Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol 19(3), July 2020, pp 617-634

A review of used in ethnoveterinary medicine in Central

RLS Sikarwar*,1,+ & Arjun Pradad Tiwari2 1Department of Environmental Science, AKS University, Satna 485 001, , India 2Regional Museum of Natural History, Mysore 570 011, , India E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Received 04 October 2016; revised 15 July 2020

The Central Indian region consists mainly with Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states of India and occupied the core zone of the country. The various tribal communities comprise about 24% population of . The scrutiny of literature on ethnoveterinary medicines of Central India indicates that there are about 270 species under 218 genera and 84 families are used by tribal and rural communities of Central India for the treatment of 139 types of different ailments, diseases and disorders of their pet/domestic animals. This indigenous knowledge and practice of tribal and rural people is based primarily on locally available medicinal plants found in their surroundings. Therefore, all these medicinal plants should be scientifically screened in order to find out newer sources of ethnoveterinary drugs of herbal origin.

Keywords: Central India, Ethnoveterinary medicine, Prescriptions, Tribals and rural communities

IPC Code: Int. Cl.20: A61K 36/42, A61K 36/00

The men and animal relationship are as old as scriptures particularly, Atharva veda is regarded as a human civilization. Man is dependent on his livestock repository of traditional medicine including the for fulfilment of various requirements such as food, prescriptions for animal cure. Other ancient scriptures milk, clothing, agriculture, fertilizers, labour and cash. like Agni purana, Devi Purana, Garuda purana, In many societies animals play a singnifiicant role as Matsya Purana, Skand Purana, and Linga purana and equal to human. For keeping animals healthy, Charaka Samhita, Susruta Samhita and Shalihotra traditional medicine men treat various diseases and contain information on the treatment of animal ailments of animals with the locally available herbs diseases through medicinal plants. In Mahabharata, since centuries. These practices passed down orally Prince Nakul and Prince Sahadev were the veterinary from generation to generation. The study of doctors of horses and cows respectively. Salihotra, the traditional healing practices of animals’ health is greatest and most revered teacher of veterinary called ‘ethnoveterinary medicine’. science was regarded as ‘the father of veterinary Ethnoveterinary medicine consists of local people’s science’3. knowledge, skills, methods, practices and beliefs The Central Indian region consists mainly with 1 pertaining to animal health and production . Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states of India and Ethnoveterinary medicine is based on locally occupied the core zone of the country. The area is available herbs, which are easily avalaible in all very rich in cultural as well as biological diversity. seasons and often provides cheaper options than The total area of Central India (Madhya Pradesh and comparable to the modern medicines having no side Chhattisgarh states) is about 4,43,446 sq. km. Out of effects. In the above facts, it is increasing interest in which about 36% area is covered by the forests. the field of ethnoveterinary research and Mainly 4 types of forests are found in Central India 2 development . such as Tropical semi-evergreen forests, Tropical In India ethnoveterinary medicines were practiced moist deciduous forests, Tropical dry deciduous since ancient times. In various ancient Indian forests and Tropical thorn forests. The climate is Indian monsoon with maximum rain falling in rainy —————— *Corresponding author season, i.e., between the end of June to September. 618 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOW, JULY 2020

The average annual rainfall in the central India varies During study, it has been observed that the younger from 700 mm to 2000 mm. The highest temperature generation of the tribal communities is not interested recorded as 470C in the month of May and to hold on these traditional practices. Therefore, it is June and lowest as 10C in the month of December necessary that before this valuable traditional and January. knowledge is lost forever it must be properly The central Indian region is very rich in tribal documented from old and experienced tribal population. According to 2011 census, the various medicine men. tribal communities such as Abujhmaria, Baiga, Bhil, Bhilala, Gond, Kol, Korku, Korwa, Oraon, Sahariya Review of literature comprise about 24% population of these both states A scrutiny of literature reveals that several research Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. The tribal papers on ethnoveterinary medicines of various communities reside in and around the forest areas and regions and districts of Central India have published utilize forest resources for fulfillment of their daily such as Madhya Pradesh5-6 and Central India7, needs such as for food, fodder, fibre, medicine, dyes, Morena district8, district9 Achanakmar- gum, resins, hunting and fishing, household and Amarkantak Biosphere Reserves10, district11, agricultural implements, totems, taboos, worship, West district12, Satna district13-14, district etc.They are mostly landless and very poor. The forest of Uttar Pradesh15, district16, alone is unable to fulfil their daily requirements. district17, Shivpuri district18, Tikamgarh district19, Therefore, they raise domestic animals such as Narsinghpur20, Betul district21, Bundelkhand22 and buffaloes, cows, dogs, goats, hen, oxen, pigs, sheeps, Northeast region of Chhattisgarh23 etc. for milk production, agriculture and commercial The aforesaid literature reveals that the purposes. maximum work on ethnoveterinary medicines As per the livestock population 20124, the total has been carried out in Madhya Pradesh livestock population of Madhya Pradesh and and in comparision a single paperhas so far Chhattisgarh is about 36332627 and 15043943 been published from Chhattisgarh23 which is excluding stray cattle (6339364 in MP & 138122 in rich in cultural and biological diversity. CG) and stray dogs (1208539 in MP & 343622 in Except Sikarwar et al.,5 and Sikarwar8, all research C.G) respectively. The Madhya Pradesh occupy papers published on ethnoveterinary medicine first position in India in respect of cattle of Central India after the publication of well population (10.27%) and fifth position in buffaloes known book Dictionary of Ethnoveterinary population (7.53%). The details of the population Plants of India24. of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are given in (Table 1). Enumeration As the modern medicine is either not available or The plants used in veterinary medicine are not affordable for the poor tribals therefore, they use enumerated alphabetically by botanical names, traditional veterinary practices to prevent and treat followed by family (in parenthesis); local names of common animal ailments and diseases with the help different districts (district name written in of locally available medicinal herbs. parenthesis) are given in (Table 2).

Table 1 — List of livestock population in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Central India S.N. Livestock Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Combined M P & C G (Central India) 1 Domestic Cattle 5973720 2500915 8474635 2 Buffaloes 2652346 447528 3099874 3 Goats 1790784 609475 2400259 4 Sheep 19323 20080 39403 5 Pigs 28110 92032 120142 6 Horses & Ponies 18803 2963 21766 7 Mules & Donkeys 14916 263563 278479 8 Camel 3422 645 4067 9 Dogs 433367 263563 696930 10 Elephants 1045 919 1964 11 Poultry 11904710 23102158 35006868 Source: 19th Livestock census 2012, Minsitry of Agriculture, Govt. of India SIKARWAR & TIWARI: A REVIEW OF PLANTS USED IN ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE IN CENTRAL INDIA 619

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 1 Abrus precatorius L. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Gongchi (Gwalior), Seeds+ flour of Pennisetumtyphoides; Rhinitis17; Acute colic, Chirmu (Shivpuri), Gumchi, Ratti (Narsinghpur), Leaves, root; Leaf paste; Crushed roots ephemeral fever, skin Gunj (Jaspur & Surguja), Gunchi (Betul) allergy18; Swelling20,23; Cough, cold & pneumonia21 2 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (Malvaceae) L.N.: Kanghi Leaf powder; Leaves; Leaf paste+buttermilk; Diarrhoea10; Arthritis13; (Amarkantak, Chitrakoot, Shivpuri, Jaspur & Surguja), Leafdecoction+whey Dysentery18; Dysentery & Petari (Betul) diarrhoea21,23 3 Acacia catechu (L.f.) Brandis (Mimosaceae) L.N.: Stem bark paste; Wood powder Wound13; Growing Katha (Chitrakoot), Kattha (Bundelkhand) of papillae22 4 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. (Mimosaceae) L.N.: Stem bark paste Dislocated bones8 Ramja (Morena) 5 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile subsp. Indica (Benth.) Spines decoction; Leaves +leaves of Nimbu Colic pain8; Bloat Brenan (Mimosaceae) L.N.: Babool (Morena, (Citrus lemon )+ baking soda; Leaves and (Tympanitis)17; Maggot Gwalior, Narsinghpur) bark powder; Flower paste, bark extract wounds20; Jaundice, dysentery19 6 Acalypha indica L. (Euphorbiaceae) L.N.: Dudhiya Leaf paste Wound23 7 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. () L.N.: Leaves General tonic12 Gokharu (West Nimar) 8 Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) L.N.: Addajhara Root paste + Ferulasafoetida+paste of Bronchitis6,8;Watering in (Morena), Latjira (Shivpuri), Chirchiri (Vindhyan region), Calotropis procera leaves; Leaf juice+ eyes18; Appetizer12; Andhijhada (West Nimar), Chirchitha (Jaspur & Surguja) saffron; Roasted seeds Get relief from watering23 9 Acorus calamus L. (Araceae) L.N.: Bach (Chitrakoot) Leaf paste, rhizome Wounds14 10 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Adiantaceae) L.N.:Hansraj Plant paste+mustard oil Skin diseases10 (Amarkantak) 11 Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa (Rutaceae) L.N.: Bel (Jhabua, Fruit paste; Fruit pulp; Fruit; Leaf Abortion9; Injury, Chitrakoot, Shivpuri, Tikamgarh), Bael (Narsinghpur) paste+turmeric, fruits; Leaf paste+ constipation13; Flatulence, seed oil of Ricinus communis gastric problem18; Wounds, gastric problem20; Sun burn19 12 Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (Asteraceae) L.N.: Kubbi, Whole plant paste; Leaf juice Healing of wounds7; Khar (Bilaspur), Gangarigera (Baster, Amarkantak), Cut & wounds10 13 Ailanthus excels Roxb. (Simaroubaceae) L.N.:Lohagal Crushed bark; Leaf decoction Appetizer12; Remove (West Nimar), Maharukh (Betul) maggots from wounds21 14 Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wangerin (Cornaceae) L.N.: Plant powder Antidote against poisonus Akol (West Nimar) herbs12 15 Allium cepa L. (Amaryllidaceae) L.N.: Piyaj (Jhabua, Fruit paste, bulb pieces; Bulb paste; Bulb Indigestion, bad taste of Jhansi, Tikamgarh), Kanda (Alirajpur, West Nimar), Kando paste+mustard oil; Bulb paste+jaggery; Bulb mouth cavity (Dandki (Ratlam), extract; Bulb paste+leaf ash of Musa disease)9; Remove paradisiaca+mustard oil maggots from wounds16; Hoof diseases11; Nasal Secretion12; Expel the insect from eyes15; Ectoparasites19 16 Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae) L.N.: Lasun (Jhabua, Bulbs; Bulb juice; Bulbs+ mustard oil, Brain disease, Earache9; Chitrakoot), Lahsun (Gwalior, Shivpuri), Lehson (Jhansi) bulbs+mustardoil+ash of cow dung cake+ Cough & Cold13; curd; Bulb paste+bees wax, Indigestion22; Diarrhoea, milk+cookingoil+bulb paste; Seeds+bulb food poisoning17; Injuries, paste of Allium cepa Snake bite18; Bronchitis15 17 Aloe veraL. (Asphodelaceae) L.N.: Gwarpatha (Jhabua), Leaf pulp; Mastitis (Thanela Gheekuwar (Chitrakoot), Gubarpata (Shivpuri), Leaf pulp+curd; Leaf paste; Leaf mucilage; disease)6,9; Injuries13; Gheekumari (Vindhyan region), Gheegwar (West Nimar), Leaves+leaves of Jatropha curcas; Leaf Unconsciousness Ghikumari (Jhansi), Ghritkumari (Jaspur & Surguja) pulp+soremilk+water (Drooping head)18,23; Swelling of udder12; Burns15 (Contd.) 620 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOW, JULY 2020

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 18 Amaranthus spinosus L.(Amaranthaceae)L.N.: Kantamarish Whole plant, plant decoction; Whole plant Lactation, delivery (Amarkantak), Cholai (Alirajpur) paste complaints10; Wounds16 19 Amaranthus viridis L. (Amaranthaceae) L.N.: Chaulai Seeds+water Tympany15 (Jhansi) 20 Ammannia baccifera L. (Lythraceae) L.N.: Akasia (Ratlam) Plant extract Induce fertility11 21 Amorphophallus paeonii folius (Dennst.) Nicolson Corm decoction and paste body pain7 (Araceae) L.N.: Bhabdi (Jhabua), Jangli Suran, Bhahna Kand (Chhindwara) 22 Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. (Vitaceae) L.N.: Root paste; Root paste+jaggery As a tonic, lactation7,8; Emlosa (Tikamgarh), Eamlaua (Panna), Emlaura (Morena), Blood dysentery12 Dokarbel (West Nimar) 23 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (Acanthaceae) Whole plant decoction Fever and cough18,23 L.N.: Kalmegh (Shivpuri), Bhuineem (Jaspur & Surguja) 24 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze (Lamiaceae) L.N.: Kuschor Leaf decoction body inflammation7 (Jhabua), Bonrmal (Bilaspur) 25 Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) L.N.: Sitaphal Leaf paste, juice of unripe fruits, leaf Cut and wounds7, Worms (Bastar, Jhabua, Alirajpur), Sarifa (Amarkantak), Sitafal decoction, seed paste; Leaf paste; Seed in stomach9; Lice, house (Vindhyan region), Seetaphal (West Nimar), Sharifa powder; Leaf juice+ asafoetida; Leaf flies, mosquitoes and (Jhansi) paste+lime snails, Bone fracture10; Wounds16; Ectoparasites6; Kill maggots12; Foot disease15 26 Arachys hypogaea L. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Mungphali (Jhansi) Seed oil+salt Twitching15 27 Ardisia solanacea (Poir.) Roxb. (Primulaceae) Amarkantak Tender shoot Bone fracture10 paste+bambooleaves+sugar+hen’s egg 28 Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) Amarkantak, Root paste; Leaf and Eczema10; Foot infection, Tikamgarh fruit juice rheumatism19 29 Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott (Araceae) L.N.: Dhei Tuber paste; Tuber paste +salt+chili paste As tonic7; Throat (Panna), Safed teliakand (Shahdol), Jhattawan (Betul), swellings5 Sampbhutta (Bilaspur) 30 Aristolochia bracteolate Lam. (Aristolochiaceae) L.N.: Leaf juice; Leaves heated on til oil Wounds12; Skin infection Girdhan (Weast Nimar), Acchho (Jaspur & Surguja) and wounds23 31 Aristolochia indica L. (Aristolochiaceae) L.N.: Acchho Leaf paste+pepper Insect bites23 (Jaspur & Surguja) 32 Asparagus adscendens Roxb. (Asparagaceae) L.N.: Root paste Lactation20 Satavari (Narsinghpur) 33 Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Asparagaceae) L.N.: Root powder; Root paste+sugar; Root Increase lactation9,12,13; Satawar(Jhabua), Satavari (Chitrakoot), Shatavari powder or whole plant; Root juice Arthritis19,; Increase (West Nimar, Tikamgarh, Betul) milk21 34 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) L.N.: Neem Leaf decoction; Bark decoction; Leaf Foot &mouth disease9,12, (Jhabua, Amarkantak, Chitrakoot, Gwalior, Vindhyan paste+turmeric+ajwain seeds powder+ black ecto-parasites13 (lice and region, West Nimar, Jhansi, Narsinghpur, Tikamgarh, salt, leaf paste+salt; Leaf infusion; Leaf bugs on skin), skin Jaspur & Surguja) paste; Leaf paste+lime, Leaf diseases6,9,18; paste+Citruslimon juice, Leaves+salt, leaf (Khoridisease), earache9; paste; Leaves; Leaf poultice, Wounds9,12,16,17,19,23; Seed oil; Leaf decoction+salt; Leaf paste Intestinal worms6,10; +caster oil; Bark paste +bark Constipation, mmunity, paste of Acacia nilotica indigestion13; Bovicolasis, injury, scabies, volvulus17; Antipyretic, thrust, naucea, vomiting, ulcer18; Cut, injury6, Remove insect from the eyes15; Insect bites20 (Contd.) SIKARWAR & TIWARI: A REVIEW OF PLANTS USED IN ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE IN CENTRAL INDIA 621

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 35 Azanza lampas (Cav.) Alef. (Malvaceae) L.N.: Root paste Paralysis5 Jangli bhindi (Raigarh) 36 Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile(Simaroubaceae) Fruit stone paste+chili, leaf paste; Constipation, eye L.N.: Hingot (Morena), Hingota (Jhansi, Tikamgarh) eed paste+water conjunctivitis8; Neck inflammation15 37 Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss (=Bambusaarundinacea Deriedleaves+lukewarm water; Retard placenta15; Easy (Retz.)Willd.) (Poaceae) L.N.: Bans (Jhansi, Tikamgarh) Leaves, rhizome and leaf paste delivery, diarrhoea19 38 Bauhinia racemosa Lam. (Caesalpiniaceae) L.N.: Astu Root decoction; Leaf paste Stop abortion7; (Sehore, ), Koinar (Amarkantak) Dysentery10 39 Bauhinia variegataL. (Caesalpiniaceae) L.N.: Root paste; Root paste+black Expel placenta after Kachnal (Surguja), Kachnar (Jhansi) cow urine delivery5; Blindness15 40 Begonia picta Sm. (Begoniaceae) L.N.: Bahari () Leaf paste Kill lice of body5 41 Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae) L.N.: Leaf paste Cuts5 Rajarani () 42 Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) L.N.: Punarnava Root powder; Leaves+bark Black quarter, liver (Chitrakoot), Patharchatta (Gwalior), Pattharchatta paste of Moringa oleifera+ diseases14; Rheumatism17; (West Nimar) bulbs of Allium sativum; Root juice Diarhhoea& dysentery12 43 Bombax ceiba L. (Bombacaceae) L.N.: Semra (Morena), Stem bark paste+ turmeric powder; Dislocated bones8,14; Semal (Jhabua, Satna), Semal (Vindhyan region), Katsawar Leaf paste, flower juice; Stem bark; Bark Wounds, prolapse of (Betul) paste+water uterus9; Flatulence, Indigestion6; Dysentery21 44 Brassica campestris L. (Brassiccaceae) L.N.: Seed oil, seed paste; Ash of cycle Skin disease, mastitis Sarson (Jhabua, Gwalior) tyre+mustard oil (Thanela disease), brain disease, earache, falling of tail, wounds9; Foot rot17 45 Brassica rapa L.(=Brassica rapa L. sspcampestris (L.) Seed oil+paste of bulb of Allium cepa; Wounds16;Indigestion Clapham) (Brassicaceae) L.N.: Sarso (Alirajpur), Sarsu Mustard oil+Curcuma longa (Afra disease)11 (Ratlam) 46 Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. (Phyllanthaceae) L.N.: Palati Stem bark paste Prevent abortion10 (Amarkantak) 47 Buchanania lanzan Spreng. (Anacardiaceae) L.N.: Char Bark extract; Kernels; Root bark Washing wounds14; (Chitrakoot), Chironji (Gwalior, Jhansi), Charoli (Betul) powder+cow milk; Gum resin Hyperthermia17; Backbone fracture15; Bone fracture21 48 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Chhiula Bark decoction; Bark paste; Seed Swelling7; Dysentery9; (Tikamgarh), Chhola (Raigarh, Seoni), Tesu (Chhindwara), paste+turmeric; Warmed leaves; Seed paste; Foot & mouth disease Palash (Jhabua, Chitrakoot, West Nimar), Dhak Seed powder+salt+ water; Seed oil+ seed oil (Khurpaka)13; Expel (Bundelkhand, Tikamgarh), Palas (Betul) of Mango; Flower decoction intestinal worms14; Deworming15; Skin inflammation12; Dysurea, paralysis19; Haematuria21 49 Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. (Caesalpiniaceae) Seed paste Kill worms7 L.N.: Gataran (Bastar) 50 Caesalpinia crista L. (Caesalpiniaceae) L.N.: Kali gather Seeds + leaves of Vitex negundo, Fever, as an (West Nimar) seed powder anthelmintic12 51 Cajanus cajanus (L.) Huth. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Arhar Leaf paste Wounds17 (Gwalior) 52 Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) du Petit-Thou (=Atylosia Leaf paste; Whole plant paste Diarrhoea8; Estrus10; scarabaeoides Benth.) (Fabaceae) L.N.:Gonj (Morena), Diarrhoea22 Bankulthi (Amarkantak) (Contd.) 622 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOW, JULY 2020

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 53 Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. (Apocynaceae) L.N.: Leaf and root paste; Burnt root Wounds7; Shoulder Safed Aak (Baster, Bundelkhand, Shivpuri), Safed Akaua powder+sesame oil; Warm leaves; Root; wounds caused by (Morena), Safed Ankuru (Ratlam),Aak (Narsinghpur), Latex; Flower buds,burnt root; Root paste+ yoke5,8; Foot and mouth Safedmadar (Vindhyan region), Madar (Jaspur & Surguja) pepper+garlic disease22; Running nose18; Boils, cuts, injury, wounds, blisters, dogbite11; Swelleng20; Diarrhoea, dysentery, shoulder wounds6; Fever23 54 Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand.(Apocynaceae) L.N.: Leaf juice, latex; Leaves, leaves warmed Earache, conjunctivitis, Madar (Jhabua, Malva region), Akwan (Chitrakoot), Akda with mustard oil; Leaf paste; Root powder+ falling of tail9; Swelling, (Alirajpur), Aak (Gwalior, Shivpuri), Akkaua (Jhansi, milk; Leaves; Leaves; Latex+ seedoil of indigestion13; Healing of Tikamgarh) Arachyshypoaea+ wounds16; Bone fracture, red lead; Warmed leaves; Flower paste skin diseases22; Urine +jaggery retention17; Diarrhoea and dysentery18; Stomachache6; Tumour15; Easy delivery, snake bite19 55 Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabinaceae) L.N.: Bhang (Jhansi) Leaf powder+ whey+water Loose motion15 56 Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew. (Capparaceae) L.N.: Root paste; Whole plant paste Conjunctivitis8; Kareel (Morena), Karil (West Nimar) Inflammated shoulders12 57 Capparis zeylanica L. (Capparaceae) L.N.: Waghata (Betul) Leaf paste+oil Bone fracture21 58 Capsicum annuum L. (=Capsicum frutescensL.) Fruits; Fruit paste+seeds of Cattle castrated18; (Solanaceae) L.N. Shimla mirch (Shivpuri), Mirch, Lal Alliumsativum+seedsof Pipernigrum+seeds Dulness, lunacy15 mirach (Jhansi) of Cuminumcyminum+alum+water; Fruit powder+ rock salt+ Jaggery 59 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae) L.N.: Nagad Leaf paste+whey Filariasis, diarrhoea8 Gomchi (Morena) 60 Careya arborea Roxb.(Lecythidaceae) L.N. Kumbhi, Leaf paste, stem bark paste; Wounds7; Diarrhoea5; (Jhabua, , Jaspur & Surguja), Kumodi, Kumbhi Ripe fruits Dysentery23 (Bastar), 61 Carissa carandas L. (Apocynaceae) L.N.:Karonda Rootpaste+coconut oil; Root paste Maggots of wounds12,15 (Jhansi, West Nimar) 62 Carissa spinarum L.(Apocynaceae) L.N.:Jangli karonda Root paste Wounds5 (Raigarh) 63 Carum carvi L. (Apiaceae) L.N.: Ajwain (Vindhyan region) Seed powder Flatulence, Indigestion6 64 Cassia fistula L. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Barron (Morena), Fruit paste, stem bark paste with cold water; Anthrax8, diarrhoea5,10; Amaltas (Amarkantak, Bundelkhand, Shivpuri, Stem bark powder; Seed paste; Leaves, Antiinflammatory10; Narsinghpur, Tikamgarh, Betul), Garmalo (Ratlam), fruits; Fruit extract; Fruit pulp+ water, fruit Dysentery22; Insect bite, Germala (West Nimar), Bandarlouri (Jaspur & Surguja) decoction; Leaf paste, bark paste +pepper; swelling, rheumatism, Pod paste+wheat bread, Leaf paste+mstard facial paralysis18; oil, leaves and ripe pode paste; Root paste; Indigestion (Afra Flower decoction disease)11; Gas, acidity, cold, throat infection12; Rheumatism, fever20; Indigestion, improve appetite, as purgative, severe constipation19; Snakebites23; Cough & cold21 65 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don (Apocynaceae) Whole plant extract Wounds16 L.N.:Sadabhar (Alirajpur) (Contd.) SIKARWAR & TIWARI: A REVIEW OF PLANTS USED IN ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE IN CENTRAL INDIA 623

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 66 Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin(Vitaceae) L.N.: Ramcharan Root paste +turmeric paste; Foot and mouth disease8; (Morena), Khersiliya (Dhar), Chotigurbel (Ratlam), Root extract;Warm tuber psate Throat swelling5; Dog Tifankand (Betul) bite11; Yoke sores21 67 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Bombacaceae) L.N.: Stem bark paste Wounds16 Semal (Alirajpur) 68 Chamaerops humilis L.(=Phoenix humilis Royle) Leaf decoction Wounds7 (Arecaceae) L.N.: Chhind (Baster) 69 Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae) L.N.: Bathua Leaf powder Sore and wounds14 (Satna) 70 Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker (Asparagaceae) Leaves Brain disease9 L.N.: Musli (Jhabua) 71 Chloroxylon swietenia DC. (Rutaceae) Leaf paste Swelling7 L.N.: Bharhi, (Surguja) 72 Chrozophora rottleri (Geiseler) A. Juss. ex Spreng. Leaf paste+whey; Leaf paste Kill wound worms8; (Euphorbiaceae) L.N.: Kala Dhatura (Morena, Vindhyan Maggots of wounds6 region) 73 Cicer arietinum L. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Gram (Gwalior) Gram flour+ butter milk Dysentery17 74 Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitaceae) L.N.: Harjod Leaf paste; Stem paste+ Amarbel Bone (Chitrakoot, Shivpuri), Arhand (Ratlam), Harjor (Vindhyan (Cuscuttareflexa); Leaf fracture6,11,12,13,14,20,21; region), Harjori (West Nimar), Hadjor (Narsinghpur), decoction+pepper+garlic; Stem Fever,18,23; Diarrhoea12 Harjor (Jaspur&Surguja), Hadjod (Betul) extract+wheat bread; Fresh shoot; Tender stem juice, stem paste; Leaf & stem paste+turmeric+sesame oil; Leaf decoction+pepper+garlic; Stem paste 75 Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae) L.N.: Root decoction Cough23 Dimbo (Jaspur & Surguja) 76 Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. (Rutaceae) L.N.: Nimbu Leaves+leaves of Babool (Acacia Bloat17 (Tympanitis), (Gwalior, Jhansi) niloticasspindica).+baking soda, Scabies17; Blindness15 Fruit juice+ leaf paste of Azadirachtaindica; Fruit juice 77 Clematis brachiata Thunb.(=Clematis triloba Heyne ex Leaf paste Throat swelling21 Roth) (Ranunculaceae) L.N.: Ran-mogra (Betul) 78 Cleome gynandraL. (Cleomaceae) L.N.: Safed Hul-hul Leaf paste; Seed paste Wounds8; Skin diseases6 (Morena); Hulhul (Chitrakoot, Vindhyan region) 79 Cleome simplicifolia Hook.f. &Thoms. (Cleomaceae) Whole plant ash+sesame oil, seed paste Wounds12, arthritis12 L.N.:Hurera (West Nimar) 80 Cleome viscose L. (Cleomaceae) L.N.: Tilwan (Betul) Leaf decoction, seed powder+water Killing maggots in sores21, epilepsy21 81 Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth. ex Hook. f. Bark decoction, fruit paste Wounds7 (Phyllanthaceae) L.N.: Kama, (Baster) 82 Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. (=Clerodendrum multiflorum Plant juice Kill lice12, itchng12 Baker) (Verbenaceae) L.N.: Arni (West Nimar) 83 Clitoria ternatea L. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Gokarni (Betul) Root powder Scorpion sting21 84 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt (Cucurbitaceae) L.N.: Jangle Leaf extract+ghee Wounds23 Kundri (Jaspur & Surguja) 85 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. (Menispermaceae) L.N.: Leaf paste Diarrhoea8 Chirenta (Morena) 86 Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) L.N.: Nariyal (Alirajpur) Seed oil Wounds16 87 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Araceae) L.N.: Saru Crushed tubers; Corm paste Increasing lactation10; (Amarkantak), JangliArbi (West Nimar) Wounds12 88 Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottler) Hook.f. (Cucurbitaceae) Bulppaste+mustard oil Abdominal digestion12 L.N.: Mirchiakand (West Nimar) (Contd.) 624 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOW, JULY 2020

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 89 Commelina suffruticosa Blume (Commelinaceae) Whole plant paste Wounds to kill worms7,8 L.N.:Nagelgera (Baster, Morena) 90 Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae) L.N.: Galobi Whole plant Lactation11 (Ratlam) 91 Corchorus capsularis L. (Tiliaceae) Seed paste Kill wound worms7 L.N.:Chaunch Bhaji (Baster) 92 Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) L.N.: Dhania Fruit paste+black salt; Leaf paste; Indigestion13; Mastitis6; (Chitrakoot, Vindhyan region, Jhansi, Tikamgarh, Seed powder+leaves of Loose motion15,19; Jaspur & Surguja) Lawsoniainermis+water; Fruit powder Facilitate conception23 93 Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht Root paste; Root stock Fever7; Rheumatic pain21 (=Costus speciosus (J.Koenig) Sm.) (Costaceae) L.N.:Kandua (Jhabua), Nalguj (Betul) 94 Crinum latifolium L. (Amaryllidaceae) The juice of bulbous root Fever7 L.N.: Barapungania (Jhabua) 95 Crinum lorifolium Roxb. (=Crinum pratense Herb.) Rootstock paste Wounds7 (Amaryllidaceae) L.N.: Jalsatawar (Baster) 96 Crotalaria juncea L. (Fabaceae) L.N.:San (Morena, Leaf paste Wounds8; Cut & wounds13 Chitrakoot), 97 Cucumis melo L. (Cucurbitaceae) L.N.: Phootkachari Fruit Abdominal distention12, (West Nimar) appetizer12, dysentery12, abdominal disorders12 98 Cuminum cyminum L. (Apiaceae) L.N.: Jeera (Jhabua, Seed powder; Seeds+jaggery; Indigestion9; Agalactia17, Gwalior, Vindhyan region) Fruitpowder+seed powder of constipation17; Trigonellafoenum-graecum +fruit powder of Mastitis6 Trachyspermumammi+seed powder of Cassia tora+fruit powder of Piper nigrum+ Ferula asafetida; Seeds 99 Curculigo orchiodes Gaertn. (Hypoxidaceae) L.N.: Stem paste; Root Foot & Mouth disease9; Kalimusli (Jhabua), Ran musli (West Nimar) Maggots of wounds12 100 Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) L.N.: Rhizome extract+ghee Running nose23 Sapaini (Jaspur & Surguja) 101 Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) L.N.: Rhizome paste, Leaf juice; Bad taste of mouth Haldi (Jhabua, Alirajpur, Jhansi) Rhizome powder; Rhizome cavity9 (Dandki disease), powder+rocksalt+pure ghee Conjunctivitis9; Wounds16; Swelling of teats15 102 Curcuma pseudomontana J.Graham (Zingiberaceae) L.N.: Leaf decoction+salt Tymphany21 Ran Halad (Betul) 103 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Convolvulaceae) L.N.: Amerbel Stem; Plant paste Skin diseases14; (Satna, West Nimar) Uterine prolapsed12 104 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae) L.N.: Duba Plant; Aerial plant, leaf juice Increase lactation9; (Jhabua, Tikamgarh) Conjunctivitis19 105 Cyperus rotundus L.(Cyperaceae) L.N.: Montha Root powder; Plant Intestinal worms22; (Bundelkhand), Dongli (West Nimar) Tonsilitis12, stomach disorders12 106 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Stem bark decoction; Leaf juice; Hoop diseases5; Skin Shisham(Jabalpur, Satna, Jaspur & Surguja), Kalashisham Stem bark paste+garlic +pepper eruptions14, indigestion14; (Shivpuri) Lazy in grazing18,23 107 Dalbergia sissoo DC. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Shisham (Jhansi, Leaf paste+ water; Leaf juice Blisters and leg sore15; Tikamgarh) Stop bleeding19 108 Datura innoxia Mill. (Solanaceae) L.N.: Dhatura (Jhabua) Root paste Fever9 109 Datura metel L. (Solanaceae) L.N.: Datura (Alirajpur), Leaf paste; Roasted fruits; Root powder; Wounds16; Dysentery & Dhatura (Shivpuri, Jhansi, Tikamgarh, Jaspur & Surguja) Ripe fruit paste, leaf and root paste; Roasted cough18,23; Bleeding15; fruits Cold &, wound healing19 (Contd.) SIKARWAR & TIWARI: A REVIEW OF PLANTS USED IN ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE IN CENTRAL INDIA 625

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 110 Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) L.N.: Kala dhatura Leaf paste with ghee; Seed extract Kill wound worms13; (Chitrakoot), Dhturo (Ratlam) Appetizer18 111 Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. (Caesalpiniaceae) (Tikamgarh) Bark extract+bleck pepper+ garlic Fever19 112 Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees (Poaceae) L.N.: Bans Leaf decoction; Roasted fruits Dysentery10,18; Cough18 (Amarkantak, Shivpuri) 113 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Leaves, whole plant Wounds & Tinpatiya (Satna) galactagogue14 114 Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I.Darbysh .(=Peristrophe Plant ash+ghee+oil or paraffin jelly Wounds12 paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt) (Acanthaceae) L.N.: Kuljeera (West Nimar) 115 Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae) L.N.: Gethikanda Tuber paste Wounds5 (Surguja) 116 Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. (Ebenaceae) L.N.: Tendu Stem bark extract, unripe fruits Diarrhoea& lactation14 (Satna) 117 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffery (Cucurbitaceae) L.N.: Fruit paste; Unripe fruits, seeds; Kill pest10; Fever14,21 Rowa (Amarkantak), Shivlingi (Satna, Betul) Leaves or fruits crushed+butter milk Ccolitis14 118 Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f. (=Wattakaka volubilis Plant paste Inflammed shoulders12 (L. f.) Stapf) (Asclepiadaceae) L.N.: Morash (West Nimar) 119 Echinops echionatus Roxb. (Asteraceae) L.N.:Kalthori Root paste; Chopped plant Wounds7; Increasing (Shivpuri), Untkatara (West Nimar) lactation12 120 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (=E. alba (L.) Hassk.) (Asteraceae) Whole plant poultice; Whole plant; Cut & wounds14; L.N.: Bhrangraj (Alirajpur), Ghamira (Vindhyan region), Leaf juice; Leaf paste; Leaf Blindness & Bronchitis18; Bhringraj (Narsinghpur) decoction+mustard oil Cut, injury6; Swelling20; Wounds19 121 Elephantopus scaber L. (Asteraceae) Root pastes; Leaf paste+sugar candy; Whole Kill worms of wounds7; L.N.: Kirmar, Janglibhilwa,(Baster) Chilbil (Raigarh), plant paste Diarrhoea10; Dysentery23 Manjurjhuti (Amarkantak), Minjurchunti (Jaspur & Surguja) 122 Embelia ribes Burm. f. (Primulaceae) L.N.: Wawding Leaf decoction+whey, boiled fruits Dysentery21 (Betul) 123 Enicostema axillare (Poir. ex Lam.) A. Raynal Entire plant Worms in stomach9 (Gentianaceae) L.N.: Naio (Jhabua), 124 Erythrina suberosa Roxb. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Parabdo Stem bark ash+coconut oil Blisters, wounds11 (Ratlam) 125 Erythrina variegate L. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Pangara Bark Anti-inflammatory12 (West Nimar) 126 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (Myrtaceae) Oil Inflammation of foot12 L.N.: Nilgiri (West Niamr) 127 Eulophia nuda Lindl. (Orchidaceae) L.N.:Kukadikand Bulb paste+whey, bulb paste +hot Acidity, inflammation, (West Nimar) water+soda constipation, diuretic12 128 Euphorbia chamaesyce L. (Euphorbiaceae) L.N.: Gudni Whole plant paste+coalpowder+whey Wounds8 (Morena) 129 Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. (Euphorbiaceae) L.N.: Whole plant decoction Kill lice of body5,8 Jainti (Morena, Shivpuri) 130 Euphorbia fusiformis Buch. - Ham. ex D. Don Root paste; Crusedroot+whey Dysentery, fever7; (Euphorbiaceae) L.N.: Khagoni (Jhabua), Dudhiakand Lactagogue12 (West Nimar) 131 Euphorbia heterophylla L.(Euphorbiaceae) L.N.: Dudhia Whole plant paste Increase lactation5 (Mandla) 132 Euphorbia hirtaL. (Euphorbiaceae) L.N.: Dudhi (Jhabua, Leaf paste; Whole plant decoction+pepper; Abortion, antifertility9; Alirajpur, Shivpuri, Jaspur & Surguja), Bangenda Latex; Milk; Cough & cold10; (Amarkantak), Sahjana (West Nimar) Plant paste Wounds16,18,23; Increase lactation12 (Contd.) 626 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOW, JULY 2020

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 133 Euphorbia nerifoliaL. (Euphorbiaceae) L.N.: Kanti dudhi Root paste Antifertility9 (Jhabua) 134 Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. (Euphorbiaceae) L.N.: Latex Throat swellings5 Thuaar (Dhar) 135 Euphorbia indica Lam. (=E. parviflora L.) (Euphorbiaceae) Crused plant Dissolve nails, iron L.N.: Chhoti dudhi (West Nimar) pieces12 136 Euphorbia thymifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) L.N.: Chhoti Crushed plant+Asparagusracemosus+wheat Lactagogue12 dudhi, Lal dudhi (West Nimar) dough 137 Ferula assafoetida L. (Apiaceae) L.N.: Hing (Jhabua), Exudes; Exudes+fruit powder of Indigestion9; Heeng (Gwalior) Cuminumcyminum+seed powder of Constipation, mastitis17 Trigonellafoenum-graecum+fruit powder of Trachyspermumammi+seed powder of Cassia tora+fruit powder of Piper nigrum 138 Ficus benghalensis L. (Moraceae) L.N.: Bargad (Alirajpur, Latex; Leaf ash+water; Root juice Maggot infested Narsinghpur, Tikamgarh), Vadlo (Ratlam) wounds16; Indigestion11 (Afra disease); Maggot wounds20; Stomachache19 139 Ficus hispida L.f. (Moraceae) L.N.: Ottelawa (Betul), Bhui Root paste; Crushed fruits+warm water Weakness7; Lactagogue12 gular (West Nimar) 140 Ficus racemosa L. (=F. glomerata Roxb.) (Moraceae) L.N.: Fruits,leaves; Fruits; Bark decoction+butter Renal problems, Gular (Shivpuri, Jhansi, Narsinghpur) milk dermatitis, diarrhea, ulcer, anthelmitic18; Removal of placenta after delivery15; Diarrhoea20 141 Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae) L.N.: Peepal (Morena, Stem bark paste; Smashed fruits; Constipation8; Inducing Chitrakoot, Gwalior, Vindhyan region, Tikamgarh) Foftleaves+jaggery; Bark decoction; Leaf fertility13; Fracture17; juice Footh& mouth disease6; Tonsils19 142 Gardenia latifoliaAiton (Rubiaceae) L.N.: Phetra (West Oil Foot & mouth disease12 Nimar) 143 Gloriosa superb L. (Colchicaceae) L.N.: Kaliharikand Root paste; Leaves; Crushed bulb Wounds to kill worms5; (Chhindwara, West Nimar), Kalihari (Shivpuri) Swelling, chronic ulcer, colic pain18; Wounds to kill maggots12 144 Glossocardia bosvalea (L.f.) DC. (Astereceae) L.N.: Leaf powder Lameness7 Pittpara (Betul) 145 Grewia hirsute Vahl (Tiliaceae) L.N.: Gudsakri (West Root powder+water Bone fracture12 Nimar) 147 Hedychium coronarium J. König (Zingiberaceae) L.N.: Rhizome paste Kill intestinal worms5 Gulbakaoli (Shahdol) 148 Helianthus annuusL. (Asteraceae) L.N.: Surajmukhi Seed powder+ coconut oil Swelling of testis15 (Jhansi) 149 Helicteres isora L. (Malvaceae) L.N.: Marorphali Dried fruits; Fruit powder+seedpoder Stomachache6; (Vindhyan region, Jhansi) of Cuminumcyminum+whey Dysentery15 150 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. (Apocynaceae) Plant paste Wounds23 L.N.: Dudhiyaparhi (Jaspur & Surguja) 151 Hibiscus rosa-sinensisL. (Malvaceae) L.N.: Gudhal (Jhansi, Barkdecoction Twitching15,19 Tikamgarh) 152 Holarrhena pubescensWall. ex Don (=H. antidysenterica Stem bark Anthrax8; Dysentery23 Wall. ex DC) (Apocynaceae) L.N.: Kuretha (Morena), paste+turmericpaste+alum+liquor; Korya (Jaspur & Surguja) Stem bark decoction 153 Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.)Planch (Ulmaceae) L.N.: Leaf paste; Leaf juice Wounds16; Ectoparasites19 Ohla (Alirajpur) 154 Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae) L.N.: Jau (Ratlam) Flour Body weakness11 (Contd.) SIKARWAR & TIWARI: A REVIEW OF PLANTS USED IN ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE IN CENTRAL INDIA 627

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 155 Hygrophila schulli (Buch.-Ham.) M.R.Almeida & S.M. Ash of whole plant+oil Wound of shoulder12 Almeida (Acanthaceae) L.N.: Telmakhana (West Nimar) 156 Hyoscyamus niger L. (Solanaceae) L.N.: KhurasaniAjwain Sed oil Remove maggots of (Jhansi wounds15 157 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Lamiaceae) L.N.: Madhuban Leaf juice Eye inflammation, (Durg) conjunctivitis7,8 158 Indigofera cassioides DC. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Jhinni Patti Leaf fumes Body ache7 (Chhindwara) 159 Indigofera oblongifolia Forsk. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Janglineel Leaves +leaves of Momordica charantia and Abdominal distention12 (West Nimar) Momordica dioicca+salt 160 Indigofera tinctoria L. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Neel (Gwalior, Leaves; Plant powder Mastitis17; Boils12 West Nimar) 161 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. (Convolvulaceae) L.N.: Naseda Warmed leaves Wounds16 (Alirajpur) 162 Ipomoea turbinat Lag. (Convolvulaceae) L.N.: Seed powder Constipation6 Khotlaiya(Vindhyan region) 163 Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) L.N.: Latex; Milkysap Wounds9; Yolk sore15 Ratanjot (Jhabua, Jhansi) 164 Kavalama urens (Roxb.) Raf. (=Sterculiaurens Roxb.) Stem bark Cut & wounds23 (Sterculiaceae) L.N.: Kurlu (Jaspur & Surguja) 165 Justicia adhatoda L. (=Adhtoda vasica Nees) (Acanthaceae) Leaf paste+jaggery; Bronchitis6,8,13; Cough5; L.N.: Adusa (Morena, Chitrakoot, Alirajpur, Shivpuri, Leaf paste; Leaf poultice; Leaf decoction; Healing wounds and Vindhyan region, West Nimar, Tikamgarh, Jaspur & Leaf powder; Crushed leaves; Leaf juice+ inflammatory swelling16; Surguja) bark juice of Syzygiumciminii; Leaf and stem Relieve abdominal decoction affection and expel intestinal worms12; Diarrhoea& dysentery19; Fever18 166 Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) L.N.:Kirmich Leaf juice; Leaves, flowers; Quic blood cloting16; Skin (Alirajpur), Phulari (Shivpuri), Lailumri (West Nimar) Leaves paste itches, wounds, scabies18; Cut & wounds12 167 Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal Plant Increasing lactation11 (Asteraceae) L.N.: Kadvigalobi (Ratlam) 168 Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae) L.N.: Mehadi (Morena, Leaf paste; Leaf decoction; Leaf Foot & mouth disease8; Vindhyan region), Mehendi (Jhansi), Mehandi (West powder+water; Crushed leaves Wounds16; Foot & mouth Nimar) disease6; Haematuria15; Acidity, diarrhea and other stomach disorder12 169 Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem.(Vitaceae) L.N.: Root paste Carbuncle21 Antharunkand (Betul) 170 Lecanthus peduncularis (Wall. ex Royle) Wedd. Fruit paste, leaf poultice Eczema, ring worm, and (Urticaceae) L.N.: Bicchu (Satna) sores14 171 Lepidium sativum L. (Brassicaceae) L.N.: Chansur Seed poultice Mastitis6 (Vindhyan region) 172 Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. (Apocynaceae) Plant juice, plant paste Worm infestation, L.N.: Devdali (West Nimar) wounds12 173 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link (Lamiaceae) L.N.:Gumma Leaf decoction Cough, cold, respiratory (Satna) diseases14 174 Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. (Lamiaceae) L.N.: Leaf juice Flatulence, indigestion6 Gumma (Vindhyan region) 175 Limonia acidissima L.(=Feroniaelephantum Corrêa) Fruit paste; Leafpaste+water Abortion9; Wounds17; (Rutaceae) L.N.: Kavit (Jhabua), Kainth (Gwalior, Kill intestinal worms19 Tikamgarh) (Contd.) 628 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOW, JULY 2020

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 176 Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae) L.N.: Alsi (Jhansi, West Seed oil+gunpowder+lime water; Grinded Burns15; General health Nimar) seeds+wheat flour tonic12 177 Lobelia alsinoides Lam. (Lobeliaceae) L.N.: Leaves Foot & mouth disease12 JangliTambakhu (West Nimar) 178 Luffa acutengula (L.) Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) L.N.: Seed extract+water Appetizer11 Kadvitaroi (Ratlam) 179 Luffa cylindric (L.) M. Roem. (Cucurbitaceae) L.N.: Turai, Leaf paste Insect bites20 Phatkuli (Narsinghpur) 180 Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Seeds+ pulp of fruits of Lactation12 Kulthi (West Nimar) Aegle marmelos 181 Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F. Macbr. var. Flower juice; Flower paste+ Curcuma Cough & cold9; Swelling latifolia (Roxb.) A.Chev. longa+onion; Dried flowers; Boiled flowers; due to injury13; (Sapotaceae) L.N.: Mahua (Jhabua, West Nimar, Bark paste+bark paste of Soymidafebrifuga; Malnutrition14; Wounds16; Tikamgarh), Moha (Betul) Flower paste+Jaggery+water; Leaf Sprain12; Fever, diarrhea, decoction, fruits diptheria21 182 Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) L.N.: Am (Morena, Pickled fruits; Flower Constipation8,13; Jhabua, West Nimar, Tikamgarh), Ambo (Ratlam) paste+turmericpowder+onion paste; Three Swelling due to injury; years pickled fruits; Pickled fruit Indigestion9,11,19 paste+Curcumalonga+mustard oil; Bark (Afra disease); paste+lime; Fruit paste+wheat bread Diarhhoea& dysentery12; 183 Marsdenia sylvestris (Retz.) P.I. Forst (Gymnema sylvestre Leaf paste; Leaf Cataract15; Fever23 (Retz.) Schult.) (Apocynaceae) L.N.: Gudmar (Jhansi, paste+pepper+garlic+common salt Jaspur &Surguja) 184 Mentha arvensis L. (Lamiaceae) L.N.: Podina (Tikamgarh) Leaf paste+leaf paste of Centellaasiatica Fever19 185 Milletia extensa (Benth.) Baker (Fabaceae) L.N.: Root paste, leaf paste Wounds to kill worms, Golhar (Morena) kill lice of body8 186 Mimosa pudica L. (Mimosaceae) L.N.: Lajwanti Leaf extract; Leaf paste+pepper Prolapse of uterus9; Fever (Jhabua, Shivpuri, Jhansi), Chuimui (Jaspur & Surguja) +garlic+onion+saffron; Leaf 18,23; Maggot wounds15 paste+chapaties; 187 Mimusops elengi L. (Sapotaceae) L.N.: Bakul, Mollshri Bark decoction Urinary infection20 (Narsinghpur) 188 Mitragyna parviflora (Roxb.) Korth. (Rubiaceae) L.N.: Bark decoction Filariasis8 Kaim (Morena) 189 Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) L.N.: Leaf paste Thorny growth on Karela (West Nimar) tongue12 190 Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) L.N.: Sahajan Bark decoction; Bark paste +bulbs of Allium Influenza7; (Seoni), Saunjana (Gwalior, Tikamgarh), Surajano (Ratlam) sativum+ leaves of Boerhaviadiffusa: Root Rheumatism17; extract+water; Leaf paste, pod paste,root Appetizer11; Diarrhoea& juice dysentery, rheumatism, ulcer19 191 Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Kemuch Fruit hairs; Tender leaf Intestinal worms11; (Ratlam), Khajkurari (Betul) Lactation21 192 Musa paradisiacaL. (Musaceae) L.N.: Ker (Ratlam), Spathe extract; Fruit paste+sugar Prolepse of uterus11; Kela (Jhansi, Tikamgarh) candy; Leaf & root Blisters, hoof sore15; Body heat19 193 Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae) L.N.: Kaner (Alirajpur) Seed ash +mustard oil Wounds16 194 Nicotiana tabacum L. (Soalnaceae) L.N.: Tambaku Leaf fumes; Seeds; Leaf juice Ticks and lice22; Intestinal (Bundelkhand, Vindhyan region) worms14; Ectoparasites6 195 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Oleaceae) L.N.: Leaf decoction; Maggot infested Harsingar (Alirajpur, Vindhyan region) wounds16; Fever6 196 Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) L.N.: 0 (Tikamgarh) Leaf paste Removal of ecto- parasites19 (Contd.) SIKARWAR & TIWARI: A REVIEW OF PLANTS USED IN ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE IN CENTRAL INDIA 629

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 197 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (=O. sanctum L.) (Lamiaceae) L.N.: Leaf extract; Seed powder; Leaf decoction Brain disease9; Maggots Tulsi (Jhabua, Satna, Vindhyan region, Tikamgarh) & wounds6; Cough & cold19 198 Opuntia elatiorMill. (Cactaceae) L.N.: Hatha thoohar Stem paste; Heated phyllodes Bone fracture12; (West Nimar), Nagphani (Betul) Swelling21 199 Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. (Orobanchaceae) L.N.:Agia Whole plant Increasing lactation8,13 (Morena; Chitrakoot) 200 Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae) L.N.: Dhan (Jhabua, Jhansi, Powder; Bran+seeds of Gossypium sp.; Rice Prolapse of uterus9; Tikamgarh) grains+blackgram+black salt+ black pepper Cough15; Increase lactation19 201 Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae) L.N.: Tinpatia Leaf paste Neck wselling13 (Chitrakoot) 202 Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.) Stapf. & C. E. Hubb. Seed flour+seeds of Abrusprecatorius Rhinitis17 (Poaceae) L.N.: Bazra 203 Phoenix dactylifera L. (Arecaceae) L.N.: Khajur (Jhabua) Root paste Worms in stomach9 204 Phyllanthus amarusSchumach. & Thonn.(Phyllanthaceae) Leaf paste Wounds16 L.N.:Buiawla (Alirajpur) 205 Phyllanthus emblica L. (=Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) Bark paste; Fruit powder Wounds7; Abdominal (Phyllanthaceae) L.N.: Amla (Chhindwara, Betul), disorder14 Aonla (Surguja), Amla (Satna) 206 Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.Webster (Phyllanthaceae) L.N.: Crushed whole plant Lactagogue12 Bhuiamla (West Nimar) 207 Physalis angulata L. (=Physalis minima L.) (Solanaceae) Crushed seeds +oil cake, leaf paste Appetizer, snake bite12 L.N.: Badipopti (West Nimar) 208 Piper nigrum L (Piperaceae) L.N.: Kalapeepar (Jhabua), Seeds; Seed paste; Fruitpowder+seed Cough & Cold9; Kalimirach (Gwalior) powder of Trigonellafoenum-graecum +fruit Constipation17 powder of Trachyspermumammi+ fruit powder of Cuminumcyminum+Ferulaasafoetida 209 Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.(=Coleus Root paste Blood dysentery7 amboinicus Lour.) (Lamiaceae)L.N.: Konchi, (Mandla) 210 Plumbago zeylanica L. (Plumbaginaceae) L.N.: Chitawar Root paste+jaggery; Root paste Stomach pain5; (Morena, Shivpuri), Chitrak (Alirajpur) Stomatis,diarrhoea8; Infested wounds to kill worms16 211 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae) L.N.: Kanji Leaves, seed oil; Leaf paste+pepper, stem Galactagogue14; Skin (Satna, Shivpuri), Karanja (Jhansi), Karanj (Narsinghpur), bark decoction; Seed oil+phosphorus powder diseases14,18; Fever18,20,23; Koranjo (Jaspur & Surguja) Dysentery23; Ring worm15 212 Porana paniculata Roxb. ( Convolvulaceae) L.N.: Tuber paste Bone fracture23 Masbandhi (Jaspur & Surguja) 213 Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) L.N.: 0 (Tikamgarh) Leaf decoction Fever19 214 Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. (Fabaceae) Tuber Increasing secretion of L.N.: Gajua (Jhabua), Patalkumbra( Baster) milk7 215 Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) Roxb. ex K. Schum. Crushed roots+water Gas & acidity12 (Bignoniaceae) L.N.: Kharseng (West Nimar) 216 Ranunculus pulchellus C.A. Mey. (Ranunculaceae) L.N.: Plant paste Cuts & wounds18 Kush (Shivpuri) 217 Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) L.N.: Arand Ash of leaves; Seed oil; Leaf juice; Leaves; Wounds9,16; (Jhabua), Andi (Chitrakoot, Narsinghpur), Arandi Seeds Constipation6, 13,19; (Alirajpur, Narsinghpur), Arandi (Vindhyan region) Diarrhoea&Dysentery6; Intestinal worm20 218 Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy (Convolvulaceae) L.N.: Crushed leaves Anti-inflammatory12 Fang (West Nimar) (Contd.) 630 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOW, JULY 2020

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 219 Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae) L.N.: Ganna (Jhansi) Leaf Retard placenta15 220 Salvadora oleoides Decne. (Salvadoraceae) L.N.: Pelu Leaf paste+turmeric+garlic paste Haemarrhagic (Morena) septicaemia8 221 Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae) L.N.: Pala (West Burnt leaves+cow urine Wounds to kill worms12 Nimar) 222 Sapindus laurifolius Vahl (Sapindaceae) L.N.: Ritha (West Fruit powder Snake bite12 Nimar) 223 Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. (Apocynaceae) L.N.: Crushed roots+water Anti-inflammatory12 Bhurbel (West Nimar) 224 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken (Sapindaceae) Seed oil Fruit powder+sugar Itching, leg swellings7; L.N.: Kusum (Raigarh, Chhindwara, Betul), Wounds to kill maggots12 Kusum phal (West Nimar) 225 Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.)Schott. (Araceae) L.N.: Gach Whole plant paste Bone fracure23 papal (Jaspur & Surguja) 226 Semecarpus anacardium L.f. (Anacardiaceae) L.N.: Crushed seeds; Fruits Cold12; Mouth disease21 Bhilawa (West Nimar), Bibba (Betul) 227 Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. (=Cassia auriculata L.) Leaf paste+coconut oil, leaf decoction, Sprain, gas, acidity, (Caesalpiniaceae) L.N.: Tarbad (West Nimar), Aval leaves+salt; Leaf paste diarrhea12; Pox20 (Narsinghpur) 228 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. (=Cassia tora L.) (Caesalpiniaceae) Seed paste; Seedpowder+seed powder of Wounds16; L.N.: Puwadiya (Alirajpur), Pamar (Gwalior), Pumar Trigonellafoenum-graecum +fruit powder of Constipation17; (Shivpuri), Chakoda (Jaspur & Surguja) Trachyspermumammi+fruit powder of Piper Skin disease18,23 nigrum+fruit powder of Cuminumcyminum+Ferula asafetida; Seed paste 229 Sida acuta Burm. f. (Malvaceae) L.N.:Wala (Alirajpur) Leaf juice Wounds16 230 Smilax wightii DC. (Smilacaceae)L.N.:Ranpawan (Raigarh) Leaf paste Diarrhoea5 231 Solanum americanum Mill. (Solanaceae) L.N.:Buiregni Fruit paste+leaf paste of Wounds16 (Alirajpur) Heteropogoncontortus 232 Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) L.N.: Lal Gongachi (Dhar) Leaf paste Body swelling5 233 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (=Sorghum vulgare (L.) Flour; Tender leaves; Seed flour+whey Dysentery11; Intestinal Pers.) (Poaceae) L.N.: Juwar (Ratlam), Jwar (Vindhyan worms of infants6; Loose region), Jawar (Jhansi) motion15 234 Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss (Meliaceae) Bark paste+whey; Crushed bark Loose motions7; L.N.: Rohan (Raigarh, Dewas, West Nimar) Inflammation of foot12 235 Spondias pinnata L. (Anacardiaceae) L.N.: Ambirlo (Jaspur Fresh fruit juice Dysentery23 & Surguja) 236 Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC. (Bignoniaceae) L.N.: Crushed leaves Wounds to prevent Padal (West Nimar) bleeding12 237 Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) L.N.: Bark paste; Seed powder; Bark Dysentery9,23; Jamun (Jhabua, Jhansi, Tikamgarh, Jaspur & Surguja) powder+whey+water;Decoction of Diarrhoea& dysentery13; bark+bark of Azadirachtaindica Haematuria15; Joints pain19 238 Syzygium heyneanum (Duthie) Wall. ex Gamble Stem bark decoction+liquer made from Constipation5 (Myrtaceae) L.N.: Chhoti Jamun (Jabalpur) Mahuwa (Madhucalongifolia) flowers 239 Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpiniaceae) L.N.: Bark paste; Leaves; Fruits; Dysentery9; Inflamed Imli (Jhabua, Satna, Shivpuri, Tikamgarh) Boiled leaves joints14; As carminative, laxative, digestive18; Swelling19 240 Tectona grandis L.f.(Verbenaceae) L.N.: Sagon (Jhabua) Leaf paste Wounds 241 Tegetes erecta L.(Asteraceae) L.N.: Leasves; Flower powder+water; Cuts and wounds18; Gainda (Shivpuri, Jhansi, Tikamgarh), Genda (Narsinghpur) Plant paste; Leaf decoction Hydrophobia15; Cut & wounds20; Hydrophobia19 (Contd.) SIKARWAR & TIWARI: A REVIEW OF PLANTS USED IN ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE IN CENTRAL INDIA 631

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 242 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Leaf paste; Crushed leaves Wounds8,12 Dhamasa (Morena), Sarponkha (West Nimar) 243 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Stem bark paste Bone fracture21 (Combretaceae) L.N.: Arjun sadada (Betul) 244 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Combretaceae) L.N.: Fruit powder Indigestion, flatulence Bahera (Satna) and stomach disorders14 245 Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) L.N.: Fruit powder; Stem bark paste Anthrax14; Fever18,23; Harra (Satna, Shivpuri, Vindhyan region, Jaspur & Surguja) +pepper+garlic; Seed powder Cut & injury6 246 Tinospura cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (Menispermaceae) Stem pieces; Stem extract; Syphilis7; Dog bite11; L.N.: Gorbel (Tikamgarh), Limbbel (Ratlam), Gulvel Fersh leaves Increase flow of milk21 (Betul) 247 Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) L.N.: 0 (Tikamgarh) Leaf juice Colic, cough19 248 Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. (Boraginaceae) L.N.: Root paste Wounds to kill worms5 Tarmudia (raigarh) 249 Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae) L.N.: Baramansi Whole plant paste+whey; Leaf juice; Leaf Cut & wounds5,16,18,23 (Chhindwara), Kuradiya (Alirajpur), Ghamra (Shivpuri), paste Latti (Jaspur & Surguja) 250 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Apiaceae) L.N.: Fruit powder; Fruit powder+ seeds powder Indigestion9; Cold & Ajwain (Jhabua, Bundelkhand, Gwalior) of Cassia tora+ seed powder fever22; Constipation, ofTrigonellafoenum-graecum; fruit powder Pharyngitis17 of Piper nigrum+fruit powder of Cuminumcyminum+Ferula asafetida; Fruits+bulbs of Allium sativum+jaggery 251 Tricholepis glaberrima DC. (Asteraceae) L.N.: Whole plant paste+whey Abdominal distination, Tikatta (West Nimar) lack of appetite, diarrhoea12 252 Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. (Fabaceae) L.N.: Methi Seed paste; Seed powder; Seed powder+fruit Respiratory problem13; (Chitrakoot, Bundelkhand; Gwalior, Jhansi, Tikamgarh) powder of Trachyspermumammi+seeds Cold & fever22; powder of Cassia tora+fruit powder of Piper Constipation, foot & nigrum+fruit powder of mouth disease17; Cuminumcyminum+Ferula asafetida; Twitching15,19; Easy Seeds+seeds of delivery19 Trachyspermumammi+jaggery; Decoction of seed powder; Sprout seeds, seed powder 253 Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) L.N.: Genhu (Gwalior) Poultice Worms17 254 Typhonium venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Hett. & P.C. Tuber Tonic14 Boyce(=Sauromatumvenosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth) (Araceae) L.N.: Bhasmakanda (Satna) 255 Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don (Orchidaceae) Plant paste Body swellings5 L.N.: Banda (Shahdol) 256 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. (Asteraceae) L.N.: Seed extract; Seed decoction Gastric trouble11; Fever6 Garad (Ratlam), Kaljira (Vindhyan region) 257 Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek (Fabaceae) L.N.:Mug Leaf powder; Seed powder+ seed Wounds8; Cough15; (Morena), Moong (Jhansi, Tikamgarh) oil of Arachis hyposaea Cough & cold19 258 Viscum articulatum Burm.f. (Loranthaceae) L.N.: Leaves and flowers Fracture12 Vanda (West Nimar) 259 Vitex negudo L. (Verbenaceae) Leaf paste; Leaf paste+pepper +garlic; Dried Wounds7; Infectious L.N.: Nirguri (Ratlam), Nirgur (Betul), Nirgundi (Shivpuri, leaves+fodder; Stem bark paste+curd diseases18; Skin West Nimar), Khonkhod (Jaspur & Surguja) diseases12; Diarrhoea19; Dysentery23 260 Wendlandia heynei (Schult.) Santapau & Merchant Stem bark decoction; Leaf poultice Skin diseases5; (Rubiaceae) L.N.: Tilbad (Shahdol), Nirgundi (Vindhyan Cut & injury6 region) (Contd.) 632 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOW, JULY 2020

Table 2 — List of Plants used as veterinary medicine in Central India (Contd.) S.No. Botanical name/Family/Local name Part (s) usedand mode of administration Diseases with References 261 Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) L.N.: Decoction of root powder+ seed powder of Retard placenta15 Ashwagandha (Jhansi) Hyoscymusniger+leaf powder of Bambusaarundinacea+ Jaggery+rhizome powder of Zingiberofficinale+milk 262 Woodfordiafruticosa (L.) Kurz (=W. floribunda Salisb.) Root paste+egg shell Bone fracture23 (Lythraceae) L.N.: Dhawai (Jaspur & Surguja) 263 Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Apocynaceae) L.N.: Kalakuda Bark paste Anti-inflammatory12 (West Nimar) 264 Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae) L.N.: Chirchita Leaf paste Wounds8; Shoulder (Morena, Vindhyan region) wounds6 265 Zea mays L. (Poaceae) L.N.: Makka (Jhabua) Grains decoction Antifertility9 266 Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (=Ziziphusmauritiana Lam.) Leaf paste+seed oil of Linumusitatissimum Burn, skin burn15,19 (Rhamnaceae) L.N.: Ber (Jhansi) 267 Ziziphusnummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. Root decoction; Root paste Yoke sore8;Wounds9; (Rhamnaceae) L.N.: Jhar (Morena) Shoulder wounds by yoke6 268 Zingiber cernuum Dalzell (Zingiberaceae) L.N. :Gaurasanth Rhizome Lactation12 (West Nimar) 269 Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) L.N.:Adrak Rhizome juice; Rhizome; Rhizome boiled Fever13; Cold & fever22; (Chitrakoot, Shivpuri, Tikamgarh) with milk Dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, diarrhea18; Physically disability19 270 Zingiber roseum (Roxb.) Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) Rhizome paste Bone fracture7 L.N.: Jangliada (Jhabua, Baster) Abreviation-L.N.: Local name

Discussion stop abortion, blindness, black quarter, liver disease, The analysis of the present study reveals that there rheumatism, prolapse of uterus, falling of tail, foot are 270 plant species belonging to 218 genera and 84 rot, hyperthermia, backbone fracture, estrus, running families are used by tribal and rural people of Central nose, boils, blisters, urine retention, tumour, India (Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh) for the stomachache, inflammated shoulders, dullness, treatment of 139 different types of ailments, diseases cataract, lunacy, filariasis, anthrax, gas, acidity, throat and disorders. The 270 plant species used in the infection, dog bite, itching, abdominal distention, treatment of rhinitis, colic, ephemeral fever, skin abdominal digestion, abdominal disorders, agalactia, allergy, swelling, diarrhoea, dysentery, blood awelling of testis, uterine prolapsed, tonsilitis, skin dysentery, arthritis, healing wounds, growing eruptions, lazy in grazing, leg sore, bleeding, colitis, pappilae, bone fracture, tympanitis, maggot wounds, as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, inflammation of foot, general tonic, bronchitis, washing eyes, as appetizer, weakness, renal problem, dermatitis, lamness, skin diseases, abortion, injury, constipation, as cataract, yolk sore, haematuria, respiratory diseases, lactagogue, gastric problem, cut, antidot against malnutrition, sprain, filariasis, thorny growth of poisonous herbs, indigestion, bad taste of mouth tounge, influenza, ringworm, haemorrhagic cavity, hoop disease, nasal secretion, expel insect septicaemia, pox, leg swelling, hydrophobia, from eyes, brain disease, earache, cough, cold, food inflammated joints, as carminative, laxative, poisoning, snake bite, mastitis, unconciousness, burn, digestive, syphilis, pharyngitis, anti-fertility, swelling of udder, lactation, delivery, induce fertility, dyspepsia, physical debility, dysurea, sun burn and body pain, body inflammation, kill intestinal worms, jaundice. kill ectoparasites, foot disease, twitching, eczema, The Fabaceae is the largest family contributes throat swelling, foot & mouth disease, immunity, 24 species in Ethnoveterinary medicines. This is bovocolasis, volvulus, as anti-pyretic, thrust, naucea, followed by Euphorbiaceae (13), Asteraceae and vomiting, ulcer, insect bites, paralysis, eye Apocynaceae (12 each), Solanaceae and Poaceae conjunctivitis, neck inflammation, retard placenta, (10 each), Caesalpiniaceae (9), Lamiaceae (8), SIKARWAR & TIWARI: A REVIEW OF PLANTS USED IN ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE IN CENTRAL INDIA 633

Cucurbitaceae and Zingiberaceae (7 each), were dying and younger generation is not interested to Araceaeand Convolvulaceae (6 each), Apiaceae appreciate and use the beliefs and practices of their Malvaceae and Phyllanthaceae (5 each), Mimosaceae, forefathers. Although the animal husbandry sub-system Rutaceae, Amaryllidacae, Vitaceae, Acanthaceae, is well developed in tribal and rural areas but they do not Anacardiaceae, Verbenaceae, Myrtaceaeand use modern medical facilities and eludes them due to Moraceae (4 each), Amaranthaceae, Asparagaceae, various reasons and still use age old traditional practices Brassicaceae, Sapindaceae, Arecaceae, Cleomaceae, for the treatment of domestic animals through locally Lythraceae, Combretaceae and Rubiaceae (3 each), available herbs found in their vicinity. But due to various Simaroubaceae, Primulaceae, Meliaceae, social, economic and political resons this age-old Oxalidaceae, Bombacaceae, Ranunculaceae, tradition is facing the threat of rapid depletion. Menispermaceae, Tiliaceae, Orchidaceae, Sapotaceae, Therefore, before the complete erosion of vast tradtional Bignoniaceae, Salvadoraceae, Aristolochiaceae, knowledge, this should be properly documented and Capparaceae and Rhamnaceae (2 each) and remaining scientifically validated. An effort has been made to 36 families representing single species each. document all published literature on ethnoveterinary The Euphorbia is the largest having 9 medicines of central India and list of plants with species, this is followed by Ficus (4), Acacia, Cleome, ethnoveterinary uses has been provided. This list of Curcuma, Datura, Indigofera, Phyllanthus and plants should be screened scientifically in order to find Terminalia (3 each), Allium, Amaranthus, out newer sources of ethnoveterinary drugs and need Aristolochia, Asparagus, Bauhinia, Brassica, further intensive study for their pharmacological activity Caesalpinia, Cajanus, Calotropis, Capparis, Carissa, on the basis of ethnoveterinary medicine which is being Crinum, Dalbergia, Erythrina, Ipomoea, Leucas, practiced by the tribal and folk communities since Luffa, Ocimum, Salvadora, Senna, Solanum, ancient times. This will lead to development of new Syzygium, Zingiber and Ziziphus (2 each) and drugs of herbal origin for the benefit of human society. remaining 185 genus representing single species. Azadirachta indica is the highly medicinal plants Acknowledgements and used in treatment of 21 animal diseases, viz., foot The authors are thankful to the Chairman Eng. and mouth disease, ecto-parasites (kill lice and bugs Anant Soniand Vice Chancellor, AKS University, on skin), skin diseases (khori disease), earache, Satna, Madhya Pradesh and Smt. Naaj Rijvi, Director, wounds (maggot wound, shoulder wound), intestinal National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi for worms, constipation, immunity, indigestion, providing facilities. bovicolasis, injury, scabies, volvulus, antipyretic, thrust, naucea, vomiting, ulcer, cut, remove insect References from the eyes, insect bites. This is followed by 1 McCorkle, CM, An introduction to ethnoveterinary research and Cassia fistula (19 diseases), Calotropis procera development. Journal of Ethnobiology 6 (1) (1986) 129-149. 2 Masika, PJ, Van Averbeeke, W & Sonandi, A, Use of herbal (15 diseases) and Butea monosperma (9 diseases) etc. remedies by small scale farmers to treat livestock diseases in Cissus quadrangularis is commonly in bone fracture Central Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. J. South. in most of the parts of Central India. The very Afr. Vet. Assoc. 71(2000) 87-91. common diseases of domestic animals of Central 3 Raikwar, Arpana & Maurya, Prabhakar, Ethnoveterinary medicine: in present perspective. Int. J. Agric. Sc. & Vet. India are wound, foot & mouth disease, diarrhoea, Res. 3(1) (2015) 44-49. dysentery, bone fracture, skin diseases, hoof diseases, 4 Anonymous, 19th Livestock Census-2012, All India Report, intestinal worms, gastric problem and fever. Govt. of India, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Animal Husbandry, Darying and Fisheries, New Delhi (2012). 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