) 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 Cl(s) 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 Dn 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 3 Fs 5 4 4 2 2 3 1 3 Fs(l) 5 4 4 2 2 3 1 2 Fs(st) 5 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 Gc 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 Gm 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 Gm(l) 5 3 3 4 4 3 4 2 Hc 2 1 3 3 3 3 4 2 Hd 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 Hd(h) 5 4 4 3 3 3 5 3 Hd(st) 5 3 3 4 4 4 5 4 Hp 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 Hp(l) 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 Hp(r) 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 Ht 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 Ht 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Ht(a) 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 Ht(sl) 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 Ht(st) 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 Ld 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 Ld(e) 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 Lk 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 Lk(g) 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 Lk(h) 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 Lk(s) 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 Lk(sl) 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 Lk(wa) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Lr 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 Lw 5 4 4 2 2 2 1 4 Lw(h) 5 5 5 2 2 4 2 4 Lw(hs) 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 Ly 2 1 3 3 3 2 3 1 Ly(h) 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 Ly(st) 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 3

104

Table A4 (continued)

Soil code Avocado Mango Vineyards Grains Oilseeds Lucerne Cotton Peanut

Pc 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 Pc(h) 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 Rb 1 1 3 3 4 3 4 2 Rb(st) 1 1 3 3 4 3 4 2 Rn 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 2 Rs 5 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 Rs(h) 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 Rs(st) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Sg 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 Sm 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 Sm(st) 4 3 3 4 4 5 5 3 Sn 4 3 3 3 3 2 5 3 Sn(l) 3 3 3 3 3 2 5 2 Sp 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 Sp(st) 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 Sy 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 Sy(d) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Sy(g) 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 Sy(h) 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 Sy(st) 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 Th 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 Th 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 Th(d) 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 Th(h) 5 4 4 2 2 2 1 4 Th(l) 3 2 3 3 3 3 5 1 Th(st) 4 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 Ts 5 4 4 3 3 3 5 4 Ts(br) 5 4 4 3 3 3 5 3 Tt 5 4 4 3 3 3 5 4 Tt(h) 5 4 4 3 3 3 5 4 Wb 5 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 Wb(st) 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 Ww 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 3 Ww(d) 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 0

105