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Soybean Enhancement for Improved Biodiesel Production

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Soybean Enhancement for Improved Biodiesel Production University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2009 Soybean Enhancement for Improved Biodiesel Production Benjamin David Fallen University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Fallen, Benjamin David, "Soybean Enhancement for Improved Biodiesel Production. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2009. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/76 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Benjamin David Fallen entitled "Soybean Enhancement for Improved Biodiesel Production." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Plant Sciences. Vincent R. Pantalone, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Dean A. Kopsell, Carl E. Sams Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Benjamin David Fallen entitled “Soybean Enhancement for Improved Biodiesel Production.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Plant Sciences. Vincent R. Pantalone, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Dean A. Kopsell Carl E. Sams Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) Soybean Enhancement for Improved Biodiesel Production A Thesis Presented For The Master of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Benjamin David Fallen August 2009 Acknowledgments I would like to extend all my appreciation and thanks to all those that have made this thesis possible, for without their kind support, hard work and dedication none of this would have been possible. I would like to start off by thanking my family and friends, for without them I would not be who or where I am today. To my mom Cindy Fallen and my dad David Fallen, I am thankful everyday to have such kind and caring parents. I don‟t know how they were able to raise a child who is as stubborn and determined as I am, but some how they did. To my “little bro” Jonathan Fallen and “big sis” Bridgett Fallen, they were right there with me growing up in the tobacco field (well maybe not everyday), it means the world to me to have such great siblings. I am also thankful for the trenchant critiques, the probing questions and the remarkable patience of my advisor- Dr. Vincent Pantalone. I cannot think him enough. I am also grateful for the continued guidance of my committee members, Dr. Carl Sams and Dr. Dean Kopsell. I would also like to express a big thanks to the Beam Team: Deborah Ellis, Beth Meyers, Amanda Pierce, Catherine Nyinyi, Jennifer Lane and Sam Plank for accepting me with open arms and their continued support, even though at times I‟m sure it was not easy. Support provided by the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Tennessee, the Soybean Tennessee Promotion Board and support by the Better Bean Initiative of the United Soybean Board, which led to the development of the mid-oleic soybean line that made this research possible is greatly appreciated. “For me life is continuously being hungry. The meaning of life is not simply to exist, to survive, but to move ahead, to go up, to achieve, to conquer. Failure is not an option.” - Arnold Schwarzenegger ii “Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make your paths straight.” – Proverbs 3:5-6 iii Abstract As energy prices continue to rise, concern grows about the economy and about petroleum supplies. On January 1, 2009 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2009 was enacted. It states that 500 million gallons of biomass-based biodiesel must be produced in 2009 and 1 billion gallons by 2012. In the United States 90 % of the biodiesel is produced from soybean oil, despite its shortcomings. The biggest problem facing the soy diesel industry is the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications for Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends. The two categories that are in need of immediate improvement to enhance test results and produce a better burning fuel are cloud point and oxidation stability. Monounsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) are reported to strike the best balance between cold flow properties and oxidative stability to enhance biodiesel test results and produce a better burning fuel. In addition, treating fuels derived from fatty acid alkyl esters with oxidation inhibitors (antioxidants) has been reported to increase resistance to oxidation. Fuel properties: acid value, cloud point, iodine value, pour point, peroxide value, induction period, onset temperature, and kinematic viscosity were used to evaluate a newly developed Roundup Ready® soybean recombinant inbred line with a novel oil profile, exhibiting an elevated level of monounsaturated FAME and the possibility of using selenium as a natural antioxidant for use in the biodiesel industry. We were able to demonstrate higher polyunsaturated content lead to lower IP values, lower PV values were indicative of increased monounsaturated FAME content and elevated levels of saturated FAME content resulted in higher CP and PP values. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1 ..............................................................................................................................1 Introduction and Literature Review .....................................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................2 Literature Review.....................................................................................................4 Experimental Objectives ........................................................................................17 References ..............................................................................................................18 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................22 Increased Oleic Acid Concentration of Soybean for Improved Biodiesel .........................22 Abstract ..................................................................................................................23 Introduction ............................................................................................................23 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................27 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................32 Conclusions ............................................................................................................51 References ..............................................................................................................53 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................................57 The Effects of Different Selenium Treatments on Soybean Biodiesel Properties ................................................................................................................................57 Abstract ..................................................................................................................58 Introduction ............................................................................................................58 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................62 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................72 Conclusions ............................................................................................................92 References ..............................................................................................................96 Appendices ...........................................................................................................101 v Appendix-A Tables ..................................................................................102 Appendix-A Figures.................................................................................108 Vita .......................................................................................................................111 vi List of Tables Table Page Table 2.1 Descriptive statistics of mean seed yield, maturity, lodging, height, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid content of 6 F6:9 increased oleic acid soybeans from „Allen‟ x
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