DOCSLIB.ORG

Models for an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Models for an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Models for an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Models for an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries ISSN 0429-9345 FAO FISHERIES 477 TECHNICAL PAPER 477 Models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries Models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries This report reviews the methods available for assessing the impacts of interactions between species and fisheries and their implications for marine fisheries management. A brief description of the various modelling approaches currently in existence is provided, highlighting in particular features of these models that have general relevance to the field of ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). The report concentrates on the currently available models representative of general types such as bionergetic models, predator-prey models and minimally realistic models. Short descriptions are given of model parameters, assumptions and data requirements. Some of the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each of the approaches in addressing questions pertaining to EAF are discussed. The report concludes with some recommendations for moving forward in the development of multispecies and ecosystem models and for the prudent use of the currently available models as tools for provision of scientific information on fisheries in an ecosystem context. FAO Cover: Illustration by Elda Longo FAO FISHERIES Models for an ecosystem TECHNICAL PAPER approach to fisheries 477 by Éva E. Plagányi University of Cape Town South Africa FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2007 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 978-92-5-105734-6 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2007 iii Preparation of this document The increased awareness of the importance of taking into account interactions among fishery resources and the ecosystem in fisheries management has prompted the need to improve the knowledge base on how ecosystems function including how they are impacted by marine capture fisheries. Over time this has led to the development of different approaches for the modelling of ecological interactions in marine ecosystems exploited by fisheries. This paper reviews the models available for assessing the impacts of ecological (indirect) direct interactions between species and fisheries and the implications these have for fisheries management. As this is a broad and rapidly-evolving issue, the report provides an overview of the main types of modelling approaches rather than detail each aspect of the models. Moreover, it includes a critical analysis of the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each modelling approach for representing ecosystem dynamics and interactions between ecosystems and human activities, including in particular, fisheries. This report is expected to serve as a useful reference for fisheries scientists and managers seeking an overall view of the relative merits of the main types of modelling approaches available for fisheries assessment in an ecosystem context. The report was funded by the FAO project “Capacity Building for an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries” (GCP/INT/920/JPN). iv Abstract This report reviews the methods available for assessing the impacts of interactions between species and fisheries and their implications for marine fisheries management. A brief description of the various modelling approaches currently in existence is provided, highlighting in particular features of these models which have general relevance to the field of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). The report concentrates on the currently available models representative of general types such as bionergetic models, predator-prey models and minimally realistic models. Short descriptions are given of model parameters, assumptions and data requirements. Some of the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each of the approaches in addressing questions pertaining to EAF are discussed. The report concludes with some recommendations for moving forward in the development of multi-species and ecosystem models and for the prudent use of the currently available models as tools for provision of scientific information on fisheries in an ecosystem context. Plagányi, É.E. Models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 477. Rome, FAO. 2007. 108p. v Contents Preparation of this document iii Abstract iv List of tables and figures vii Acknowledgements viii Abbreviation and acronyms ix Executive summary xi 1. Introduction 1 2. Review of current modelling approaches 3 2.1 Whole ecosystem and dynamic system models 10 2.1.1 ECOPATH with ECOSIM (EwE) 10 2.1.2 Biogeochemical models 14 2.1.3 ERSEM and SSEM 14 2.1.4 IGBEM, BM2 and ATLANTIS 15 2.1.5 SEPODYM/SEAPODYM 18 2.2 Minimum realistic models 20 2.2.1 The original MRM 21 2.2.2 ESAM (Extended Single-species Assessment Models) 24 2.2.3 MSVPA approach 25 2.2.4 MULTSPEC, BORMICON and GADGET 27 2.2.5 Multi-species statistical models 29 2.3 Individual-based models 30 2.3.1 OSMOSE 30 2.3.2 INVITRO 32 2.4 Bioenergetic models 33 2.5 CCAMLR model development 34 2.5.1 Predator-prey models 34 2.5.2 KPFM (Krill-Predator-Fishery Model) 35 2.5.3 EPOC model (Ecosystem Productivity Ocean Climate Model) 36 2.5.4 Mori and Butterworth multi-species model 36 2.5.5 SMOM (Spatial Multi-species Operating Model) 37 3. Comparison of models 39 3.1 Level of complexity and realism 39 3.2 Functional response formulations 39 3.3 Whole ecosystem models vs MRMs 42 3.4 Advantages, disadvantages and limitations 43 4. Potential of tools to address multi-species research questions 45 5. Roles for models in operational management procedure development 49 6. Moving models forward – future developments 51 7. Prudent use of the precautionary principle 53 8. Pointers from previous studies and workshops 55 8.1 Modelling interactions between marine mammals and fisheries 55 8.2 Areas of focus 57 8.3 General guidelines 57 8.4 Ecosystem-based management strategies 58 8.5 Practical steps to implementing an EAF 58 vi 9. Summary of model comparisons and recommendations 61 10. References 65 Appendix 81 Tables A 1a-d Model comparison 83 Tables A 2a-d Model comparison 95 Tables A 3a-d Summary of advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each method 103 Tables A 4 Model comparison to address EBFM questions 107 vii List of tables and figures Table 1 List of model acronyms 5 Table 2 Categorization of models according to model units, feeding relationships assumed 7 Figure 1 Flowchart summarizing the classification of various models 4 Figure 2 Schematic summary showing the trophic level focus of different multi-species models 8 Figure 3 Schematic summarizing the typical (current) number of modelled species or model compartments for selected models 9 Figure 4 Schematic comparing consumption rate formulations for two contrasted cases 40 viii Acknowledgements This study was funded by the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, with logistical support provided by the University of Cape Town, South Africa. This report benefited enormously from frequent discussions and inputs from Prof. Doug Butterworth at the University of Cape Town. Dr Beth Fulton is thanked for having been the most thorough critic and contributor, and she also wrote the section on INVITRO. The other reviewers, Dr Villy Christensen, Dr Mariano Koen-Alonso and Prof. Gunnar Stefannson and the editors, Drs Kevern Cochrane and Marcelo Vasconcellos, also provided useful suggestions and additions leading to a greatly improved manuscript. I am grateful for the assistance of Drs Kerim Aydin, Andrew Constable, Patrick Lehodey, John Tschirhart and George Watters, who provided me with necessary material and answers to queries. Sections of this manuscript are drawn from the author’s PhD thesis and support from the Marine Resource Assessment and Management Group (MARAM) within the Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics at UCT is gratefully acknowledged. ix Abbreviations and acronyms (See also the list of model acronyms in Table 1.) ABM Agent-Based Models ADMB AD Model Builder AGGMULT Simplified version of MULTSPEC with only the age structure retained ASPM Age-Structured Production Model BENEFIT Benguela Environment Fisheries Interaction
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Assessment of Marine Ecosystem Damage from the Penglai 19-3 Oil Spill Accident
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article An Assessment of Marine Ecosystem Damage from the Penglai 19-3 Oil Spill Accident Haiwen Han 1, Shengmao Huang 1, Shuang Liu 2,3,*, Jingjing Sha 2,3 and Xianqing Lv 1,* 1 Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; [email protected] (H.H.); [email protected] (S.H.) 2 North China Sea Environment Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration (SOA), Qingdao 266033, China; [email protected] 3 Department of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao 266100, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (X.L.) Abstract: Oil spills have immediate adverse effects on marine ecological functions. Accurate as- sessment of the damage caused by the oil spill is of great significance for the protection of marine ecosystems. In this study the observation data of Chaetoceros and shellfish before and after the Penglai 19-3 oil spill in the Bohai Sea were analyzed by the least-squares fitting method and radial basis function (RBF) interpolation. Besides, an oil transport model is provided which considers both the hydrodynamic mechanism and monitoring data to accurately simulate the spatial and temporal distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the Bohai Sea. It was found that the abundance of Chaetoceros and shellfish exposed to the oil spill decreased rapidly. The biomass loss of Chaetoceros and shellfish are 7.25 × 1014 ∼ 7.28 × 1014 ind and 2.30 × 1012 ∼ 2.51 × 1012 ind in the area with TPH over 50 mg/m3 during the observation period, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Demographics in Earth System Models: a Review of Progress and Priorities
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models: A review of progress and priorities. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3912p4m3 Journal Global change biology, 24(1) ISSN 1354-1013 Authors Fisher, Rosie A Koven, Charles D Anderegg, William RL et al. Publication Date 2018 DOI 10.1111/gcb.13910 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Received: 11 April 2017 | Revised: 12 August 2017 | Accepted: 17 August 2017 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13910 RESEARCH REVIEW Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models: A review of progress and priorities Rosie A. Fisher1 | Charles D. Koven2 | William R. L. Anderegg3 | Bradley O. Christoffersen4 | Michael C. Dietze5 | Caroline E. Farrior6 | Jennifer A. Holm2 | George C. Hurtt7 | Ryan G. Knox2 | Peter J. Lawrence1 | Jeremy W. Lichstein8 | Marcos Longo9 | Ashley M. Matheny10 | David Medvigy11 | Helene C. Muller-Landau12 | Thomas L. Powell2 | Shawn P. Serbin13 | Hisashi Sato14 | Jacquelyn K. Shuman1 | Benjamin Smith15 | Anna T. Trugman16 | Toni Viskari12 | Hans Verbeeck17 | Ensheng Weng18 | Chonggang Xu4 | Xiangtao Xu19 | Tao Zhang8 | Paul R. Moorcroft20 1National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA 2Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA 3Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 4Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA 5Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA 6Department of Integrative Biology,
    [Show full text]
  • Emergent Biogeography of Microbial Communities in a Model Ocean
    REPORTS germ insects not only uncovers those features es- mRNA localization indeed appears to be an sential to this developmental mode but also sheds important component of long-germ embryogene- light on how the bcd-dependent anterior patterning sis, perhaps even playing a role in the transition program might have evolved. Through analysis of from the ancestral short-germ to the derived long- the regulation of the trunk gap gene Kr in Dro- germ fate. sophila and Nasonia,wehavebeenabletodem- onstrate that anterior repression of Kr is essential References and Notes for head and thorax formation and is a common 1. G. K. Davis, N. H. Patel, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47, 669 (2002). feature of long-germ patterning. Both insects 2. T. Berleth et al., EMBO J. 7, 1749 (1988). accomplish this task through maternal, anteriorly 3. W. Driever, C. Nusslein-Volhard, Cell 54, 83 (1988). localized factors that either indirectly (Drosophila) 4. J. Lynch, C. Desplan, Curr. Biol. 13, R557 (2003). or directly (Nasonia) repress Kr and, hence, trunk 5. J. A. Lynch, A. E. Brent, D. S. Leaf, M. A. Pultz, C. Desplan, Nature 439, 728 (2006). fates. In Drosophila, the terminal system and bcd 6. J. Savard et al., Genome Res. 16, 1334 (2006). regulate expression of gap genes, including Dm-gt, 7. G. Struhl, P. Johnston, P. A. Lawrence, Cell 69, 237 (1992). that repress Dm-Kr. Nasonia’s bcd-independent 8. A. Preiss, U. B. Rosenberg, A. Kienlin, E. Seifert, long-germ embryos must solve the same problem, H. Jackle, Nature 313, 27 (1985). Fig. 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Meta-Ecosystems: a Theoretical Framework for a Spatial Ecosystem Ecology
    Ecology Letters, (2003) 6: 673–679 doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00483.x IDEAS AND PERSPECTIVES Meta-ecosystems: a theoretical framework for a spatial ecosystem ecology Abstract Michel Loreau1*, Nicolas This contribution proposes the meta-ecosystem concept as a natural extension of the Mouquet2,4 and Robert D. Holt3 metapopulation and metacommunity concepts. A meta-ecosystem is defined as a set of 1Laboratoire d’Ecologie, UMR ecosystems connected by spatial flows of energy, materials and organisms across 7625, Ecole Normale Supe´rieure, ecosystem boundaries. This concept provides a powerful theoretical tool to understand 46 rue d’Ulm, F–75230 Paris the emergent properties that arise from spatial coupling of local ecosystems, such as Cedex 05, France global source–sink constraints, diversity–productivity patterns, stabilization of ecosystem 2Department of Biological processes and indirect interactions at landscape or regional scales. The meta-ecosystem Science and School of perspective thereby has the potential to integrate the perspectives of community and Computational Science and Information Technology, Florida landscape ecology, to provide novel fundamental insights into the dynamics and State University, Tallahassee, FL functioning of ecosystems from local to global scales, and to increase our ability to 32306-1100, USA predict the consequences of land-use changes on biodiversity and the provision of 3Department of Zoology, ecosystem services to human societies. University of Florida, 111 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL Keywords 32611-8525,
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 – Steady State Models
    CHAPTER 4 Steady State Models X.-Z. Kong, F.-L. Xu1, W. He, W.-X. Liu, B. Yang Peking University, Beijing, China 1Corresponding author: E-mail: xufl@urban.pku.edu.cn OUTLINE 4.1 Steady State Model: Ecopath as an 4.2.4.2 Changes in Ecosystem Example 66 Functioning 79 4.1.1 Steady State Model 66 4.2.4.3 Collapse in the Food 4.1.2 Ecopath Model 66 Web: Differences in 4.1.3 Future Perspectives 68 Structure 81 4.2.4.4 Toward an Immature 4.2 Ecopath Model for a Large Chinese but Stable Ecosystem 83 Lake: A Case Study 68 4.2.4.5 Potential Driving 4.2.1 Introduction 68 Factors and 4.2.2 Study Site 70 Underlying 4.2.3 Model Development 73 Mechanisms 84 4.2.3.1 Model Construction 4.2.4.6 Hints for Future Lake and Parameterization 73 Fishery and 4.2.3.2 Evaluation of Ecosystem Restoration 85 Functioning 74 4.2.3.3 Determination of 4.3 Conclusions 86 Trophic Level 76 References 86 4.2.4 Results and Discussion 76 4.2.4.1 Basic Model Performance 76 Ecological Model Types, Volume 28 Ó 2016 Elsevier B.V. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63623-2.00004-9 65 All rights reserved. 66 4. STEADY STATE MODELS 4.1 STEADY STATE MODEL: ECOPATH AS AN EXAMPLE 4.1.1 Steady State Model Steady state ecological models are established to describe conditions in which the modeled components (mass or energy) are stable, i.e., do not change over time (Jørgensen and Fath, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Models for an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
    ISSN 0429-9345 FAO FISHERIES 477 TECHNICAL PAPER 477 Models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries Models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries This report reviews the methods available for assessing the impacts of interactions between species and fisheries and their implications for marine fisheries management. A brief description of the various modelling approaches currently in existence is provided, highlighting in particular features of these models that have general relevance to the field of ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). The report concentrates on the currently available models representative of general types such as bionergetic models, predator-prey models and minimally realistic models. Short descriptions are given of model parameters, assumptions and data requirements. Some of the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each of the approaches in addressing questions pertaining to EAF are discussed. The report concludes with some recommendations for moving forward in the development of multispecies and ecosystem models and for the prudent use of the currently available models as tools for provision of scientific information on fisheries in an ecosystem context. FAO Cover: Illustration by Elda Longo FAO FISHERIES Models for an ecosystem TECHNICAL PAPER approach to fisheries 477 by Éva E. Plagányi University of Cape Town South Africa FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2007 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Can We Detect Ecosystem Critical Transitions and Signals of Changing Resilience from Paleo-Ecological Records? Zofia E
    Can we detect ecosystem critical transitions and signals of changing resilience from paleo-ecological records? Zofia E. Taranu, Stephen R. Carpenter, Victor Frossard, Jean-Philippe Jenny, Zoe Thomas, Jesse C. Vermaire, Marie-Elodie Perga To cite this version: Zofia E. Taranu, Stephen R. Carpenter, Victor Frossard, Jean-Philippe Jenny, Zoe Thomas, etal.. Can we detect ecosystem critical transitions and signals of changing resilience from paleo-ecological records?. Ecosphere, Ecological Society of America, 2018, 9 (10), 10.1002/ecs2.2438. hal-01959637 HAL Id: hal-01959637 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01959637 Submitted on 18 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Can we detect ecosystem critical transitions and signals of changing resilience from paleo-ecological records? 1, 2 3 3,4 € 5 ZOFIA E. TARANU, STEPHEN R. CARPENTER, VICTOR FROSSARD, JEAN-PHILIPPE JENNY, ZOE THOMAS, 6 7 JESSE C. VERMAIRE, AND MARIE-ELODIE PERGA 1Department of Biology, University
    [Show full text]
  • Models of the World's Large Marine Ecosystems: GEF/LME Global
    Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission technical series 80 Models of the World’s Large Marine Ecosystems UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission technical series 80 Models of the World’s Large Marine Ecosystems* GEF/LME global project Promoting Ecosystem-based Approaches to Fisheries Conservation and Large Marine Ecosystems UNESCO 2008 * As submitted to IOC Technical Series, UNESCO, 22 October 2008 IOC Technical Series No. 80 Paris, 20 October 2008 English only The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of UNESCO and IOC concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of the frontiers of any country or territory. For bibliographic purposes, this document should be cited as follows: Models of the World’s Large Marine Ecosystems GEF/LME global project Promoting Ecosystem-based Approaches to Fisheries Conservation and Large Marine Ecosystems IOC Technical Series No. 80. UNESCO, 2008 (English) Editors: Villy Christensen1, Carl J. Walters1, Robert Ahrens1, Jackie Alder2, Joe Buszowski1, Line Bang Christensen1, William W.L. Cheung1, John Dunne3, Rainer Froese4, Vasiliki Karpouzi1, Kristin Kastner5, Kelly Kearney6, Sherman Lai1, Vicki Lam1, Maria L.D. Palomares1,7, Aja Peters-Mason8, Chiara Piroddi1, Jorge L. Sarmiento6, Jeroen Steenbeek1, Rashid Sumaila1, Reg Watson1, Dirk Zeller1, and Daniel Pauly1. Technical Editor: Jair Torres 1 Fisheries Centre,
    [Show full text]
  • A Theoretical Study of Biological Lotka-Volterra Ecological Model Using Comprehensive Thermodynamic Theory of Stability of Irreversible Processes (Cttsip)
    International Journal of Knowledge Engineering ISSN: 0976-5816 & E-ISSN: 0976-5824, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp.-91-94. Available online at http://www.bioinfo.in/contents.php?id=40 A THEORETICAL STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL LOTKA-VOLTERRA ECOLOGICAL MODEL USING COMPREHENSIVE THERMODYNAMIC THEORY OF STABILITY OF IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES (CTTSIP) RAWAT S.G.1, BHALEKAR A.A.2 AND TANGDE V.M.3* 1Department of Applied Chemistry, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, MS, India. 2Department of Chemistry, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, MS, India. 3Department of Applied Chemistry, Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur, MS, India. *Corresponding Author: Email- [email protected] Received: February 28, 2012; Accepted: March 06, 2012 Abstract- The dynamical relationship between predator and prey (Lotka-Volterra model or host-parasitoid system)[1] is one of the dominant themes in ecology. It was observed from the population data that interaction between a pair of predator-prey influences the population growth of both the species. This paper presents the study of thermodynamic stability of periodic Lotka-Volterra system against Prey popula- tion perturbation. The thermodynamic stability of representative model of Lotka-Volterra ecosystem has been investigated using proposed thermodynamic Lyapunov function in CTTSIP [2, 3, 4, 5] which follows the steps of Lyapunov's second method (also termed as direct meth- od) of stability of motion[6, 7]. The thermodynamic Lyapunov function, used herein is the excess rate of entropy production in thermodynam- ic perturbation space that conforms well with the dictates of second law of thermodynamics[8, 9]. Moreover, present study reveals the re- gions of stability, asymptotic stability and instability.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Fisheries Onto Marine Ecosystems for Regional, Oceanic and Global Integrations
    Large Marine Ecosystems of the World G. Hempel and K. Sherman (Editors) 0 2003 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved 375 Mapping Fisheries onto Marine Ecosystems for Regional, Oceanic and Global Integrations Reg Watson, Daniel Pauly, Villy Christensen,Rainer Froese,Alan Longhurst, Trevor Platt, Shubha Sathyendranath,Kenneth Sherman,John O'Reilly, and Peter Celone ABSTRACT Research on ecosystem-based fisheries management, marine biodiversity conservation,and other marine fields requires appropriate maps of the major natural regions of the oceans,and their ecosystems.A global ocean classification system proposed by T. Platt and S. Sathyendranathand implemented by A.R. Longhurst, defined largely by physical parameters that subdivide the oceansinto four 'biomes' and 57 'biogeochemicalprovinces' (BGCPs),is merged with the systemof 64 Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) identified by K. Sherman and colleagues as transboundarygeographic coastaland watershedunits. This arrangementenhances each of the systems,and renders them mutually compatible. LMEs are ecologically defined to serve as a framework for the assessmentand managementof coastal fisheries and environments including watersheds,while the BGCPshave physical definitions, including borders defined by natural features, and extend over open oceanregions. The combined mapping will, for example, allow the computation of GI5-derived properties such as temperature,primary production, and their analysis in relation to fishery abundancedata for any study area in the combinedsystem. A further useful aspectof the integration is that it allows for the quantification, even within the EEZs of various countries, of the distribution of marine features (e.g. primary production, coral reef areas)so far not straightforwardly associatedwith different coastalstates. Applications to shelf,coral reef and oceanicfisheries, and to the mapping of marine biodiversity are briefly discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • An Integrated Study of Economic Effects of and Vulnerabilities to Global Warming on the Barents Sea Cod Fisheries
    Climatic Change (2008) 87:251–262 DOI 10.1007/s10584-007-9338-0 An integrated study of economic effects of and vulnerabilities to global warming on the Barents Sea cod fisheries Arne Eide Received: 6 July 2006 /Accepted: 3 October 2007 / Published online: 27 November 2007 # Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract The Barents Sea area is characterised by a highly fluctuating physical environment causing substantial variations in the ecosystems and fisheries depending upon this. Simulations assuming different management regimes have been carried out to study how physical and biological effects of global warming influence the Barents Sea cod fisheries. A regional, high-resolution representation of the B2 world region (OECD90) scenario from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was used to calculate water temperatures and plankton biomasses by hydrodynamic modelling. These results were included in simulations performed by a multi-fleet, multi-species model, by which a fully integrated model linking to the global circulation model to the Barents Sea fisheries through a regional downscaling to the Barents Sea area is constructed. One factor of particular importance for the natural annual biological variations is the occasional inflow of young herring into the Barents Sea area. The herring inflow is difficult to predict and links to dynamical systems outside the Barents Sea area, complex recruitment mechanisms and oceanographic conditions. These processes are in the study represented by a stochastic representation of herring inflow based on historical observations. According to the performed simulations the biomass fluctuations may slightly increase over the next 25 years, possibly caused by changes in temperature patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • Trophic Cascade Modelling in Bathyal Ecosystems
    Doctoral Thesis Trophic cascade modelling in bathyal ecosystems Author: Supervisor: Valeria Mamouridis Dr. Francesc Maynou A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Bio-Economic Modelling Research Group Dept. de Recursos Marins Renovables (ICM-CSIC) and the Dept. de Ingenier´ıa Hidr´aulica, Mar´ıtima y Ambiental (EHMA-UPC) February 2015 Declaration of Authorship I, Valeria Mamouridis , declare that this thesis titled, ’Trophic cascade modelling in bathyal ecosystems’ and the work presented in it are my own. I confirm that: ∎ This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research degree at this University. ∎ Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree or any other qualification at this University or any other institution, this has been clearly stated. ∎ Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed. ∎ Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work. ∎ I have acknowledged all main sources of help. ∎ Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself. Signed: Date: iii INSTITUT DE CI ENCIES` DEL MAR (CSIC) UNIVERSITAT POLIT ECNICA` DE CATALUNYA Abstract Dept. de Ingenier´ıa Hidr´aulica, Mar´ıtima y Ambiental (EHMA-UPC) Dept. de Recursos Marins Renovables (ICM-CSIC) Doctor of Philosophy Trophic Cascade Modelling in Bathyal Ecosystems by Valeria Mamouridis In this Ph.D.
    [Show full text]