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arnoldia 3 Introduction Peter Del Tredici Volume 51 Number 4 Winter 1991 4 Asa Gray and His Quest for Shortia galacifolia Amoldia is (ISBN 004-2633, USPS 866-100) published Charles F. Jenkins quarterly, m winter, spring, summer, and fall, by the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Second-class 12 Another Fossil" postage paid at Boston, Massachusetts Metasequoia, "Living E. D. Merrill Subscriptions are $20.00 per calendar year domestic, $25 00 foreign, payable in advance. Single copies are 17 Reminiscences of Collecting the Type $5 00 All remittances must be in U.S. dollars, by Specimens of Metasequoia glypto- check drawn on a U S bank, or by international stroboides money order. Send subscription orders, remittances, Hsueh Chi-iu change-of-address notices, and all other subscription- related communications to’ Circulation Manager, 22 On the of the Introduction of Arnoldia, the Arnold Arboretum, 125 History Arborway, into North America Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-3519. Woody Telephone (617) 524-1718. Alfred Rehder

Postmaster: Send address changes to: 30 Hamamelis ’Arnold Promise’ Arnoldia, Circulation Manager Richard E. Weaver, Jr. The Arnold Arboretum 125 Arborway 34 The Forsythia Story Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-3519 Donald Wyman

Peter Del Editor Tredici, 38 Buckleya-The Oldest Cultivated in Judith Leet, Associate Editor the Arnold Arboretum Richard A. Howard Arnoldia is set in Trump Mediaeval typeface and printed by the Office of the University Publisher, Harvard University. 43 The Allegheny Michael A. Dirr and Copyright © 1991. The President and Fellows of Har- fohn H. Alexander III vard College 47 Notes on Persimmons, Kakis, Date Plums, and Front cover: The beautiful bark of the Amur choke- Chapotes cherry, Prunus mackia, introduced into cultivation by Stephen A. Spongberg the Arnold Arboretum. Photo by Al Bussewitz. 55 In Praise of the American Smoke Inside front cover: The foliage of Metasequoia Photo Gary L. Koller and Don O. Shadow by Racz and Debreczy. 59 Elliottia racemosa and Its Propagation Back cover: stellata and Magnolia ’Merrill’ Alfred J. Fordham greet winter visitors to the Arnold Arboretum Photo by Al Bussewitz 63 Propagating Leatherwood: A Lesson in Inside back cover: One of the original introductions Humility of Acer griseum, the paperbark , dug from the Peter Del Tredici wild in Hubei Province, Chma, in 1909 by E. H. Wil- son. Photo by P. Bruns. 67 Index to Volume 51

Introduction

Peter Del Tredici

This special issue otAmoldia commemorates undoubtedly, continue to do so into the its fiftieth anniversary by reprinting some of future. the more interesting articles that have To go back and read through the old Arnol- appeared in the past. Started in 1941, Arnol- dias is to take a trip back through time. One dia was a continuation of the Bulletin of can watch the various trends in maintenance Popular Information, a publication which had and landscape design come and go. Certain been started in 1911 by the Arboretum’s first plants become fashionable, until their hor- director, C. S. Sargent. ticultural Achilles heel is discovered, when Dr. Donald Wyman was Amoldia’s first edi- they are suddenly dropped. The most interest- tor, a position he held for twenty-nine years ing thing about reading through the old Arnol- until his retirement in 1970. Over the course dias has been finding out that plants that of his tenure, Dr. Wyman wrote an unbeliev- seemed new and wonderful in 1991 were able 173 articles for the magazine, most of already old hat in 1940. And so, like every- them based on his own observations of plants thing else in life, horticulture seems to move growing at the Arnold Arboretum in Jamaica in broad sweeping cycles that repeat slowly Plain and at the Case Estates in Weston. over time. Through his writings in Arnoldia, which were It should be noted that, in the interests of subsequently reprinted in his various books, space, all of the articles in this collection have Dr. Wyman had a profound influence on the had to undergo some measure of editorial development of ornamental horticulture in cuts. Without exception these have involved America during the 1950s and 1960s. removing either overly technical material or What I have tried to do in this collection material that has, over time, become out of is to select articles that are not only informa- date. In addition, the extensive bibliographies tive and well written, but also transcend some that make Arnoldia articles so useful have of the more "trendy" aspects of horticulture been cut. This decision was made in view of and botany. In no way should one consider the fact that anyone wishing to get more this selection the "best of’ Arnoldia. Rather detailed information on one of the subjects it is a representative sample of the kind of covered can always refer to the articles as they work that has been going on at the Arnold originally appeared in Arnoldia. It is the edi- Arboretum for the last half century. In all tor’s hope that this collection not only illus- cases I have tried to pick articles that reflect trates the work of the Arboretum over the last the eclectic blend of horticulture and botany fifty years, but also helps to lay a solid foun- that has distinguished the work of the Arnold dation for the work of the next fifty. Arboretum from its inception and that will, 4i

Portrait of Asa Gray, circa 1865. From the Archives of the Gray Herbarium Asa Gray and His Quest for Shortia galacifolia

Charles F Jenkins

C. E Jenkins of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was both an excellent writer and an active horticulturist. He served as editor of The Farm journal for many years, and wrote several books on American history. In 1931, he founded the "Hemlock Arboretum" and published the well-known Hemlock Arboretum Bulletin until his death in 1951. In the Arnoldia article reprinted here, Jenkins, who was an important supporter of the Arnold Arboretum, tells the intriguing story of Asa Gray and C. S. Sargent searching for the botanical equivalent of the Holy Grail.

The word bewitched has antipodal meanings. Arbor. As the buildings were not ready, he was The first, sinister, fearsome, savoring of Salem granted a year’s leave of absence, a salary of trials and clouded minds; the second, $1500, and $5000 was placed at his disposal charmed, enchanted, captivated. In this to purchase books for the new University second sense Asa Gray was bewitched. For library. The main object of his trip, however, forty years, the greater part of his productive was to examine the original sources of Ameri- life, the memory of a fragmentary, dried, can flora as they existed in the principal her- incomplete specimen in a neglected herbar- baria of Europe. After a twenty-one-day voyage ium cabinet in France haunted him. The he landed in Liverpool and then began a year assurance of its existence as a living plant and crowded with rich cultural and educational the hope of its rediscovery were with him experiences. Everywhere he made friends constantly. A shy, evergreen groundcover with among the botanists and scientists and every- dainty, creamy-white in early spring; where he found in the old established herbaria cheerful, shiny, bright green in sum- specimens of American plants collected mer ; a winter coloring rich and rare-it well through the past century by a long list of deserved his lifelong devotion. When the botanists and travellers. search was ended and the visible assurance of the Herbarium in France its existence was placed in Gray’s hands, he Finding Specimen could well exclaim, as he did: "Now let me By the middle of March, Gray had reached sing my nunc dimittis." Paris where he remained nearly a month. Here On November 9, 1838, Gray sailed in the he worked over the collections of Andre packet ship Philadelphia for Europe. He had Michaux (1746-1802), that indefatigable col- received appointment to a professorship in the lector and botanist, who fifty years before had newly planned University of Michigan at Ann spent eleven years in the , send- ing home to France great quantities of botan- ical treasures. Among these in a cabinet of Volume 2(3, 4): 18-28, 1946. unidentified plants was a faded, incomplete specimen with the label: "Hautes montagnes On December 11 it froze hard and the air was clear and keen. I noted a chain of high mountains which de Carolinie An An genus ~~~~~ pyrnla spec extended trom west to east and where the frost was novuml" In his Andre carefully kept journal, little felt m places exposed to the sun. I gathered a Michaux not only tells of the finding of the Jumperus [repens] which I had not yet seen in the plant, but gives careful directions so that southern part of the United States but it must be future botanists might also locate it in the noted that I saw on these mountains several of the northern such as Betula Cornus Mountains of Carolina." regions mgra, "High altemifoha, Pmus strobus, Abies, , etc. We in as is Michaux’s Journal French, written, crossed a space of about three miles in the midst of not readily available, nor is there a translation Rhododendron maximum. I came back to camp of the whole Journal for English readers. with my guide at the head of the Keowee and the of Professor Edith gathered a large quantity of the low woody plants Through courtesy I found the I of the French of Swarth- with the saw-toothed leaves that day Philips, Department arrived. I did not see it on other mountain. The of that any more College, the following translation Indians of the place told me that the leaves had a small portion relating to the finding of Shortia good taste when chewed and the odor was agreeable is here presented. It will give some idea of the when they were crushed, which I found to be the hardships borne by the botanist in his travels case. covers on four and his experiences disagree- [Michaux’s directions for finding Shortia] able winter days when he came upon the lit- The head of the Keowee is the junction of two tle which has botanists for one plant intrigued torrents of considerable size which flow m cascades hundred and fifty-four years. from the high mountains. This junction takes place in a small plam where there was once a Cherokee The roads became more difficult as we approached village. On descending from the junction of these the headwaters of the Keowee Kiwi [spelled by two torrents with the river to one’s left and the on the 8th of December, 1788.... Two Michaux] mountains which face north on the right, one finds miles before there I the arriving recognized Magno- at about 200-300 feet from the junction, a path lia montana which has been named M cordata or formed by the Indian hunters It leads to a brook aunculata Bartram. There was m this a lit- by place where one recognizes the site of an Indian village tle cabm inhabited a of Cherokee Indians. by family by the peach trees which still exist in the midst of We there to and I ran off to make some stopped camp the underbrush. Continuing on this path one soon I a new low investigations. gathered woody plant reaches the mountains and one finds this plant with saw-toothed leaves on the mountain creeping which covers the ground along with the Epigaea at a short distance from the river. [Michaux here repens. refers to Shortia.] The weather changed and it ramed all we were m the shelter of a night Although great In his for 8, 1839, Gray records Strobus our clothing and our covers were journal April the soaked About the middle of the night I went to the the find in the herbarium of Paris cabin of the Indians, which could scarcely hold the Museum which immediately aroused his family composed of eight persons, men and women. interest: There were besides six big dogs who added to the "But I have something better than all this filth of this apartment and to its inconveniences. The to tell I have discovered a new in fire was placed m the middle without any opening you. genus in the top of the cabin to let the smoke out; there Michaux’s herbarium-at the end, among were plenty of holes, however, to let the rain through plantae ignotae. It is from that great unknown the roof of this house. An Indian came to take my region, the high mountains of North Carolina. place by the fire and offered me his bed which was We have the fruit, with the persistent calyx a bear’s skm. But finally the ram having stopped and no a that I annoyed by the dogs which kept biting each other and style, but flowers, and guess continually to keep their place by the fire, I returned made about its affinities has been amply to the camp. borne out on examination by Decaisne and This place which is called the source of the myself. It is allied to Galax, but is ’un tres dis- is so It the Keowee incorrectly indicated. is junction tinct genus/ having axillary one-flowered of two other rivers or large torrents which unite at and a that of a this place and which is known only as the forks of scapes (the large style the Keowee. Pyrola, long and declined). Indeed I hope it 7

of it until fourteen years after Dr. Short’s death. Apparently the latter never made the penalty pilgrimage to the mountains of Caro- lina in search of his namesake. His own large collection of dried plants passed to the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, but his name is still to be found on the twenty-five thousand herbarium specimens he is said to have generously distributed to like-minded enthusiasts throughout the world. The Search of the Carolina Mountains Returning from his trip abroad, Gray reached home early in November, 1839, and immedi- ately plunged into the task of completing the Flora of North America. Shortia, however, was always in his mind. It was Michaux’s incom- plete and misleading label "Hautes montagnes C. E. Faxon’s drawing of Shortia galacifolia, first pub- de Carolinie" on the herbarium specimen in hshed in Garden and Forest m 1888. From the Paris that delayed for nearly forty years the Archives of the Arnold Arboretum. satisfaction he was to have in holding in his hand a living plant. In anticipation of a will settle the riddle about the family of botanizing trip Dr. Gray now consulted Galax, and prove Richard to be right when he Michaux’s journal. But one must read care- says Ordo Ericarum. I claim the right of a dis- fully to find the reference, although in all the coverer to affix the name. So I say, as this is journal no species location is so faithfully a good North American genus and comes described as that of Shortia, but Gray unfor- from near , it shall be christened tunately missed the significance of Michaux’s Shortia, to which we will stand as godfathers. directions, or did not realize that the passage So Shortia galacifolia, Torr. and Gr., it shall reproduced above appertained to the much be. I beg you to inform Dr. Short, and to say desired Shortia. With two friends, John Carey that we will lay upon him no greater penalty and James Constable, he started on his first than this necessary thing-that he make a pil- quest late in June, 1841. To the "High Moun- grimage to the mountains of Carolina this tains" they went, Roan, Iron, Grandfather, coming summer and procure the flowers." Black, and others, all over 5000 feet in height. Charles Wilkins Short (1794-1863) and Asa Michaux had also visited them. He recorded Gray never met. Their friendship was founded in his journal that on the 30th of August, on a voluminous correspondence and a 1794, standing on the summit of Grandfather, mutual respect for the botanical writings and which he thought was the highest peak in all attainments of each other. Both had been the Appalachians, he and his guide, John graduated in medicine and both were college Davenport, had chanted the Marseillaise and instructors in science. Short was Gray’s senior cried "Vive 1’Amerique et la Republique Fran- by sixteen years. He never saw the dainty lit- caise, Vive la Liberte!" tle plant so honorably named, nor the dried The Gray exploring party made its head- specimen in the Paris herbarium. This and the quarters in the little town of Jefferson, the few lines in Torrey and Gray’s Flora of North county seat of Ashe County, North Carolina. America were all that were definitely known None of the party knew that Shortia flowered 8

A map showmg the limited distribution of Shortia in the southern Appalachian mountains, as known in 1950. Since that time some new populations have been located, but others have been destroyed as a result of flooding associated with reservoir construction. Repnnted from Rhodora, volume 52, 1950. in late March or early April, nor did they obtained in the high mountains of Carolina. know at what altitude it grew. Reporting on The only specimen extant is among the ’Plan- his extended trip in a classical account which tae incognitae’ of the Michauxian herbarium, he wrote for Sir William J. Hooker, Gray says: in fruit only; and we were anxious to obtain "We were unsuccessful in our search for a flowering specimens, that we might complete remarkable undescribed plant with a habit of its history; as I have long wished to dedicate Pyrola and the foliage of Galax, which was the plant to Professor Short, of Kentucky, 9

whose attainments and eminent services to and at last the search of nearly forty years was North American botany are well known and at an end. Dr. Gray was triumphant. "No other appreciated both at home and abroad." In a botanist has the news," he hastened to write, footnote from this quoted passage is the first on October 21, 1878, to his close friend and published description of the genus Shortia fellow botanist William M. Canby, who was Torrey and Gray. to be the first to share with him the jubila- Two years passed and the position at Michi- tion over the rediscovery. In the period of forty gan having been abandoned, on April 30, 1842, years of waiting, many deserved honors had Gray was appointed to the Fisher Professor- come to him, including college degrees and ship of Natural History at Harvard College. memberships in fifty learned and cultural Again Shortia called him and for nearly three societies throughout the world. A few months months in 1843, this time with another previously he had been elected a member of friend, William S. Sullivant, he herborized in the Academie des Sciences of the Institut de the same general territory, the happy hunting France, one of the most coveted rewards to a ground of many distinguished botanists, both scientific man. Yet the discovery he was com- before and since. But again he was searching municating to his friend, "has given me," he in the wrong place and again was disap- said, "a hundred times the satisfaction that pointed. In neither trip did he come within the election to the Institut did." And then he many miles of where the little plant had been continues: "If you will come here I can show first discovered. you what will delight your eyes and cure you Dr. John Torrey was the first to suggest, as effectively of the skeptical spirit you used to early as 1852, that Shortia was probably an have about Shortia galacifolia. It is before me early spring plant and further that it might with corolla and all from North Carolina! disappear after flowering and perfecting its Think of that! My long faith rewarded at last." seed. "One should be pretty early on the Dr. Gray wrote to M. E. Hyams, October 27, ground to find it in flower," he wrote Dr. Short 1878, telling him how much immortality had who was anticipating a journey to the Caro- been lost for his son by not sending the speci- lina mountains in quest of it. John Carey men when it was found eighteen months about the same time was urging Dr. Short to before, in order that the description might ascertain the name and whereabouts of have been included in the edition of the Flora Michaux’s old guide, John Davenport, from which had gone to press in the meantime, but whom he might learn his track "in general if promising to make his name famous through not in particular." an article in "Silliman’s Journal pro tem" He also informed M. E. Hyams that he or Mr. at Last! Rediscovery Canby, or both, would be down the following It was in May, 1877, that seventeen-year-old May, call for the boy, and ask to be taken to George McQueen Hyams (1861-1932) of the spot. Mr. Hyams in replying, October 31, Statesville, N.C., found Shortia growing on tells of the finding of the plants: "We were the banks of the Catawba River near Marion, passing along the road and my attention was the county seat of McDowell County, N.C., called to an elevated hillside that I could not some seventy miles in a direct line from the ascend as being at the time rather exhausted, site of Michaux’s discovery. His father, M. E. being sixty years old, requested him [his son] Hyams (1819-1891), was an herbalist but did to ascend and bring whatever was in flower. not know the plant and eighteen months later I have forgotten the locality, but he is fully sent a specimen for identification to a friend, known to it, as he lived within two miles of Joseph W Congdon of East Greenwich, R.I. He the place for several years." in turn wrote Dr. Gray telling him he thought Now that a definite station for Shortia had he had Shortia. The latter wrote "Send it on" been located, Dr. Gray early in the spring of 10

1879 organized a real excursion to see it grow- there may have been 50 to 100 plants. As the ing in the wild. Mrs. Gray and her brother plantnl tmultiplies lrinl;Ag 1syby stolons~ !, c itit isic arlrahremarkableP with the latter’s wife and their two daughters that its area should be thus restricted and and his botanical friends, William M. Canby since in the struggle for life of two allied of Wilmington, Del., Dr. Charles S. Sargent plants the weaker ’must go,’ Dr. Gray sug- of Brookline, Mass., and J. H. Redfield of gested the possibility that its stronger cousin, Philadelphia, Penna., composed the party. The the Galax, had crowded out the Shortia. And four principals of the party arrived in States- here indeed, in what may be the last foothold ville, N.C., by train and were entertained by of the rarity, Galax appeared to be actually a Mr. Wallace, a leading citizen of the town. doing so. Yet the plants, though comparatively Redfield wrote a full account of the trip but few, were vigorous and healthy. Other stations only that portion relating to Shortia is may be looked for; but they must be hard to included here. He says: "The recent rediscov- find. When we consider the long search which ery of Shortia in North Carolina has created has been made for this plant, how all the much interest among botanists.... Searches mountain region of the Carolinas and Tennes- repeated in the course of many years had see has been examined by the sharp optics of proved fruitless, so that to the botanical frater- Buckley, Rugel, M. A. Curtis, Dr. Gray, Canby, nity and particularly to the author of the Le Roy and Ruger, the Vaseys, elder and young- genus the recovery was somewhat like that of er, Chickering and others, it is very certain a long lost child.... The object was not only that if there be other localities they must be to see Shortia but to find more of it if possi- ’few and far between.’ ... ble and to explore some portions of the moun- Finds tains which the oldest member of the party Dr. Sargent Shortia [Dr. Gray] had visited in 1841 and 1843.... Dr. Sargent was not satisfied with the meager "A visit to the root and herb warehouse results of the search for Shortia in 1879 and belonging to Wallace Brothers and under the again visited the Carolinas in the early charge of Mr. Hyams, furnished evidence that autumn of 1886 hunting for Magnolia cor- this branch of industry has reached an extent data, mentioned by Michaux. At Sapphire, and importance of which few are aware. The Transylvania County, N.C., he and Mr. Stiles, printed catalogue of indigenous plants, dealt who accompanied him, were met by Frank E. in by this house, enumerates about 630 spe- Boynton of Highlands. One evening after a cies.... These simples find a large market, botanizing trip Dr. Sargent produced a and both in this country and Europe, and the asked what it was. Mr. Boynton thought it orders come mainly from the wholesale drug- might be Galax but examining it more closely gists and the manufacturers of patent medi- said he did not know. Mr. Stiles jokingly said: cines. Think of a single order for fifteen tons "That is Shortia" and it turned out so to be. of Hepatica triloba! ... It was a coincidence that in the evening mail "Being now in McDowell County, the the following letter arrived from Dr. Gray: Shortia locality was visited under the guidance of Mr. George M. Hyams, the actual September 17, 1886 discoverer. In the secluded and well-protected My dear Sargent: well overshadowed Rhododendrons station, by Would I were with you. I can only say crown your- and was seen the little of , colony self with glory by discovering a habitat-the origi- the plant, so long sought and by many so long nal habitat of Shortia which we will believe Michaux doubted. Its companions were Mitchella found near where Magnolia cordata came from m that first repens, Asarum virginicum and Galax expedition. aphylla. The space over which the plant Yours, ever, Asa extended was perhaps 10 feet by 30 and in all Gray 11

Unfortunately Dr. Sargent could not recall found it on December 8, 1788.... where he had found the Shortia leaf. He and As has been stated, up to the time of the his party had travelled all day over rough rediscovery of Shortia Dr. Gray had received mountain country searching for Magnolia cor- fifty honorary degrees and memberships in data. So the two Boynton brothers were sent learned societies. Twenty-one more were to back to locate the growing plants from which come to him before his death, which occurred the leaf had been plucked. Frank Boynton January 30, 1888. He was buried in Mount remembered that Dr. Sargent and he had Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass., where passed through Bear Camp, a small settlement a simple stone bearing a cross marks his last on Bear Camp Creek, a little stream flowing resting place. It may not be too late to suggest into the Horse Pasture River, which in turn that, with the soil properly prepared, there enters the Keowee. Here they found Shortia might be planted on his grave an ever green and gathered a small amount, and it was one and ever beautiful blanket of the little flower of these living plants which Dr. Sargent which he so loved and which he pronounced placed in Dr. Gray’s hands as coming from the "perhaps the most interesting plant in North Michaux land, "the headwaters of the Keo- America." wee;’ for it was at this place that Michaux first 12

A drawmg of the type tree of Metasequoia glyptostroboides growing at Modaoqi village. This illus- tration, provided through the courtesy of Dr. H H Hu, is from the Archives of the Arnold Arboretum. Metasequoia, Another "Living Fossil"

E. D. Merrill

For a modern-day equivalent of the Shortia story, we have the case of the dawn redwood. The tale of its discovery is here told by Elmer D. Merrill, who was director of the Arnold Arboretum from 1935 to 1946. He will always be remembered for arranging the first introduction and distribution of dawn redwood seeds from the wilds of Hubei Province, China.

Ginkgo biloba, a monotypic genus of very Mr. Wang’s fragmentary specimens of 1945 ancient lineage, in fact from the standpoint were supplemented by additional material col- of geologic history, outside of the Cycadaceae, lected in the following year, originally three the most ancient of living trees, is often large trees representing this strange spoken of as a "living fossil." The sole species, having been located in northeastern once of very wide geographic distribution in Szechuan, very close to the Hupeh border. the North Temperate Zone, can scarcely be With the additional collections made in 1946, distinguished from fossil forms of ancient the discovery then developed into one of Mesozoic times. This is a beautiful example extraordinary interest in that the tree proved of the persistence of selected life forms, in to be a living species of a genus, Metasequoia, highly organized groups, through many mil- which, up to that time, had been known only lions of years. Ginkgo has persisted in culti- from paleobotanical records. Various species vation in China, but there are a few places in of North America and Asia originally ascribed that country where it is spontaneous in to the genus Sequoia as fossil forms, proved limited forested areas. Whether or not it is not to belong in that genus, and in 1941 the truly native in such places, or merely occurs new genus Metasequoia was proposed to as a descendant from planted trees, is not accommodate these; and only four years after definitely known. It was introduced into Japan that genus was described, a living species was about AD 700, into Europe about 1730, and actually found in China. This, because of the into the United States in 1784. Now another ancient lineage of Metasequoia, and its striking case develops, not quite as old geo- former wide geographic distribution (various logically as is the Ginkgo, through a remark- parts of North America, Japan, Saghalien, able discovery originally made by Mr. T. Wang Manchuria), is a most extraordinary circum- in 1945. Metasequoia, previously known only stance. The proposed paleobotanical species from paleobotanical records, is now shown to are Metasequoia heerii from North America, exist in the form of a single living species in M. japonica and M. disticha from Japan, and a very limited area, and it, or its immediate M. chinensis from Manchuria and Saghalien. ancestry, goes back to Mesozoic times.... Assuming that all of these extinct species are actually congeneric, then, in former geologic Volume 8(1): 1-8, 1948. times, Metasequoia was a genus of very wide 14

the sole surviving representative of a former

_ widely distributed genus, was apparently not far from the verge of extinction as a living entity in its native habitat. As noted above, the first observer located only three trees. A second expedition was sent out by Professor Wan-Chun Cheng of the National Central University, Nanking, in 1946, and Mr. C. J. Hsueh, his assistant, who led this expedition, brought the census up to about 25 trees. When botanical specimens were received at the Arnold Arboretum in the latter part of 1946, I immediately became interested in the possibility of securing seeds of this extraordinary species, and accordingly communicated with Dr. H. H. Hu, Director of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology in Peiping, one of the joint authors concerned with the actual description of the species. Incidentally, Dr. H. H. Hu was trained at the Arnold Arboretum, receiving his Sc.D. degree from Harvard University in 1925. Dr. Hu responded favorably and accordingly a modest grant was made from the Arnold Arboretum restricted Chinese exploration fund provided by the late Harrison W Smith of Tahiti, him- One of the Metasequoia seedlings raised from the self a of Harvard in 1895 and original batch of seeds collected by C. J. Hsueh in graduate long interested in matters Chinese. On the basis China in 1947 (AA #528-48). The young girl is point- ing to where the growth of the tree started in spring of this grant Professor Cheng organized a third 1951. The photograph was taken m September 1951. expedition to the type locality, this also led From the Archives of the Arnold Arboretum. by his assistant Mr. Hsueh. He flew from Nanking to Chungking on September 3, 1947, and arrived at Mou-tao-chi, 110 kilometers geographic distribution, as was Ginkgo. The east of Wan-hsien, Szechuan, on September latter is represented by only a single living 11, where the type of the species was origi- species and this apparently now persisting nally discovered. This is very close to the only because it was preserved in cultivation Hupeh border. He spent approximately three in China. And now this striking Metasequoia months prosecuting field work in this part of is found, confined to a relatively few Szechuan and in adjacent parts of Hupeh. He individual trees scattered along small streams reports somewhat more than one hundred and on the slopes of northeastern Szechuan large trees representing the species, occurring and the adjacent parts of Hupeh. on slopes, along small streams, and near rice It is sufficiently extraordinary, only four paddies (some of the trees planted) between years after Metasequoia was actually the altitudes of 900 and 1300 meters scattered described from the fossil records, that a liv- over an area of about 800 square kilometers. ing species of the genus should be found in This is a region of considerable rainfall, with China; but what is perhaps even more extraor- some ice and snow in the winter months. The dinary is that when found, this living species, center of its greatest abundance is in the Shui- 15

a second and larger shipment is now in tran- sit. Seeds were planted in our propagating house early in January, and many of these ger- minated before the end of the month. Thus it is that in due time the Arnold Arboretum will have a certain number of living plants for distribution. Following long established Arnold Arbore- tum practice, packets of seeds have been widely distributed to institutions in the United States and Europe. It is, of course, not known whether this remarkable species will prove to be hardy under the rather difficult cli- matic conditions characteristic of the Boston area. With excellent germination records it is now certain that we shall be able to establish this ancient but now nearly extinct type in various parts of the United States and else- where, for somewhere, with us, favorable cli- matic conditions will be found-if not in the northeast, then in the south or on the west coast. The point is emphasized that in spite of the present unfavorable economic condi- tions, in spite of adversities in China render- One of the original Metasequoia seedlings m all its ing travel difficult, and in spite of unfavorable glory at the Arnold Arboretum. Photographed in 1990 this by Racz and Debreczy exchange conditions, cooperative project did succeed; that as a result an ample supply of seeds is available; that the seeds are viable; and, this being the case, the Arnold Arbore- sa-pa valley in Hupeh Province, where there tum has made an important contribution, are at least 1000 of the trees, including the working through its Chinese associates, in small ones; but there are no groves or forests thus being involved in an attempt to preserve made up of the species. In other places, such a remarkable conifer, and a species that in its as Houng-pin-ying and Mou-tao-chi, there are native habitat is apparently not far from the only a very few trees. It is of interest to note verge of extinction. Incidentally, Professor that the valley where most of the trees are Cheng who, with Dr. Hu, cooperated with us, now found takes its name from that of the writes that without the modest grant made tree, the tree itself known as shui-sa (shui = by the Arnold Arboretum, it would have been water, sa = or spruce), the place of its impossible for his representative to make the greatest occurrence being Shui-sa-pa. trip to Szechuan and Hupeh in 1947, and com- The largest tree which was measured was ments on the fact that trees are being rapidly 35 meters high, its trunk 2.3 meters in destroyed by cutting in this region as well as diameter. While 1947 was reported as not in various other parts of China. He specifi- being a good seed year, an ample supply of cally mentioned Picea heterolepsis Rehder & seeds was secured during the time that Mr. Wilson, which was described in 1914 from col- Hsueh was in the field. These were delivered lections made by E. H. Wilson for the Arnold in Nanking early in December; the first small Arboretum in western Szechuan in 1910, and sending reached Boston January 5, 1948, and a species now growing in our grounds. Not a 16

single tree can now be found in the type local- highlights regarding this remarkable discov- ity, nor have the Chinese botanists been 2ble ery, and to call attention to the fact that via- 2014 to locate the species anywhere since 1932. ble seeds of the species have been received, The actual grant made by the Arnold Arbore- from which young plants are now being tum to finance this trip to Szechuan in 1947 grown. was only $250 which, because of the extreme It has been argued in some quarters that we inflation, actually yielded $9,750,000 in approach the condition of diminishing returns Chinese currency. This will give some idea of in the botanical exploration of China, a field the current financial difficulties under which that has long been one in which the Arnold the Chinese botanists are carrying on their Arboretum has specialized. This statement is work. doubtless true to a certain degree, but from This new "living fossil" is a large tree, what has appeared in extensive collections attaining a height of at least 115 feet, with a made within the past three decades, I am still trunk diameter of at least 7.5 feet. One of its of the opinion that a vast amount of field striking characteristics is that, like the vari- work is still called for and is still justified. ous species of Larix () and This remarkable Metasequoia find bears out (golden larch), and our (swamp this belief. In spite of all that has been pub- cypress), its leaves are , the trees lished on the enormously rich being leafless in the winter months. In general in the past century, and particularly within appearance the leafy branchlets suggest those the past four or five decades, there are vast of the genus Glyptostrobus. It is needless to areas still remaining to be explored, and the repeat here the technical characters of this already known flora will be very greatly remarkable species, as these will be available increased, as to the number of actually known when the formal description is published. All species, when the more recently assembled I have attempted to do has been to give the collections are studied in detail. Reminiscences of Collecting the Type Specimens of Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Hsueh Chi-ju

It was by complete chance that Dr. Peter Ashton, then Director of the Arboretum, happened to meet Professor Hsueh in Kunming, China, in 1984. The following article, which is an outgrowth of that meeting, is unusual on several accounts. In the first place, American audiences seldom get to hear about Chinese plants from Chinese botanists. And second, it puts Professor Hsueh’s early work with Metasequoia in a very personal light.

Forty years ago, I happened to see the speci- Gymnospermae, since the opposite arrange- men of Metasequoia glyptostroboides that ment of the leaves and cone scales differed Mr. Wang Zhang had collected at Modaoqi from that of G. pensilis and other members (which means, literally, knife-grinding) village of the Taxodiaceae. in Wanxian county, China. The next year, fol- Since the specimen Mr. Wang collected had lowing the route Mr. Wang had taken, I made no male inflorescences and since the cones two trips there to collect perfect specimens had been picked up from the ground, we didn’t and to conduct further investigations. know how the cones grew on the branches. In Although I am old now, the two trips are still addition, we had no information on whether fresh in my memory. it was deciduous or evergreen, on its flower- I graduated from the Forestry Department ing season, or on its ecological characteristics of the former National Central University at and distribution. Zhongjing (Chungking) in 1945 and then Further research being necessary, Professor worked on the gymnosperms, studying for a Cheng naturally advised me to collect some master’s degree under the guidance of Profes- perfect specimens and to make an investiga- sor Cheng Wanjun. One day in 1945, Wang tion. Since we had no funds and everybody Zhang, who worked at the Central Forestry was quite hard up, I could only go to the place Experimental Institution, sent a cone-bearing on my own, carrying a few pieces of simple specimen collected at Modaoqi to Professor baggage and specimen-clips. I left Chungking Cheng for identification. Its vernacular name city by steamboat and, after two days, arrived was shui-shan (water fir), and it was some- at Wanxian county, on the northern bank of what similar to Glyptostrobus pensilis the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. After crossing (G. lineatus). After making a preliminary the river, I had to walk 120 kilometers [72 identification, Professor Cheng considered miles] to my destination. In 1946 I made two that it might belong to a new taxon of the trips from Chungking to Modaoqi, in Febru- ary and May, respectively, both times single- Volume 45(4): 10-18, 1985. handedly. 18

Professor Hsueh Chi-ju, who collected not only the type specimens of Metasequoia, but also the seeds that were sent to the Arnold Arboretum for distribution worldwide. Photographed in 1984 by P S. Ashton. 19

The First to Trip Modaoqi They dared not go any farther and returned to I remember that on my first trip the boat was Wanxian the next morning. As for me, I was moored in Fengdu county for the first night. bent on finding that colossal tree and collect- On a hill behind the county town was a tem- ing more specimens, so I resolutely continued ple regarded in the Old China as an inferno my trip along the route marked out by Mr. where the "Lord of Hell" reigned. Dead souls Wang, without any fear or hesitation. were supposed to go there to register. So I Finally, at dusk on the third day, I reached made use of this rare opportunity to take a my destination safely. I set out immediately solitary night walk in this weird and dreadful to search for that colossal tree despite hun- place-evidence that I was full of vigor and ger, thirst, and fatigue, and without consider- curiosity in my youth. ing where I would take my lodging. It was At that time there was no highway from February 19th, and cold. The tree was located Wanxian county to Modaoqi village. My trip at the edge of the southern end of a small was very difficult, the trails threading through street. In the twilight nothing was discerni- the mountains being less than one foot wide. ble except the withered and yellowed appear- The region was inhabited by the Tu minority ance of the whole tree. My excitement cooled. and had been isolated from the outside world "Am I to bring back just some dried for ages. During the war of resistance against branches?" I asked myself. Japan, the Hubei provincial government The tree was gigantic; no one could have moved to Enshi county in its neighborhood; climbed it. As I had no specific tools, I could thenceforward its intercourse with the outside only throw stones at it. When the branches world had somewhat increased. Since this fell from the tree, I found, to my great surprise, region was located on the border between that there were many yellow male cones and Sichuan and Hubei provinces, an area charac- some female cones on the leafless branches. terized by difficult and hazardous roads, I jumped with joy and excitement. The murder and robbery occurred frequently. It weather being cold, many plants were not yet was regarded as a forbidding place and was sel- in flower. Since I was short of money, I dom visited by travellers. returned to Chungking city three days later. On my trip, I set out from Wanxian and stayed at Changtanjing for the night. My fel- The Second Trip to Modaoqi low travellers were several peddlers. While we The second trip was in May of the same year, chatted around a fire at night, the innkeeper its purpose being to collect the cone-bearing came to give us a warning: "If you go any far- specimens in addition to ascertaining the ther you will travel along a narrow valley cut natural distribution of Metasequoia and the by the Modaoqi River. Travel will become flora of the region. On my way to Modaoqi, more dangerous and threatened with robbery, about half a day’s walk from my destination, which often occurs at dangerous turns of the I came across a peasant carrying a bundle of river. Travellers from both directions are fagot mixed with some Podocarpus nagi. The robbed by being jammed together, or ’rounded wood was said to have been cut from a nearby up.’ Therefore, if you see no travellers coming mountain. I took two twigs and pressed them your way for a long time, it is very likely that as specimens. This indicated that P. nagi, a robbery has occurred ahead, and you had bet- another primeval gymnosperm, occurred in ter take care. Only a few days ago we wit- the vicinity. nessed such an incident in this vicinity." The This time I took measurements of the innkeeper then gave a vivid and horrible Metasequoia tree. It was 37 meters (about 122 description of a murder. The poor peddlers, feet) high and 7 meters (about 23 feet) in girth, my fellow travellers, were very frightened. and still grew vigorously. 20

Two things impressed me deeply. One was that I came across whole stretches of Geas- trum sp. (an earthstar fungus) mixed with small stones of a similar shape, forming a peculiar landscape. The other thing that impressed me was an incident. Not even by the day before my departure had I given up on the possibility of making a reconnaissance. At four in the afternoon of the last day, I met a traveller coming from the southeast and asked him where the shui-shan tree could be found. He told me that it could be got near a small village about 5 kilometers (3 miles) from where we were. Upon hearing this I almost broke into a run, intending to return to the inn before dark so that I might leave for Wanxian the next day. After trotting for a while, I met another peasant and asked him how far it was to the village. (I can’t be sure now, but it may have been Nanpin village in Lichuan county.) "Five kilometers" he replied. Mountain people sometimes differ consider- ably in their gauge of distance. I was wavering as to whether to go or not. If I should go, it was certain that I could not have returned to the inn before dark and that One of the many herbarium specimens of Metase- the innkeeper would worry. Then, too, I had that Professor Hsueh collected his first quoia during already hired a man to carry the specimens trip to Modaoqi. This specimen is in the Herbarium for we had on the next of the Arnold Arboretum. Photo by D. E. Boufford. me; agreed morning as the time for departure. I could not break my word! But finally I made up my mind to To ascertain the distribution of Metase- make another reconnaissance for shui-shan. quoia, I interviewed many local people, but It was getting dark when I arrived at the none of them knew. The innkeeper did tell me small village. The villagers in their isolation that a whole stretch of shui-shan trees might seldom met outsiders, especially "intellec- be found at Xiahoe, in Lichuan county, Hubei tuals" such as I was. My arrival aroused their province, about 50 kilometers (30 miles) away. curiosity. They surrounded me, making all As I had almost exhausted my travelling sorts of inquiries. But I was anxious to see the allowance, and as communication was Metasequoia trees. When I was told that there extremely inconvenient, I had to give up my were no such trees, I was very disappointed. attempt to extend my trip to that place. However, I did not give up hope, and asked the Nevertheless, the innkeeper had provided an villagers to accompany me to make one last important clue for a more thoroughgoing reconnaissance. There was, indeed, no exploration later. All I could do was-taking Metasequoia. I did collect some specimens of the original spot as a center-to make a recon- chinensis, however. naissance within the area I could cover in one I intended to return to the inn in spite of day. In a few days I had collected more than the dark night. However, the friendly villagers one hundred specimens. had already made arrangements for my food 21

and lodging, and had warned me repeatedly As the local people looked upon the Metase- of the frequent robberies on the way, insist- quoia as a sort of divine tree, they built a ing on my leaving the next day, escorted by shrine beside it. Among the villagers there some local people. Yet I could hardly fall were quite a few traditions about the Metase- asleep, thinking that I could not cause them quoia. As a result, the villagers considered its so much trouble or break my word to the hired fruit-bearing condition to be an indication of carrier. And then I thought that in the depth the yield of crops, and the withering of its of the night there would be no "bandits," since twigs or branches a forecast of someone’s there would be no travellers to rob. So at two death. It was also rumored that, some time in the morning I awoke my roommates, after the founding of the Kuomin Tang govern- explaining to them the reason for my prompt ment, some foreign missionaries who were departure, and left the villagers a letter of passing through the village were willing to acknowledgment. Since the door was locked, buy the tree for a big sum of money. The vil- I could only jump over the wall so as not to lagers refused to sell, however, because of the disturb others. In the moonlight I passed geomantic nature of the place. Thus, it was through stretches of dark , returning to because of feudalistic superstition that the the inn before dawn. That very day I left for tree had survived. Its age is estimated at four Wanxian. hundred years. With the advent of well-regulated highway the Tree Geomancy Spared Type communication, the poor village of the Modaoqi was a very small village, to the former days changed its aspect long ago. The southeast of which stood the Chiyue Moun- Metasequoia tree, which had survived the tains. Its altitude was 1744 meters [about 5755 ravages of time and is reputed to be a "living feet]. At the time it was in Wanxian county, fossil," has not only persisted, but is being dis- Sichuan province. It was so called because of seminated. Now Metasequoia trees are "set- its situation at the source of the river. As tled" in many countries of the world. It is only modao in Chinese means "knife-grinding" natural that people, when admiring this spe- and suggests sinisterness, the name was cies of primeval tree, should wonder about its changed to Moudao, which means "truth- original habitat and should wish to know how seeking" in Chinese. At present it is under the it was discovered. jurisdiction of Lichuan county. 22

Alfred Rehder, photographed in 1939 by Dmitri Kessel. From the Archives of the Arnold Arboretum. On the History of the Introduction of Woody Plants into North America

Al fred Rehder

This is one of the very few popular articles that Alfred Rehder ever wrote. While initially written in English in the early 1930s, it was never published because American horticultural magazines considered it too technical. Faced with this rebuff, Rehder published the article in Germany in 1932. In 1936, the Arboretum librarian, Miss Ethelyn M. Tucker, translated the article back into English for publication in the National Horticultural Magazine. While our knowledge of the history of the introduction of plants has increased considerably since Rehder’s time, this work is still of value because it provides a firm foundation for future studies.

The introduction of North American woody at since pioneers in a strange land have a hard plants into Europe has been treated frequently, struggle for existence and are forced to seek while of the introduction of woody plants first to assure for themselves the necessities from other countries into North America of life, and only with increasing wealth and almost nothing has as yet been written. It security of possessions do they find leisure to will, therefore, be appropriate to give here a think of beautifying their surroundings. brief sketch as to when and how foreign and The first fruit tree introduced into the New also western American woody plants reached World was the peach, which as early as the the gardens of eastern North America, as well 16th century was brought into by the as to mention the earliest and the most impor- Spaniards; from there it spread west and north tant gardens and arboreta. and was planted by the white settlers as well The history of the introduction of ligneous as by the Indians. The introduction of woody plants into North America may be divided plants in the North began in the first half of into three periods, the first of which embraces the 17th century. The first account of this we the time from the arrival of the first European find in Josselyn (New England Rarities Dis- settlers up to the middle of the 18th century. covered, published in 1672; and Account of This period is characterized by the fact that Two Voyages to New England in 1638 and the introduction of European woody plants is 1663, published in 1674) where he mentions restricted chiefly to fruit trees and other use- the apple, pear, quince, cherry, plum, and bar- ful plants with the addition of but a few berry as thriving in New England; he men- ornamental . This is not to be wondered tions also Salvia of ficinalis and remarks that Artemisia abrotanum, rosemary, and lavender Volume 6(4, 5): 13-23, 1946. were not suited to the climate of New 24

England, which shows that their introduction garden stand today, preserved in their original was attemnted, but was successful only in the form. The second man is Robert Prince. who southern states. Of ornamental shrubs he in the year 1730 founded a nursery in Flush- mentions only the . We can, however, be ing, Long Island, which has been managed almost certain that some other ornamental continuously through five generations of the shrubs, such as the lilac, snowball (Viburnum same family. Although in the beginning opulus f. roseum) and box had already in the intended only for the raising of fruit trees, the second half of the 17th century been found management gradually broadened to include here and there, as in the garden of Van Cort- ornamental trees and shrubs, and since 1793 landt in Croton on Hudson established the nursery has been continued under the shortly after 1681, and in that of Peter name Linnean Botanic Garden. From the cata- Stuyvesant in New Amsterdam (New York) logues which were issued it is evident what which was established somewhat earlier; but foreign trees and shrubs were in commerce at as to what other plants these gardens may that time; from the catalogue of 1790 the fol- have contained we have no knowledge. The lowing plants may be mentioned, though only sources of information concerning the garden the English names are given: Cotinus cog- plants of this period are very few and unrelia- gygria, Koelreuteria paniculata, Colutea ble ; it is, however, to be assumed that some arborescens, Laburnum anagyroides, native ligneous plants also were cultivated, nigra var. italica, Viburnum opulus f. sterile, especially shade trees such as sugar maple, Hibiscus syriacus. In the earlier Prince estate (Ulmus americana), red , and farther still stand the oldest specimens in America south Catalpa. Here, too, it may be men- of the cedar of Lebanon and cedar, tioned that in the year 1645 Endicott, Gover- Paulownia, the copper , Asiatic magno- nor of Massachusetts, introduced Genista lias, and others. tinctoria as a dye plant, which soon escaped Toward the middle of the 18th century, from cultivation and is now thoroughly wealthy landowners, especially in Pennsylva- naturalized in eastern Massachusetts. nia and Virginia, began to lay out large gardens The second period is characterized by the in which among other things one finds box, introduction of an ever-increasing number of lilac, Taxus baccata, and Salix babylonica. ornamental trees and shrubs, exclusively, Washington’s garden at Mount Vernon, begun however, from European gardens, and may be about 1760, was one of the most important considered as extending from the middle of and contained many American and foreign the 18th to the middle of the 19th century. In trees and shrubs. One other very rich garden this period two men are outstanding figures, was laid out some years later by William pioneers in garden-craft. One is John Bartram, Hamilton on his estate, "The Woodlands," who in 1728 established a botanic garden at near Philadelphia. This estate was later con- Kinsessing near Philadelphia, where he verted into a cemetery, "Woodlands planted and cultivated American trees and Cemetery ;’ in which today many of the trees shrubs, which he had collected in his travels planted by Hamilton still stand, among them extending from Lake Ontario to Florida. He the first Ginkgo in America which was was in active communication with England planted in 1784. Humphry Marshall, inspired and introduced many American plants there; by his cousin, John Bartram, began in 1773 the in exchange he received plants from European foundation of an arboretum in Bradford, now gardens and propagated them in America. Marshallton, in Pennsylvania. In 1785 he pub- Among these may be mentioned the horse lished his "Arbustrum Americanum’ the first , which probably came to America in work written by an American on American the year 1746. His work was continued by his trees and shrubs. Many of the trees which sons, John and William. Bartram’s house and Marshall planted stand today. The first actual 25

A view of the Elgin Botanic Garden in , established by Dr. in 1801. Tbday Rock- efeller Center in midtown Manhattan occupies the site on which the Garden once stood. From the Archives of the Gray Herbanum. botanic garden in America was founded in Elgin Botanic Garden: Vitex negundo var. 1801 by David Hosack in New York under the incisa, Eriobotrya japonica, and Thuia orien- name "Elgin Botanic Garden." In the year 1810 talis. Other eastern Asiatic trees and shrubs it was taken over by the state of New York and listed in Prince’s catalogue for 1828 are Ulmus later transferred to , but parvi folia and Wisteria sinensis. In the year was finally discontinued for want of funds. 1806 an expedition under command of Lewis The second edition of the catalogue of this and Clark, sent to the west coast by the garden in 1811 contained many European and United States government, brought back to a number of Asiatic trees and shrubs, among the East the first western American plants, which are Gleditsia sinensis, Malus spec- which were distributed by Macmahon and tabilis, Rosa multiflora, Magnolia liliflora, Philip Landreth, two gardeners in Philadel- Hydrangea macrophylla (H. opuloides), phia ; by far the most important woody plants Sophora japonica, and Aucuba japonica, the so brought were Mahonia aquifolium, Ribes last two grown as greenhouse plants. A second aureum, and Ribes sanguineum. At the begin- botanic garden was established at the begin- ning of the 19th century, a greatly increased ning of the 19th century in Cambridge, Mas- interest in gardening and plant culture, and sachusetts, and still exists at the Botanic especially in the cultivation of trees and Garden at Harvard University. In the year 1818 shrubs, was evidenced through the collection a catalogue of the garden by W D. Peck was of ligneous plants begun in 1800 by the issued listing the following Asiatic trees and brothers Samuel and Joshua Pierce in Long- shrubs not mentioned in the catalogue of the wood, Pennsylvania, and through more than 26

50 years carried on by the family. The garden was initiated, countries which were destined which still contains many of the trees plantedI to enrich American and European gardens by the Pierce brothers is now the property of through a large number of beautiful and valu- Pierre S. du Pont [today it is part of Longwood able trees and shrubs. Up to this time Gardens]. Another well-known collection is America had received eastern Asiatic woody the Painter Arboretum, near Lima, in Penn- plants entirely by way of Europe, with the pos- sylvania, founded in 1825 by the brothers Min- sible exception of a few important trees and shall and Jacob Painter, who extended and shrubs such as Rosa laevigata Michx., which maintained the arboretum up to the time of had previously come direct to America and by their death in the 1870s. The garden exists the end of the 18th century was already grow- today and contains, among other plants, the ing wild in the southern states. How it may oldest specimen of Sequoiadendron gigantea have come there remains unknown. in eastern North America. In the year 1861, Dr. George R. Hall, who In the year 1828, John Evans founded a spent nearly fifteen years in China and had garden on the Ithan Creek near Philadelphia also visited Japan, sent a number of plants and brought together a remarkable collection from Japan to America; in the following year of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. He he brought still more Japanese plants, some corresponded with both Hookers, father and of which he sent to Parsons’ Nursery in Flush- son, and exchanged seeds, and also received ing, some to Francis Parkman in Boston, and seeds of Himalayan plants which Joseph some he planted on his own estate in Bristol, Hooker had collected. In the year 1841, Henry Rhode Island, where many of them are grow- Winthrop Sargent bought the estate ing today. Among the plants which he Wodenethe above Fishkill Landing in the state introduced may be mentioned some then not of New York and planted and attempted to even known in Europe, as his Mains Halliana, raise all the which he was able to Magnolia stellata and M. kobus, Hydrangea obtain; from here was distributed Pinus pon- paniculata f. grandiflora, Hypericum patu- derosa f. pendula. Another pinetum was lum, Taxus cuspidata f. nana, Sciadopitys ver- established by Horatio Hollis Hunnewell, of ticillata, Phellodendron lavallei, Euonymus Wellesley, Mass., in the year 1852, and is still patens, and Lilium auratum. Other Japanese maintained by the family. No garden in the plants were introduced by Thomas Hogg, the eastern United States can boast a better col- American consul in Japan in the years 1865 lection of fine large specimens of various and 1873, and propagated in Parsons’ nursery; conifers. among these Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Here also mention should be made of some Hydrangea petiolaris, Symplocos paniculata, famous nurseries such as that of Ellwanger Magnolia parviflora, and M. obovata (M. and Barry in Rochester, New York, established hypoleuca) deserve special mention. in 1840; the nursery of Samuel B. Parsons and In the year 1872, the Arnold Arboretum was his brother Robert established at the same founded as a department of Harvard Univer- time in Flushing, Long Island; and later that sity with Professor C. S. Sargent as Director, of Thomas Meehan, in Germantown, near an institution whose purpose was to grow all Philadelphia, in 1853. All these firms carried the woody plants which would be hardy in the a large number of trees and shrubs and thereby climate of Boston. All plants already culti- made many of the plant treasures of European vated in European and American gardens were gardens available to American garden lovers. collected and planted. As to those not yet A third period may be marked from the year found in cultivation, the director made it his 1861 in which the first Japanese plants were aim to introduce from eastern Asia the rich sent to America, and thereby direct commu- ligneous flora up to that time only slightly nication with Japan and later also with China known in western gardens. The first shipment 27

of seeds from eastern Asia was sent to the are found some previously collected by him Arnold Arboretum in the 1880s by Dr. F. for Veitch: Abies fargesii, Actinidia chinen- Bretschneider, who was physician to the sis, Aesculus wilsonii, Berberis sargentiana, Russian embassy in Peking. It consisted and B. triacanthophora, Cercis racemosa, chiefly of trees and shrubs from the moun- Corylopsis veitchiana, Cotoneaster divari- tains west of Peking, among which may be cata, and C. hupehensis, Dipteronia sinensis, mentioned Syringa pubescens and S. villosa, Fagus lucida, Hydrangea sargentiana, Ilex Sorbus pohuashanensis and S. discolor (S. pernyi, Tasminum mesnyi (f. primulinum), pekinensis), Deutzia parviflora, Rhododen- Kolkwitzia amabilis, Malus hupehensis, dron dauircum var. mucronulatum, Pyrus Populus lasiocarpa, Picea asperata, Rosa bretschneideri, P. betulifolia, and P. moyesii, Salix magnifica, Sargentodoxa phaeocarpa. cuneata, Sinowilsonia henryi, Sorbaria From Japan the Arboretum received in 1890, arborea, Spiraea veitchii, Styrax wilsonii, through Dr. William S. Bigelow, seeds of Pru- Syringa reflexa, Viburnum rhytidiphyllum. nus sargentii. Two years later, the director, Also a part of the seeds of woody plants col- Professor Sargent, visited Japan and brought lected in eastern China by C. Schneider for the back seeds of many trees and shrubs chief Austrian Dendrological Society in 1914 came among which were Rhododendron obtusum to America owing to the interruption of com- var. Kaempferi, one of the most valuable munication with Europe by the World War. In introductions of the Arboretum, Malus sar- the year 1914, Wilson went again to eastern gentii, Acer capillipes, and Sorbus alnifolia. Asia and this time to Korea and Japan. Of In the year 1905, J. G. Jack made a trip to the Korean ligneous plants which he eastern Asia and brought back, among other introduced, those deserving special mention plants from Korea, Rhododendron yedoense are Forsythia ovata, Pentactina rupicola, var. poukhanense, Tripterygium regelii, and Stewartia koreana, Buxus microphylla var. Evodia daniellii, and from northern China koreana, Thuja koraiensis, and Syringa velu- Quercus aliena and Salix matsudana. A year tina ; of the Japanese ligneous plants may be earlier the Japanese botanist Uchiyama had named the numerous garden forms of sent seeds of Korean woody plants to the Japanese cherries and the Kurume . Arnold Arboretum, among them Abies From Formosa, which he visited in 1918, he holophylla and Neillia Uekii. In the years introduced the only recently discovered 1907 and 1908, E. H. Wilson, who had for- Taiwania cryptomerioides, the tallest conifer merly collected very successfully in China for of eastern Asia, a counterpart of the the English nursery firm of Veitch, traveled for Sequoiadendron gigantea of California. In the the Arnold Arboretum. Two years later he years 1910 and 1911, William Purdom visited undertook a second journey to China, chiefly the northern provinces of China and sent back to western China, to collect seeds of conifers a large number of valuable seeds of ligneous which in 1908 had borne no cones. During plants, such as Malus transitoria, Prinsepia these three years Wilson sent more than 1,200 uniflora, Berberis circumserrata, and B. pur- numbers of seeds to the Arnold Arboretum as domii, Sorbus koehneana, Deutzia grand- well as a number of cuttings and young plants iflora, and D. hypoglauca, and Picea meyeri. of Populus and Salix and some other woody The last collector for the Arnold Arboretum plants. Many of the plants collected by him in eastern Asia was J. F. Rock, who in the years proved to be new not only to cultivation, but 1925 and 1926 collected in northwestern also to science. Wilson’s new introductions China, after he had previously traveled for the and even those of horticultural merit are too United States Department of Agriculture in numerous to mention here and only the fol- southwest China, Burma, and Siam. Among lowing selection may be noted, among which the woody plants collected by him that were 28

The ongmal introduction of the spreadmg Japanese yew, Taxus cuspidata ’Nana,’ growing on the site of Dr. Hall’s former estate in Bristol, Rhode Island. The specimen, planted m 1862, is now over 30 feet tall and 130 feet in circumference. Photo by P Del Tredici, 1987. new to cultivation may be mentioned the fol- traveled in central and eastern Asia, where by lowing : funiperus tibetica, f. distans, j. glau- accident he lost his life in the Yangtze River. cescens, Betula japonica var Rockii, Quercus Among his new introductions may be men- laotungensis, Spiraea uratensis, Caragana tioned funiperus squamata var. Meyeri, brevifolia, and C. densa, Euonymus nanoides, Syringa meyeri, Albizzia kalkora, Betula and E. przewalskii, Rhododendron rufum, chinensis, Buxus microphylla var. sinica, and R. capitatum. During the sixty years of Daphne giraldii, Wisteria villosa. The botanic its existence, the Arnold Arboretum has gardens with arboreta connected, such as the introduced into American gardens some 2500 Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis species and varieties besides the garden forms founded by Henry Shaw as a private garden of Syringa, Rhododendron, Rosa, Diervilla, and opened to the public about 1860, the New and others.... York Botanical Garden founded in 1894, and Also to the Department of Agriculture with the Brooklyn Botanic Garden established in its experiment gardens in different parts of the 1910, have contributed but little to the country, America is indebted for many new introduction of foreign trees and shrubs. The introductions of trees and shrubs through col- same is true of other arboreta founded in more lectors sent to all parts of the world. One of recent times, as the Knox Arboretum in War- the most successful of these collectors was ren, Maine; the Sanford Arboretum in Knox- Frank N. Meyer, who in the years 1907-1914 ville, Tennessee; and the Morton Arboretum, 29

in Lisle, near Chicago. The last named is, next caprifolium, L. japonica, L. tatarica, L. to the Arnold Arboretum, the most important xylosteum, L. morrowii, and many others. arboretum in the United States; in it are spe- Their number increases from year to year so cial plantations, largely of trees of value for that in time the flora of the wooded areas, at forestry purposes, but it is also very rich in its least in the more densely populated regions, collection of ornamental trees and shrubs. takes on a mixed character. For the most part, From the preceding statements it is evident however, the foreign trees and shrubs will that the introduction to American gardens of probably never become so predominant as is most of the trees and shrubs was not direct the case with herbaceous plants on cultivated from their native country but through the and uncultivated ground in proximity to set- medium of European gardens. Not until the tled communities. Here the native plants are second half of the present century did often almost crowded out by the European introductions begin to be made direct. Even aliens, and when a European who has a many American plants, especially those from knowledge of plants comes to northeastern the Rocky Mountains and from the western America he will scarcely be reminded by the states, came by way of Europe into eastern surrounding vegetation, so long as he stays in American gardens.... and near the cities and does not go out into Of the woody plants introduced into North the country, that he is in another part of the America from Europe and Asia, many have world. found conditions so favorable for their growth In Europe this is far less the case; Ameri- that they, especially in the eastern states, have can plants have not become naturalized to to a large degree escaped from cultivation, and such a degree as to change the character of the many are so well established that they actu- vegetation; in contrast to the European plants, ally form a part of the native flora. Among the American plants appear to possess less such woody plants that have become natural- vitality, which possibly may be explained by ized in many places may be mentioned the fol- the fact that the European plants represent a lowing : Picea abies (P excelsa), Salix fragilis, geologically younger flora. The American Populus alba, P nigra, Alnus glutinosa, Ber- plants belong in the main to the tertiary flora, beris vulgaris, B. thunbergii, Ribes sativum, while the European flora has developed and Philadelphus coronarius, Sorbaria sorbifolia, spread since the ice age. But the European and Malus pumila, Sorbus aucuparia, Asiatic flora will also change with time. As oxyacantha, Pyracantha coccinea, Rubus a consequence of the intercourse between the laciniatus, Rosa canina, R. eglanteria (R. different countries ever becoming closer, one rubiginosa), Prunus persica, P avium, P cer- may expect that an increasing mixture of asus, P. spinosa, Genista tinctoria, Cytisus floras of each of the climatic zones will take scoparius, Ailanthus altissima (A. glan- place and that finally each climatic zone dulosa), Euonymus europaea, Rhamnus around the world will have more or less the cathartica, and R. frangula, Daphne same or similar vegetation, as this is already mezereum, Solanum dulcamara, Ligustrum the case today to a higher degree in the tropics vulgare, Paulownia tomentosa, Lonicera than in the temperate zone. 30

The original plant of Hamamelis ’Arnold Piomise’ in full bloom. Photo by Racz and Debreczy. Hamamelis ’Arnold Promise’

Richard E. Weaver, Jr. ,

In recent years, this early spring-blooming has become a sensation on the American gardening scene. In his article, Dr. Weaver, a former Arboretum taxonomist, presents the story of the development of this striking hybrid as only a "parent" can.

In botanic gardens and arboreta, plants of appeared to be hybrids. The pollen parent closely related species are often grown in close (analogous to the father plant) was eventually proximity for display, educational, or research determined to have been a closely adjacent purposes. Hybridization between species plant of H. japonica, the Japanese witch . results much more commonly in such situa- Alfred Rehder in 1944 named the hybrid H. tions than in the wild where the habitats of x intermedia because its character was inter- the same species may be separated by mediate between its parents. Seven plants hundreds or even thousands of miles. Over the grew from the original hybrid seeds collected years many interesting and valuable ornamen- by William Judd in 1928. The colors of the tal plants have arisen in gardens through the flowers varied from reddish through coppery- unknowing intermediacy of the honey bee, orange to yellow. Most bloomed rather making its daily rounds. Forsythia x interme- sparsely, and the flowers on others were par- dia, for instance, a hybrid between F. suspensa tially obscured by persistent withered leaves, and F. viridissima, was first observed to be an unfortunate trait inherited from their growing in the Gottingen Botanic Garden in Chinese parent. But one was spectacularly Germany around 1885. Since then, the hybrid different with its profuse, slightly fragrant, has been recreated many times, and has given clear yellow flowers. Its merit was eventually rise to most of our common garden forsythias. recognized and it was given the clonal name In the same way, a number of plants have ’Arnold Promise’. arisen at the Arnold Arboretum, including In general, witch are large shrubs and among them one of the finest shrubs ever to small trees with a scattered distribution in originate on its grounds. eastern North America and eastern Asia. Four In 1928, William Judd, the propagator at the species are usually recognized. Although they time, collected seeds from a plant of the are rarely grown as ornamentals in this coun- Chinese witch hazel (Hamamelis mollis). Its try, they are extremely valuable because of parent plant, illustrious in itself, had been their unique blooming times. Our native com- grown from seeds collected by E. H. Wilson mon witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) in China in 1905. The resulting seedlings blooms from early October through mid- turned out to be not H. mollis, but rather December in good seasons. In some years the Ozark witch hazel (H. vernalis) overlaps slightly, but it normally commences to bloom Volume 41(1): 30-33, 1981. in early January. The extremely fragrant 32

A close-up of the flowers of Arnold Promise.’ Photo by Racz and Debreczy. blooms of the Chinese species follow closely delicate but they are unharmed by sub- near the end of January, and the Japanese spe- freezing temperatures. They merely coil up cies ends the season with its flowers in March. like a spring on unusually cold days and recoil The bright but not spectacular, fragrant with more temperate weather. flowers of witch hazel would perhaps not be Hamamelis ’Arnold Promise’ is the very much appreciated if they appeared during the best of the early-blooming witch hazels, at riot of May, but they are a treasure in the drab least for New England gardeners. It is a far bet- winter. Its four strap-shaped petals appear very ter plant than either of its parents, particularly 33

in regard to its flowering. The flowers of H. and almost as broad. The autumn foliage is mollis are individually more attractive and the color typical of many of its genus-clear, they are extremely fragrant. But they are sel- bright yellow-and the withered leaves never dom profusely borne in our climate and they persist into the winter. are often damaged by severe cold. The flowers The ornamental merit of ’Arnold Promise’ of H. japonica are larger, but they are rather has only recently been recognized, and it is dull-colored. The flowers of ’Arnold Promise’ just beginning to be available in the nursery are unusual among witch hazels in that the trade. The original plant is still tucked away spidery petals spread more or less downward in a comer of the Administration Building out rather than outward. They are consistently of view from the passing public. However, its borne in great profusion, even after the cold- modest position, close at hand, keeps it est of recent winters, appearing from mid- always in mind of the staff of the Arboretum. February to early March depending on the sea- They see in it, as Donald Wyman put it so son. The habit of the plant is also better than well, "an old friend, known for its perfor- that of most witch hazels. The original plant, mance, counted on because it has been there now 52 years old, is a shapely, broadly vase- a long time, and not considered unusual for shaped shrub with numerous, gently ascend- these reasons." But the ’Arnold Promise’ is spe- ing stems. It is presently about twenty feet tall cial. Its promise is the promise of spring. 34

Forsythia intermedia ’Spectabilis.’ Photo by Racz and Debreczy. The Forsythia Story ,

Donald Wyman v

During his years at the Arboretum, Donald Wyman was not only the horticulturist but also the first editor of Arnoldia, a post he held for twenty- nine years. Wyman did more to define and communicate the purpose of the Arboretum to the general public than any other staff member since the days of Sargent and Wilson. In this article one gets a taste both of his distinctive style and of the breadth of his knowledge.

Forsythia suspensa sieboldii was the first for- Korea is the homeland of Forsythia ovata sythia introduced into Europe from the (introduced to America by E. H. Wilson of the Orient, going to Holland in 1833. Unquestion- Arnold Arboretum in 1918), as well as For- ably, it was popular. Here was a new plant sythia viridissima koreana (introduced in with brilliant yellow blossoms each spring, 1917), and F. japonica saxatilis (introduced in always dependable. It was soon learned that 1924). Although most of these have probably in good soil it would have more blossoms than been grown in Japan for centuries, F. japonica in poor soil, but even when the growing con- is the only species native to that country. ditions were difficult, it would grow into an None is native to North America. So the two interesting, green-leaved bush which was not introduced species growing in Europe by 1850 susceptible to serious inroads from insect or (suspensa and viridissima) can be considered disease pests. to be the "ancestors" of the many cultivars we As time went on, and more horticulturally- are growing today. Undoubtedly these two spe- minded individuals visited the Orient, other cies were grown side by side in several places species were introduced. Forsythia viridis- and, of course, eventually had the opportunity sima was brought from the Orient by Robert to hybridize. Fortune in 1844. Then the great Spath Nurseries in Berlin, It is of interest to note that other species Germany, became interested in growing seed- have not contributed much to the beautiful lings. The seeds were collected from plants cultivars we grow today. The European For- which obviously had an opportunity to hybri- sythia of Albania is not outstanding and was dize, and in 1885 the hybrid species Forsythia not even "discovered" until 1897. Two years intermedia was described. Seedling selections later it was introduced into England. China were made by Spath in this group and several is the habitat of both Forsythia suspensa and were introduced. These were more upright F. viridissima, as well as F. giraldiana, which and vigorous in growth than the arching F sus- was not introduced until 1914. pensa, and several of the new hybrids produced larger and more profuse flowers. Volume 21(5): 35-38, 1961. Also, some clones were selected because they 36

had lighter (or darker) yellow flowers than had garden there was a plant of ’Primulina’ which been noted before. he watched carefully from year to year. In 1930 Because these plants grew rapidly and were he noted that one branch consistently easily propagated by cuttings, they were produced larger flowers than those on the rest widely distributed, and some have been popu- of the bush, and they were certainly more lar ever since. densely arranged. Cuttings of this were taken, The parade of "new" varieties started in producing plants that were superior to ’Primu- 1899 with the introduction of ’Vitellina’ by lina’ and about 1942 this was introduced to the Spath Nurseries. It will be noted that this the trade by Wayside Gardens of Mentor, Ohio, is not one of the best for ornamental purposes as ’Spring Glory’, a plant that has been one of in modern gardens (Arnoldia 19: 11-14, 1959). the most popular of all forsythias ever since. This was quickly followed by the introduction The forsythia story continued on the other of ’Densiflora’ by Spath in 1899, long a popu- side of the Atlantic, in a beautiful garden lar plant. Now it is superseded by others. Two called Lynwood in northern Ireland, where the years later ’Decipiens’ a poor-flowered clone owner, Miss Adair, was growing, among other of Forsythia suspensa, originated at Spath’s, things, a plant of Forsythia ’Spectabilis’. but it never proved popular. Miss Adair noted that a branch of this plant However, in 1906 this same nursery had flowers that were more open and better introduced Forsythia intermedia ’Spectabilis’ distributed along the stem than were those of which was extremely popular right from the the rest of the plant. Cuttings were taken and start, and has been so to the present time. For grown by the Slieve Donard Nursery of New- a profuse display of deep golden yellow castle, Ireland, and named ’Lynwood’ about flowers, this is the one that any new cultivar 1935 in honor of the estate where it origi- has to beat when it comes to critical compar- nated. Unfortunately, in the early years it was isons. Never before had any forsythia produced not properly described, and somehow or other, as many flowers or such deep-colored flowers by 1949 when it had reached America, where as did this new hybrid selection. Another supersalesmen are sometimes overly anxious selection of F. suspensa named ’Pallida’ to coin new plant names, the name was appeared in Germany in 1906 and merited changed to ’Lynwood Gold’. The plants are the some attention at the time because the same. This cultivar is known all over England flowers were a much lighter color than those as ’Lynwood’, and in America as ’Lynwood of the more popular ’Spectabilis’. Gold’. It, too, is one of the most popular for- During the ensuing years, these forsythia sythias at the present time. were, of course, being grown in the United Back in America, the New York Botanical States, and in the Arnold Arboretum an Garden enters the story, for slightly before attempt was made to grow them all. There, 1939 an extremely dwarf forsythia was found about 1912, a new seedling was found and there. This was named Forsythia viridissima later named ’Primulina’. This was another ’Bronxensis’ by T. H. Everett in 1947. It was cross between Forsythia suspensa and F. early to bloom, but difficult to propagate and viridissima and was appropriately named grow properly, an unfortunate characteristic, because of its pale yellow flowers. Many liked since all forsythias are commonly considered it, especially those who did not prefer the easy to grow. strikingly brazen yellow of ’Spectabilis’. At the same time, Dr. Karl Sax of the In Mentor, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, a Arnold Arboretum became interested in the gardener of some note by the name of M. H. Forsythia clan and started treating some Horvath had been experimenting with plants plants with colchicine and hybridizing others. for several years, growing new seedlings, Many seedlings were grown; a few have been selecting some and discarding others. In his named. 37

was named. This produces dense clusters of flowers, is upright and dense in habit, slightly darker in flower than ’Spectabilis’ under some conditions, and now widely popular. During these years, several seedlings were sent out for trial by the Arboretum and one, which was a cross between’Arnold Giant’ and an unknown forsythia, proved to be a tetraploid and was noted as being hardier in the Midwest. This was named ’Karl Sax’ by Dr. J. L. Thomas of the Arnold Arboretum for Dr. Sax, who origi- nated it. The Swiss nursery firm of Mertens and Nussbaumer named ’Mertensiana’ in 1949, but it has not proved a very desirable ornamental. A variegated form of Forsythia viridissima originated in England some time before 1951, and a more ornamental cultivar of F. atrocaulis was selected and Forsythia suspensa f. pallida. Photo by Racz and suspensa Debreczy. named ’Nyman’s Variety’ in 1954, in honor of the beautiful estate in the south of England ’Arnold Giant’ was produced by treating a where it originated. seedling of Forsythia intermedia with colchi- Undoubtedly yellow-leaved plants have cine. The resulting plant was a tetraploid, but appeared in the past, most of them suffering it was unfortunate that it was ever named and severely when exposed to full sunlight, but released. Although vigorous, it proved too the one which has been named F. intermedia rigidly upright and was hard to propagate by Aurea’ (1958) was found in a garden near the cuttings. Two years later, in 1941, a very dwarf Beardslee Nurseries of Perry, Ohio. forsythia was produced as a cross between F. And so it is seen how two species intermedia and F. japonica. This roots introduced into Europe from the Orient before extremely easily, makes an excellent plant for 1850 started a colorful procession of cultivars. banks, and is now widely available. It was Many individuals, in widely separated places, named ’Arnold Dwarf. have been responsible for the selections. More crossing and experimenting on the Others yet unknown may have tried crosses part of Dr. Sax and his students and careful without striking results. Certain it is, examination of earlier seedlings brought to however, that although several species have light another seedling, a cross between’Arnold been introduced from the Orient since 1900, Giant’ and Forsythia ovata. This was a it is chiefly Forsythia suspensa and F. viridis- triploid, first called ’Farrand’ by Dr. Sax and sima from China which have been largely later changed to ’Beatrix Farrand’ at the responsible for the best of the forsythias grown request of Mrs. Beatrix Farrand, for whom it today. Buckleya-The Oldest Cultivated Plant in the Arnold Arboretum

Richard A. Howard

While not a particularly important plant from either an economic or a horticultural point of view, Buckleya distichophylla, or the piratebush as it is now called, is nonetheless a semi-parasitic plant of some mystery that intrigued both Asa Gray and Charles Sargent. In this article, Dr. Howard, Director of the Arboretum from 1954 to 1978, manages to blend history, botany, and horticulture into a classic plant portrait.

Although the Arnold Arboretum was legally The plant was found again in the spring of established in 1872, the first plantings on the 1843 by Samuel Bradford Buckley, a naturalist grounds did not occur for several years. It is and plant collector for Professor John Torrey of interest, therefore, that a plant collected in of Columbia College. Torrey then correctly Tennessee by Asa Gray in 1843 was trans- assessed the plant to represent a new genus planted to Hemlock Hill in Jamaica Plain in of the sandalwood family, Santalaceae, and 1946 and so represents the oldest documented named it Buckleya in honor of Mr. Buckley. cultivated plant in the Arnold Arboretum. Torrey recognized that the proper specific Strangely, it is a semi-parasitic plant with an name was that published earlier by Nuttall, unusual history. It is not common in cultiva- and made the transfer and new combination. tion, has no well-known common name, and Professors Torrey and Gray had published A is to be recommended only for its oddity. Flora of North America, containing short Buckleya distichophylla (Nutt.) Torrey was descriptions of all the known indigenous and first seen by Thomas Nuttall in his travels naturalized plants growing north of Mexico, along the French Broad River in East Tennes- and were continuing a program of collecting see in 1816. Nuttall, an English-American unusual plants. Thus Gray sought out Buck- botanist and ornithologist, was to become the leya in the fall of 1843 and returned with her- director of the Harvard Botanic Garden in barium specimens and plants and fruits of the Cambridge, Mass., in 1822, preceding the rare Buckleya for cultivation at the Harvard more famous Asa Gray. His discovery was Botanic Garden, then under his direction. The described by him as Borya distichophylla in introduction to cultivation of a living partially his book The Genera of North American parasitic plant is unusual, yet it was success- Plants in 1818. Unfortunately, he assigned it ful. Herbarium specimens from this plant incorrectly to a genus in the Oleaceae, the labelled "Hort. Cantab." or "Botanic Garden olive family. of Harvard University" are dated 1852, 1879, 1926, and 1930; the last two, by John George Volume 37(3): 151-155, 1977. Jack for the Arnold Arboretum herbarium. 39

Buckleya distichophylla. Drawing by C. E. Faxon, first published in Garden and Forest 3, p. 237, 1890. From the Archives of the Arnold Arboretum.

Charles Sargent was the director of the Paint Rock and sent back several hundred Botanic Garden of Harvard University in seeds packed in damp soil as well as a num- Cambridge from 1873 until 1879, and there ber of small seedlings. All arrived at the he prepared plans and plants for the develop- Arboretum in good order, and the seeds ger- ment of the Arnold Arboretum property in minated "at once." These accessions were Jamaica Plain. One can assume that Sargent recorded in the numbered inventory of the noted the lack of fertile fruits on the Buck- Arnold Arboretum as "#3255," a plant col- leya in the botanical garden and attempted lected by Sargent at Paint Rock, Tenn., Oct. vegetative propagation. When this was unsuc- 1888, and "3255-1 seeds" from the same area. cessful, he sought additional plants from the Herbarium vouchers of fruiting specimens wild, and in 1888 he and W M. Canby made support the collection data. We have no record a trip across the Smoky Mountains of Tennes- of the length of time the plants or seedlings see, including a "detour to the French Broad obtained by Sargent were maintained in the for the purpose of looking up Buckleya, He living collections, for the existing records reported that he found plants in ripe fruit at show only the undated annotation "dead or 40

disposed of," representing a period when non- caroliniana might have been the original host ornamental nlants were removed from the liv- plant. In the last decade, other botanists have _ ing collections. reported an association of Buckleya with spe- Sargent wrote of his search for this plant cies of Pinus, and, in fact, as many as twenty- and of its introduction to cultivation in an five different forbs, grasses, and ferns as well article on "New or Little Known Plants" in as broad-leafed trees. Even today it is not clear Garden and Forest in 1890. A plate prepared at what stages of growth or for how long or by Charles Faxon was included and is to what degree Buckleya must be dependent reproduced here. Buckleya, as a native plant, on a host plant. was not included in any edition of A Manual Sargent reported in 1890 the lack of success of Botany as prepared by Asa Gray, although in attempts to propagate vegetatively the several of these editions included the state of specimen of Buckleya in the Botanic Garden Virginia, where the plant has been found. It in Cambridge. Since that time the Arnold was first mentioned in the eighth edition of Arboretum has acquired several seed lots of Gray’s Manual of Botany published by M. L. Buckleya distichophylla from native loca- Fernald in 1950. Sargent mentioned the plant tions and from other plants in cultivation in only briefly in a footnote in his Silva of North the United States, and one infertile seed lot America. Buckleya is included in Rehder’s from the Forest Botanic Garden, Charlotten- Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs, but lund, Denmark. Mr. Fordham, longtime plant supporting specimens for this record are only propagator for the Arnold Arboretum, has con- those of the Botanic Garden of Harvard ducted many experiments with this species. University. In spite of Sargent’s early report that seeds ger- When the Botanic Garden in Cambridge minate "at once," Mr. Fordham has found that was abandoned in favor of university-spon- seeds failed to germinate when planted sored housing at the end of World War II, directly upon receipt. However, seeds given a the shrub introduced by Asa Gray in 1843 cold treatment of 40 degrees for two or three and cared for by Charles Sargent in 1873 was months produced seedlings in over 50 percent transplanted to the grounds of the Arnold of the cases. In 1962, a generous quantity of Arboretum in 1946. It continues to thrive seeds and cuttings was received from Mr. Fred in a natural stand of Tsuga canadensis, the Lape from plants growing in the George Canada hemlock. Landis Arboretum in Esperance, New York. Buckleya is a genus of dioecious shrubs, the Mr. Lape wrote that the original plants in his male and female flowers occurring on differ- collection came from seed collected by F. M. ent plants. The specimen Asa Gray collected Crayton of Biltmore, North Carolina; they ger- is a female plant. Buckleya is known to be a minated well and are established in the Landis semi-parasitic plant, that is, during part of its Arboretum as well as in an old woodlot. He development it is dependent as a parasite on reported that in one place "there is a spread the attachment of its roots to those of other of it the size of a small room ;’ and that the plants. The plant becomes a shrub, has green large plants fruit heavily each year. leaves, and does manufacture its own food. I The cuttings received rooted poorly under have not been able to locate a 19th-century mist propagation and developed roots only at reference to this parasitism, but herbarium the very base of the cutting. Other cuttings specimens from the Biltmore Herbarium, col- treated with Amchem 60-89 diluted to 5000 lected in 1897, were made deliberately to ppm produced better roots. The seeds deve- show the haustorial connection with Tsuga loped and the seedlings appeared to flourish canadensis. Since the natural range of Buck- without a Tsuga or any other host plant leya distichophylla is also that of the Caro- present in the container. Thirty-five of the lina hemlock, botanists speculate that Tsuga vigorous seedlings were planted on Hemlock 41

A young, vigorous Buckleya distichophylla seedlmg, raised from seed sent by the George Landis Arboretum in Esperance, New York, in 1978 (AA #166-78). It was planted m a pot with a Canada hemlock (seen on the left) in 1980, and planted outdoors in 1983. Photo by P. Del Tredici, 1986. 42

Hill in the Arboretum in 1963, but by the fall preserving process, is sold as a condiment, of 1Q64 all had died Other seedlings planted packed in small neat wooden boxes Nikko _ near a hemlock in the nursery area persist to is the headquarters of the industry, and in late the present but have yet to flower and so are autumn the fruit of Buckleya is displayed in unsexed. Regrettably, these plants, even if many of the shops which line the street lead- staminate, are too far from the older pistillate ing through the straggling village up to the plant for normal cross-. burial place of the founder of the dynasty of The fruits of the American Buckleya dis- the Tokugawa Shoguns. To appreciate the tichophylla are drupes resembling a small flavor of Buckleya, the culture and refinement olive in size and shape. When mature they are of the Japanese palate is essential." There is a yellow-green in color and they turn a tan or no record of the seeds Sargent described being light brown color on drying. The fruits may grown at the Arnold Arboretum, but in 1905, possess four narrow lanceolate bracts at the John George Jack, Sargent’s colleague, summit which are shorter than the fruit. returned to the same area and obtained com- These often fall early but if they persist are parable fruiting herbarium specimens. It certainly of no aid in dispersal. appears that both men might have attempted In 1846 the German botanical collectors to introduce this species into cultivation. In Philip Siebold and Joseph Zuccarini described 1964 the Arnold Arboretum received fruits of in their Flora of Japan a plant they called Buckleya lanceolata from the Kobe Municipal Quadriala lanceolata, literally referring in the Arboretum in Kobe, Japan. After a cold treat- name to the four large bracts found on the ment of 40 degrees for three months, several fruit. Friedrich Miquel, in 1870, recognized seeds germinated, but the seedlings could not this plant to be of the same genus as Buck- be established. In 1902 the Japanese botanist, leya distichophylla of the United States and S. Kusano, in an article in the Journal of the published the combination. Thus Buckleya College of Science of the Imperial University was recognized as one of the many genera of Tbkyo, noted that no information had been occurring in the southeastern United States published on the host plants of Buckleya or and in Japan and China. Buckleya dis- for the abundant local species. He described tichophylla is known today from Tennessee, the haustorial connections with species of Virginia, and North Carolina. Buckleya lan- Cryptomeria, Abies, and as ceolata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Miq. is known from well as nine genera of dicotyledonous trees Japan (Honshu) and China (Hona, Hupeh, and shrubs. Although he did not locate natur- Shensi, Szechwan) with a possible second ally occurring parasitism with Pinus or Asiatic species, B. graebneriana Diels from Torreya, he was able to establish such relation- Shensi in China. Two other species from Asia ships experimentally. have been referred to B. lanceolata in herbar- Buckleya lacks a common name and never ium annotations made by Rehder. will be widely cultivated or useful as an In 1892 on a collecting trip to Japan, Charles ornamental plant. It is, however, a good exam- Sargent found fruiting specimens of Buckleya ple of a rare plant of limited distribution lanceolata on the steep banks of the Kisogawa showing unusual phytogeographical relation- near Agematsu in Nagano prefecture of cen- ships, representative of a small family, and tral Honshu in Japan. Upon his return Sargent worthy of a place in the educational collec- wrote in Garden and Forest of the Japanese tions of an arboretum. The oldest cultivated Buckleya: "Indeed it is so common in some plant in the Arnold Arboretum also has a parts of the country that the fruit, which is historical connection with several of gathered when about two-thirds grown, hav- America’s distinguished botanists. ing been subjected to some pickling or The Allegheny Pachysandra

Michael A. Dirr and John H. Alexander III

While everyone knows the common pachysandra, used so often as a groundcover, few realize that it is native to Asia, and fewer still realize that it has a beautiful, horticulturally neglected American cousin. Mike Dirr was spending a sabbatical leave from the University of Georgia at the Arnold Arboretum when he wrote this article with Jack Alexander, who is currently the Arboretum’s plant propagator.

Repetition seems to be the rule with ground- merce. This fact has been lamented by other covers, for the same taxa are used repeatedly, authorities, and the species suffers a fate com- and few attempts have been made to educate mon to other quality plants: entrapment in the public or to offer alternative selections. the confines of an arboretum or botanic Euonymus fortunei ’Colorata’ Hedera helix, garden. Two reasons for the lack of visibility Pachysandra terminalis, and Vinca minor are are the limited publicity compared to its the dominant offerings and comprise proba- Japanese cousin and the purported difficulty bly 50 percent of the total groundcovers used of propagation. Division, which is the tradi- in the East and Midwest. None of these is tional means of increase, is excessively slow without problems and in recent years for commercial purposes. Pachysandra terminalis, Japanese pachysan- The plant was discovered by Andre dra, has been afflicted with Volutella Michaux in the 1790s and was described in pachysandrae, a fungal pathogen, that causes his now classic Flora Boreali-Americana. Its cankers and stem dieback. A severe infesta- range was listed as the western Allegheny tion can devastate an established planting. mountains; hence the derivation of the com- Controls are available, but often by the time mon name. In 1937, Braun noted that the spe- the homeowner recognizes that a problem cies is found in Kentucky, Tennessee, northern exists, it is too late for effective treatment. Alabama, Mississippi, and northern Florida. The monoculture of trees should have taught The species also occurs in North and South us something; however, it appears as though Carolina. Wherry studied native stands of the same type of mistake is being repeated Allegheny pachysandra from Somerset, Ken- with groundcovers. tucky, south to the Gulf of Mexico. He noted An American species, Pachysandra that the plant abounded on rocky slopes, procumbens, Allegheny pachysandra, is one being most at home in woods, but persisted of the most handsome plants for groundcover even where trees had been cut and land use, yet is seldom seen in gardens or in com- pastured. The underlying rock was limestone and soil reaction was circumneutral (around pH 7). According to Wherry, most plants were Volume 39(1): 16-21, 1979. situated on slopes along streams. 44

The contrastmg foliage of Pachysandra procumbens (above) and P. terminahs (below). Photos by M. Dm. 45

The species is hardy far north of its range The flowers are especially attractive and and is successfully cultured at the Morton develop in March and April on 2- to 4-inch- Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, as well as at long spikes that emanate from the base of the Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, where tempera- stem. A single stem may have up to three tures may reach -20 to -25 degrees Fahrenheit. spikes, but one is more common. The posi- A planting has been maintained since 1962 tion of the flower provides another means of at the University of Minnesota Landscape separating the two species, for on Japanese Arboretum where winter lows reach -30 pachysandra the inflorescence is at the top of degrees Fahrenheit; however, snow cover is the stem in the middle of the pseudo-whorl usually constant and affords protection. of leaves. The flowers of P. procumbens are a The Arnold Arboretum has plantings that purplish- or pinkish-white (stamens may be have not been disturbed since June, 1943. One pink in color) and possess a pleasing fragrance. measures 3 by 4.5 feet, and another, 3 by 7 Wherry termed the odor rancid and musky, feet. The former is on the east side of the Hun- but based on personal observation this is not newell Building while the latter is on the the case. The flowers are unisexual and north side and hemmed in by the parking lot apetalous with male and female on the same and building so it can spread in only two direc- inflorescence. A few female flowers are con- tions. There is no evidence of any disease or fined to the base of the inflorescence while insect problems in the plantings. The species’ the conspicuous and abundant stamens occur extreme shade tolerance is evidenced by the at the top. Both species have naked (not hid- excellent performance in these locations. den by bud scales) inflorescences, which are Under landscape conditions, a moist, well- formed the summer and fall prior to flower- drained, organic, slightly acid soil would prob- ing. Unfortunately if the Allegheny pachysan- ably prove optimum. Any plant that increases dra is killed to the ground, the flowers will be by rhizomes or underground rootstocks bene- lost. Even though they are basal, they elongate fits from a loose, friable soil because there is and partially rise above the foliage which is less physical impediment to the expanding often flattened by winter weather. The early structures. flowering date couples the species with Acer Summer foliage ranges from a grayish- to rubrum and together they could be considered bluish-green with a slight mottle and does not "harbingers of spring." possess the luster of Japanese pachysandra. Fruits are not showy and apparently seldom The leaves assume a bronze color in the late develop in cultivation. Examination of herbar- fall and by winter’s termination range from ium specimens of material collected from the greenish-brown to brown. The foliage is not wild showed that the fruit is a three-valved truly evergreen and may vary from deciduous capsule that contains small lustrous, dark to semi-evergreen. Leaf retention depends on brown seeds. The fruit is not ornamental on siting and geographic location. The species either species, but perhaps controlled crosses forms a handsome carpet that varies from 6 might be made between the two, thus result- to 10 inches in height. If the foliage deteri- ing in interesting hybrid progeny. orates over winter, abundant new shoots will The Cornell Plantations reported in 1978 have developed to form a solid cover by May that Allegheny pachysandra was unfamiliar to or June. The leaves are much wider than the many visitors and stimulated more questions Japanese species and display more prominent than any other plant in their groundcover col- (coarser) serrations. Although alternate in lections. They further noted that the species arrangement, the leaves appear whorled was not evergreen in Ithaca, New York, but because the nodes are so closely spaced. They was perfectly hardy, and that twelve-year-old range in size from 2 to 3.5 inches long and are plantings showed no disease or dieback almost as wide. problems. 46

Propagation difficulties may have limited controls rooted, but indolebutyric acid (IBA) commercial offerings in the past, but this is and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) when no longer a problem. Cuttings of vigorous applied as dips (pure chemical dissolved in 50 semi-hardened growth taken in June have percent ethanol) resulted in 100 percent root- rooted readily. In experiments at the Arnold ing and large root systems. Arboretum, cuttings collected in September Allegheny pachysandra is an aesthetically rooted no less than 80 percent in eight weeks functional alternative to the more common when placed in sand and perlite under mist. groundcovers. Ten treatments were employed and even the Notes on Persimmons, Kakis, Date Plums, and Chapotes

Stephen A. Spongberg

As horticultural taxonomist at the Arboretum for over twenty years, Dr. Spongberg’s interests are very wide ranging. Among them are the persimmons, a group he came to admire during the course of his many trips to the orient.

The genus Diospyros is not at present an Ebenaceae or Ebony Family, the genus con- important genus of ornamental woody plants tains upwards of 400 species that occur in in North America, and while native persim- both the Old and New Worlds with the mons once were valuable fruits in the eastern greatest concentrations of species occurring United States, the fruits produced by in Madagascar (over 100 species), in Malaysia, Diospyros species no longer are important and in Africa. The relatively few species food items in the American home. In the native to regions of temperate climate come countries of eastern Asia at least two species primarily from eastern Asia, but two species, of Diospyros are among the most common D. virginiana and D. texana, are indigenous trees encountered in dooryard gardens and to the United States. orchards, where they are cultivated for their A second reason even the hardy exotic and edible fruits as well as for other uses and for native species are rarely cultivated undoubt- their ornamental beauty. J. J. Rein, a German edly is related to a general lack of knowledge traveler and author, wrote in 1889 that concerning when and how the fruits can be Diospyros kaki Linnaeus f. was "undeniably eaten, stored for future use, and prepared. the most widely distributed, most important, While I always begin to look for persimmons and most beautiful fruit tree in Japan, Korea, in local markets and on Arnold Arboretum and Northern China." And in Japan, where D. trees as the fall advances, many persons’ kaki is second in importance as an orchard experiences with these fruits understandably crop only to citrus fruit, the kaki often is end when they first bite into a hard, astrin- referred to as the national fruit. gent, and puckery persimmon. Such disap- The rarity with which species of Diospyros pointments no doubt have contributed to a are found in cultivation in cool-temperate lack of demand for persimmons in American North America is partially due to the fact that markets. most are native to regions of tropical and sub- Despite the fancy prices asked for oriental tropical climate and are not hardy in areas of persimmons or kakis in local vegetable stands temperate climate. A member of the and supermarkets, I am hopeful this article will stimulate enough interest to encourage Volume 39(5): 290-310, 1979. readers to buy and enjoy a persimmon or two 48

The American persimmon, Diospyros virgimana, growing at the Arnold Arboretum. Photo by Racz and Debreczy. 49

and to experiment with different ways of serv- another. In still other, rarer instances, a few ing, and perhaps, preserving them. If native perfect flowers, that is, flowers that contain or American persimmons grow nearby, they both functional male and female parts, may can be gathered at little or no cost. I also am occur on staminate or carpellate plants or on hopeful that both the oriental and American plants producing both carpellate and species will be more widely planted both for staminate flowers. their fruits and as biologically interesting Flowering occurs in late spring and early ornamentals. summer, usually during late May and June in the Arnold Arboretum, and swarms of small Characteristics of and Native Hardy Exotic honey bees have been noted to work the Persimmons flowers during this period. Due to their small The genus Diospyros, the name derived from size, their nodding position in the leaf axils, the Greek Dios, of Zeus or of Jove, and pyros, and also because of their greenish and whit- grain, in allusion to the sweet fruits fit for the ish to yellowish color, flowers of Diospyros are gods, consists of trees and shrubs, and while often unnoticed, and it may be only the some are evergreen plants, all of the species activity of large numbers of insects visiting considered below are deciduous. The wood of the flowers for pollen or nectar or both that the majority of species is very hard with a draws attention to the fact the trees are in watery sap, and the heart wood is often black- flower. ish. The heart wood of several of the tropical Initially green, hard, and with their high species, especially that of D. ebenum Koenig tannin content, extremely astringent, the ex Retzius, is the source of ebony, a hard, black fruits and their subtending calyces increase in wood often used for piano keys and for other size as the season progresses and gradually inlaid cabinetry work and undoubtedly the assume their mature color and texture. most widely known product of this otherwise Depending on the cultivar, the fruits may little-known genus.... ripen any time between July and December The sexuality of persimmon trees and the or even February, and contrary to some production of persimmon fruits are poorly reports, frost apparently is not necessary to understood and in need of further detailed reduce astringency or to hasten ripening. As study. From what is known, persimmons are a matter of fact, some cultivars of the orien- a biologically intriguing example of a varia- tal persimmon or kaki are sweet and edible ble and complex reproductive system. In when still green and hard, looking like, and general, the staminate and carpellate flowers with the texture of, green apples. are restricted to different individual plants, Ripe persimmons may either contain seeds and the species is classified as dioecious (i.e., or, surprisingly, be totally free of seeds. Fruits two households, male and female individuals containing seeds probably result from the nor- separated). However, in some instances, mal sexual process whereby the egg cells con- flowers of both sexes occur on a single tained in the ovules of the ovary of a carpellate individual plant, a few branchlets of an other- flower are fertilized, and seeds and fruit wise carpellate tree bearing staminate flowers develop. Seedless persimmons, on the other or vice versa. Under these circumstances the hand, develop without fertilization. The species is said to be monoecious (i.e., one development of fruit without fertilization household, separate male and female flowers and hence without seeds is known as on the same plant). Yet another added com- parthenocarpy. What factors are necessary to plexity in Diospyros is that some plants con- trigger parthenocarpic development in persim- sistently produce flowers of both sexes, but mons is not known to me and constitutes others change from year to year, producing another aspect of the variable and complex flowers of both sexes in one year, but not in reproductive mechanisms of the genus. 50

Moreover, circumstantial evidence involving or blackish color, is irregularly and deeply fis- a presumable tot;illv carpellate tree of sTireri into small blocklike plates, and resem- Diospyros virginiana in the Arnold Arbore- bles that of the flowering dogwood, Cornus tum that regularly produces seed-filled fruits, florida L.... yet is a considerable distance from the nearest The fruits of the American persimmon vary staminate tree, suggests the possibility that in size from that of a small cherry to that of some seeded fruits also may be produced a large plum about 4 centimeters in diameter, without pollination and fertilization. The lat- and in color from orangish to pinkish-yellow, ter type of asexual seed production, termed often with a grayish bloom when ripe, to dark apomixis, is known in some plant families, purple or bluish-black in f. atra Sargent. The but has not been documented in Diospyros or fruits are an important food to many forms of the Ebenaceae. It might explain some of the wildlife, and opossums, raccoons, and squir- variability of some species of Diospyros, rels often strip the trees of any fruits remain- including the kaki, and help in interpreting ing on the branchlets during the winter taxonomic complexities of the genus. months. The fruits also were important food The species of Diospyros known to me to items to the Indians of eastern North America be cultivated in cool-temperate regions of as well as to the first European settlers and eastern North America are discussed explorers. Easily grown from seed, American individually below.... persimmons were sent back to England and established in English gardens some time 1. Diospyros virginiana Linnaeus, Sp. P1.2: before 1629. 1057. 1753. The American persimmon, com- The Spanish explorer Don Fernando de Soto mon persimmon, simmon, or possum wood, learned of the food value of the persimmon is native to a wide area of the eastern United from the Indians of Florida in 1539 and prob- States, from southern New England and Long ably was the first European to write about the Island south to southern Florida, and west- fruit. In the next century, Captain John Smith, ward into eastern Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, among others, took an interest in the putcha- and eastern Texas. Infrequent in southern mins of the Indians, and likened them to med- New England, it reaches the northernmost lars (Mespilus germanica L.), noting that "if limit of its natural distribution at Lighthouse it not be ripe it will drawe a mans mouth Point in New Haven, Connecticut, but it is awrie with much torment; but when it is ripe, hardy further north and can be cultivated suc- it is as delicious as an Apricock." The name cessfully throughout USDA Zones 5a and 5b. putchamin, L. H. Bailey suggests, probably is Common south of New England both east and a phonetic rendering of the Indian name for west of the Allegheny Mountains, Diospyros the plant. virginiana is particularly plentiful in the Hedrick, in his History of Horticulture in southeastern states where it often invades fal- America to 1860, states that "of the several low fields and forms dense thickets along plants used by the Indians, two, the persim- roadsides, spreading by means of black, fleshy, mon and sassafras, were of importance to the stoloniferous roots. The trees usually grow in [colonists] of Maryland and Virginia." Euro- sandy, well-drained soils, but also occur in pean settlers in the southern states prepared rich, wet soils of bottomland forests. a persimmon or simmon beer and used the An extremely variable species over its wide fermented juice to distill an apparently very range, the American persimmon occasionally good brandy. In Pennsylvania, Isaac Bartram develops a shrublike habit, but generally is a wrote a treatise on the preparation of persim- small tree to 10 or 15 meters, rarely to 35 mon wine. Persimmons also were eaten when meters, often with spreading and pendulous ripe, or prepared in puddings, breads, or as branches. The bark, hard and of a brownish preserves, while dried persimmons were 51

to the fact that the American appetite for per- simmons is limited, and the California- produced oriental persimmons satisfy the cur- rent market demand. Nonetheless, local native and occasional cultivated trees help to satisfy those of us who enjoy our native per- simmon....

2. Diospyros lotus Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 2: 1057. 1753. The date plum, Diospyros lotus, is very similar to the American persimmon in its morphology and may be the closest living relative of our native species.... In the Old World, D. lotus is very widely distributed as a native, naturalized, or cultivated plant from southern Europe, the Caucasus, and Asia Minor eastward through the northwestern Himalayan region, and into China, Korea, and Japan. In cultivation since ancient times, the natural occurrence and original distribution of D. lotus no longer are possible to ascertain. In England and other areas of northern Europe, the date plum has been cultivated as an ornamental since the 16th In North An old tree of Diospyros lotus, approximately 26 century. meters tall, growing at the base of Fei-Yiieh-hng, America, the date plum is hardy at least as Ching Chi Hsien, western Szechwan Province, China. far north as the Boston area. It probably was Photo by E H Wilson, 1908. From the Archives of introduced into North America when seeds the Arnold Arboretum. were received at the Arnold Arboretum in 1884 from the Imperial Botanical Garden at St. Petersburg. stored and eaten as we eat figs and dates. The A small tree, usually with a rounded crown, wood of the common persimmon has been that with age may attain 30 meters in height, valued for its hardness and density and has Diospyros lotus is valued in Asia for its small, been used locally for innumerable items; it yellowish-brown to bluish-black fruits, which once was preferred for shuttles over any other have a taste similar to dates and often are dried American wood. for winter consumption. The Chinese name During the 19th and early 20th centuries, for the species, Ghae tsao, signifies black date. considerable interest centered on the Ameri- The fruits attain a diameter of about 2 cen- can persimmon as a potential orchard crop, timeters, and those I have examined or eaten and numerous cultivars, selected for fruit always have been almost completely filled color, taste, size, and early maturation, were with brown, oblong, and flattened seeds. F. N. selected from wild populations and Meyer, a plant collector for the USDA, named.... While interest in cultivars of reported a seedless type from China. The date Diospyros virginian has continued to the plum is especially valued in eastern Asia as present day, primarily in the Midwest, to my an understock onto which scions of the orien- knowledge American persimmons never have tal persimmon are grafted. been grown successfully on a commercial Diospyros lotus grows, either as a native or scale. Undoubtedly, this in large part is due naturalized plant, in rocky, protected ravines, 52

along mountain streams, and on rocky slopes. In }apan i saw a fruiting and healthy-appearing tree growing from a crevice in a rock outcrop on the Pacific Ocean beach at Matsushima. The date plum may prove of value as a small ornamental tree in coastal areas where salt spray limits the effective use of other ornamental species. 3. Diospyros kaki Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 439. 1781. The kaki, Chinese persimmon, Japanese persimmon, or oriental persimmon, with fruits sometimes the size of large toma- toes, is the persimmon that occasionally appears in American markets and abounds in markets in Japan, Korea, and China during the late summer and fall and into winter. Like the date plum, kakis have been cultivated for such Cords of peeled persimmons (Diospyros kaki) hung up to dry in the village of Siku, Kansu Province, an extended of time that the natural period China, where the local name, Fang sze tze, signifies species range has become totally obliterated. "square persimmon." Photo byE N. Meyer, 1914. From Grubov, a Russian botanist, has suggested that the Archives of the Arnold Arboretum. the wild progenitor of the cultivated forms was native to northern China, while Rehder and Wilson in Plantae Wilsonae (1916) state most common kaki in American produce that Diospyros kaki var. sylvestris Makino, markets. the reputed wild form of the kaki, with As noted previously, the astringency of per- smaller, yellow, and often hairy fruits, is simmons is a variable character caused by tan- "abundant in the mountains of central and nins that, depending upon the cultivar, may western China up to 4000 feet altitude, where or may not be present when the fruits are

it forms a large tree 50 or 60 feet tall." ... green and hard. Some forms never lose their That selection for differing fruit types has astringency, even when soft. The tannin- occurred is evidenced by the upwards of a bearing cells are scattered in strands through- thousand cultivars or forms of the kaki that out the flesh of the fruit, and the tannin is are cultivated in Asia and maintained by ring- associated with a mucilage-like carbohydrate budding or grafting, primarily on date plum that coagulates and "absorbs" the tannin dur- rootstock. Ranging in size from about 2 cen- ing ripening. Oxidation of the absorbed tan- timeters in diameter, the size of a small plum, nin causes the tannin-filled cells to turn red to about 8 centimeters in diameter with a in some cultivars; the strands of cells are then weight of over a pound, kakis can be astrin- easily distinguished. Kaki fruits are also very gent or sweet, seedless or seeded, and conical, high in vitamin C and sugar content (glucose round, flattened, or almost cubical in shape, ca. 18 percent), the latter a variable character, and some cultivars have longitudinal or like astringency, but have relatively low per- horizontal ridges or furrows. The ’Tamopan’ centages of protein and fat. In Japan, hard, or grindstone persimmon is one of the bizarre astringent persimmons were sometimes forms, with an equatorial to near basal furrow, placed in used sake casks or tubs to ripen, and while the more regular, oblong-conical fruits these "tub persimmons" which absorbed the of ’Hachiya’ with rounded apices terminating flavor and perfume of the sake, were consi- in small, black, stylar scars, are probably the dered a delicacy. However, the Japanese appar- 53

ently often ate the hard, unripened fruit, a fact kakis and date plums during the summer and that prompted Charles Sargent to observe that is used to toughen paper, wood, and fishnets. the kaki was "consumed in immense quanti- It also is required in one stage of the compli- ties by the Japanese, who eat it, as they do all cated process of making fine Japanese lacquer their fruits, before it is ripe, and while it has work and in the preparation of sake and cer- the texture and consistency of a pavingstone." tain dyes. Unlike Americans, who regard the kaki as Sir Joseph Banks, botanist on Captain James a fresh fruit to be eaten when ripe or, more Cook’s first voyage around the world, is rarely, frozen for later use, the peoples of credited with the introduction of Diospyros eastern Asia for centuries have dried the fruits kaki into Europe, while the first trees of the for storage and use during the winter and early kaki in North America probably were grown spring months. The persimmons, either from seeds obtained in Japan by Commodore whole or sliced, and occasionally skinned, are Perry in 1856. Likened by some to an apple dried in the sun until their flesh attains the or pear tree in size and shape, but with larger, consistency of a dried fig. I have seen sliced lustrous green leaves that turn scarlet in the persimmons drying on wooden platforms on fall, when it is particularly handsome with its rooftops in Korea, while a photograph taken brilliant fruits, the kaki was considered by Sar- by Frank N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer in gent to be the most beautiful of any fruit tree China for the U.S. Department of Agriculture of cold temperate climates. Knowing that the early in this century, shows the fruits strung kaki is hardy in Peking, Sargent speculated on stout cords and suspended from a simple that it would be hardy in New England "if scaffold to dry in the sun and wind.... plants of a northern race can be obtained."*" Meyer’s photographs also document another Unfortunately, kakis, even some grown from way in which the persimmon is used. In cer- seed obtained near Peking, never have sur- tain areas of China, the sugar, which collects vived in the Arnold Arboretum for longer than on the cut surfaces of the dried kakis, is com- a few growing seasons.... pacted into thin, round cakes or loaves and then pressed into molds to produce orna- 4. Diospyros texana Scheele, Linnaea mented tablets. The Chinese characters on 22:145. 1849. Unlike the carpellate flowers of the surface of the tablets photographed by the American persimmon, the date plum, and Meyer signify "double happiness"; couples the kaki, carpellate flowers of the chapote, engaged to be married often present these black persimmon, or Mexican persimmon tablets to friends from whom they have lack sterile stamens or staminodia. Moreover, received wedding gifts. The tablets of sugar the flowers appear on the branchlets of the also are served as one of the eight comestibles previous year’s growth, and the anthers of the offered with tea during the first course of staminate flowers open by short, apical slits, traditional Chinese banquets. while those of the other species dehisce by The kaki is grown in Asia for more than its longitudinal slits that continue down the edible fruits. Numerous medicinal properties entire length of the anther. These differences have been attributed to different parts of the help to distinguish Diospyros texana from the plants. The green unripe fruits of what in other species of the genus and were considered China is known as the oil persimmon, by John K. Small of enough significance to Diospyros kaki var. sylvestris, the reputed merit placing D. texana in a separate, mono- wild form of the domesticated kakis, are used typic genus, Brayodendron. However, most to make a varnish oil that renders hats and botanists have continued to regard the chapote umbrellas waterproof. In Japan, Shibu, a as a unique species of Diospyros. highly astringent, milky, light or dark gray The chapote further differs from the other fluid rich in tannin, is prepared from unripe species discussed in this article in its shrubby, 54

and the outer layers exfoliate in irregular sheets, exposing the smooth, gray, inner bark. In appearance, it is reminiscent of the mot- tled bark of the crape-myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.) and is one of the characters that recommend the chapote as an ornamental plant. Native to the United States, the chapote is distributed in central and western Texas and ranges southward into the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipas. Over its range it grows in rich moist soils of bot- tomlands as well as on dry rocky mesas and in isolated canyons. The small, hairy, black fruits mature to 2.5 centimeters in diameter. When mature, they are sweet but rather insipid. According to Paul Standley, they leave an "indelible black stain upon everything with which [they] come in contact" and have been Square tablets of persimmon sugar obtained from the used by Mexicans of the Rio Grande Valley to dried fruits of a vanety of Diospyros kaki with the Chinese name Pen sze sse. The Chinese characters dye sheepskins. signify "double happiness." Photo by F. N. Meyer, Sargent notes that this species should prove 1914. From the Archives of the Arnold Arboretum valuable as a cultivated ornamental for its attractive, lustrous foliage, the interesting black fruits of the carpellate plants, and its often many-stemmed habit, although it may mottled bark. It is recorded as cultivated in develop into a single-stemmed twiggy tree Virginia and in Pennsylvania, and although it that occasionally reaches 25 meters in height. has not yet proven hardy at the Arnold Arbore- The bark of the chapote also is distinctive; it tum, it may be hardy as far north as southern is smooth, light reddish-gray or reddish-brown, New England. In Praise of the American Smoke Tree

Gary L. Koller and Don O. Shadow

Just as a prophet is without honor in his own land, so it is with this plant. Under only the rarest of circumstances will one find this beautiful southeastern native growing outside of a botanical garden. As Arboretum horticulturist Gary Koller and Tennessee nurseryman Don Shadow explain, this is an injustice that cries out for remedy.

Have you ever wondered why one introduced cies with its Asian relative. We have observed species within a genus flourishes in the nurs- fruit panicles in the wild that are quite showy, ery and landscape industry while a native though it is fair to say that those on the American plant with notable traits remains Arboretum’s trees are not. We shall lay com- obscure? An example of this occurs in the parison aside here and give our native species genus Cotinus. Cotinus coggygria Scop., the the attention it deserves. common smoke tree or smokebush, whose Robert A. Vines, in his book Trees, Shrubs, native range extends from South Europe to and Woody Vines of the Southwest, states Central China, is frequently seen in residen- that Cotinus obovatus occurs on "rocky lime- tial landscapes here. It is sought after because stone hills of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, of its many fine qualities: a long period of Missouri, Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky. midsummer floral and fruit ornamentation, Nowhere very abundant or widespread." showy plumose fruit panicles (which create Thomas S. Elias, in Trees of North America, the smokelike effect that gives the plant its says that it generally grows in limestone soils common name), vivid autumn foliage colors, of dry, rocky slopes, in mountain canyons, or ease of culture, and longevity (the oldest on high hills. It is found at elevations up to plants extant at the Arnold Arboretum are 108 1000 meters. Because it inhabits locations years old and healthy). Our native American with hot humid summers and relatively mild smoke tree, C. obovatus Raf., on the other winters, many assume that it will not thrive hand, is rarely seen. It is often missing even under the soil and climatic conditions of in the horticultural literature. Older books on northern landscapes. Yet we have found a landscaping omit it completely. When it is planting as far north as the Landscape Arbore- included, it is described in almost disparag- tum at the University of Minnesota. Dr. ing terms: "the fruiting panicles are not showy Harold Pellett, on the staff there, told us that

... it is useful only for autumn color ... the arboretum had had success with seed of where the smaller smoke tree will suffice, the a cultivated plant from the Morton Arbore- American species can be omitted." Writers tum in Lisle, Illinois, in 1963. Today, one of always attempt to compare the American spe- the resultant seedlings, which grows in an exposed site, is nearly 5 meters tall. It is stem Volume 33(2) 17-22, 1984. hardy at temperatures above approximately 56

lium, Cercis canadensis, and Quercus piinoidcs. At the Arnold Arboretum a 102-year-old specimen flourishes in highly acidic soil near the edge of a meadow. Peter Del Tredici, of the Arnold Arboretum staff, observed the plant thriving in alkaline clay soils in the Chicago area. Excess soil moisture, however, may detract from opti- mum autumn foliage coloration.... The fall-foliage colors of this tree are stun- ning. At the Arnold Arboretum few plants match it in terms of brilliance and intensity. In full sun the colors are scarlet, orange- scarlet, and claret; and in shade apricot, gold, and yellow. A. C. Downes acclaimed the plant for its fall colors in 1935 in The Gardeners’ Chronicle: "seen with the autumn sun shin- ing through its translucent leaves, decked out in all shades of flaming orange and scarlet, it has been a sight not easily forgotten.... It is just the translucent quality of its foliage that causes the warm fiery glow that is its great charm. Other plants can show colors as vivid in themselves (as, for example Rosa nitida), but their thicker leaf blades rob them of the

wonderful effect." ... The multistemmed habit of the Arboretum’s Soil moisture and soil nutrition seem to staminate Amencan smoke tree. Note the scaley tex- affect autumn brilliance. One writer sug- ture of the bark. Photo by Barth Hamburg. gested that when grown on rich soil that is high in nutrients, the resultant lush, soft growth produces poor fall color. A. J. Ander- -25 degrees Fahrenheit. The minimum tem- son, in a 1945 issue of The Gardeners’ Chroni- perature at which the roots are cold hardy has cle, said, "the most beautifully colored not yet been determined. Information on the examples I have seen are growing on an original native locale of this plant is unavail- exposed, dry bank of poverty-stricken soil. A able. A more cold-hardy genotype may yet be moist, rich medium should definitely be found. avoided as it always results in vigorous, sappy A second welcome feature of the American growth which is detrimental to autumn color- smoke tree is its adaptability to various soil ing." Fall weather also seems to affect color conditions. In Tennessee it occurs on south- brilliance. At the Arnold Arboretum, one facing rock outcroppings of limestone, where plant varies from very colorful to dull depend- the pH is 6.5 to 7.0. Very little soil is present ing on sunlight and temperatures in early on top of the rocks, so the roots must invade October. In the wild, autumn color varies sub- the cracks and crevices to anchor the plant stantially from one plant to the next.... and obtain moisture and nutrients. In the The bark of the American smoke tree pro- same area it also grows in sites with better vides pattern and detail in the winter land- soil, where it associates with funiperus vir- scape. Bark plates have bases lifted slightly giniana, Rhus aromatica, Viburnum prunifo- and pulled away from the stems, creating a 57

The oldest and largest specimen of the Amencan smoke tree growing at the Arnold Arboretum, raised from seed collected in 1882. This staminate plant is nine meters tall, with several major stems. Photo by Racz and Debreczy. 58

fish-scale-like effect. The scale pattern varies sity. The sexes occur usually on separate ""’----f"’’’’’’’’’’’’ ~.....,~;",..~...1,...... 1...... ,...... 1 ft,r -,~.,r~ ,..".1.7 d-XiJ-V^iig, AAJAJ-A V J.VJ.UdJ.O, ClAiVJ HIV LJJ.O-.LJ.I. t^UUiU plants but occasionally on a single plant. In benefit from selection for this characteristic. the horticultural literature the male plant is Plants must reach approximately 20 years of reported to be superior for "smoke produc- age before the mature bark pattern develops. tion." All of these factors suggest that selec- At this point the plant can be pruned to tion could produce a more beautiful tree. expose the bark to view. The bark can be an Fruiting is said to be sparse in the wild. Seed interesting focal point of a winter landscape. is often difficult to find, as squirrels gather it The tree can also be planted en masse to cre- before it ripens. ate a mini-forest of textured stems. The height of the plant varies considerably, Cut logs of the American smoke tree match though this may be attributable to environ- Juniperus virginiana in durability and lon- mental conditions. The largest plant gevity and have been used as fence posts and documented is a national champion tree at walking sticks. When the tree is cut for logs the Deane Hill Country Club in Knoxville, or burned over by fire, the stump has the abil- Tennessee. The tree is 13 meters high, with ity to resprout quickly, resulting in multi- a crown spread of 10 meters, and a trunk girth stemmed specimens. As a result, most wild of 1.5 meters The oldest and largest plant at plants are multistemmed and not very the Arnold Arboretum came from seed sent straight. Color on freshly cut wood samples by Charles Mohr of Mobile, Alabama, in 1882. varies from bright yellow to pale orange. As of February 1984, this plant stands 9 Extract from the wood was an important meters tall, with a crown spread of 8 meters source of a natural dye, especially during the and with five stems arising from ground level, Civil War period. of which the largest two are 45 centimeters Flowers and fruit are borne in large termi- in circumference. In poor soils and under nal panicles. Attached to the upper end of harsh environmental conditions in the wild, each panicle are slender stalks clad in fine the plant can be found in spreading thickets hair. These create the smokelike effect, which free of other species. Such varied growth in the wild varies in color (from light brown habits allow great opportunity for the selec- to fleshy tones and pale purple), size, and den- tion of individuals for specific purposes. Elliottia Racemosa and Its Propagation

Alfred J. Fordham

Alfred Fordham was the propagator at the Arboretum from 1958 to 1976. During this time he built up a reservoir of knowledge about plants and their propagation that few people are able to match. In this article, Al Fordham displays the skill that earned him his well-deserved reputation.

Elliottia racemosa, the Georgia Plume, is a Augusta is now entirely barren of Elliottia. small tree or large shrub in the Ericaceae or Unless another locality is found, I should not Rhododendron family, native to the state of be surprised if the species is preserved only Georgia. A review of the literature concern- on P. J. Berckmans’ grounds.’ Dr. Asa Gray also ing it reveals a history of frustration and dis- visited the region and wrote, "Not a vestige appointment. Despite the fact that it was of Elliottia (in Columbia county) remains. A discovered 160 or more years ago, and despite small patch is said to exist in Edgefield the fact that its impressive ornamental county, South Carolina, but all efforts to find characteristics have been often described, it it have failed." Fortunately the threat of extinc- is still exceedingly rare in cultivation. It has tion no longer exists, for a number of stands been reported to have lost its ability to have been found more recently both in the produce seeds, to be difficult to transplant area of the original find and also down into (even in areas where it is native), and to have central Georgia. failed in most propagational efforts. For a time Two attempts were made to establish Elliot- Elliottia was considered lost. tia at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Elliottia was discovered in Waynesboro, England. The first in 1894, consisting of a few Georgia, by Steven Elliott who was in the plants donated by Mr. Berckmans, resulted in process of preparing his "Sketch of the Botany failure while the second in 1902, from the of South Carolina and Georgia." Other stands same donor, led to the establishment of two were later found in the same region and across specimens. J. Robert Seeley, writing in Barto- the Savannah River in South Carolina. Mr. P. nia (1938), spoke of one remaining plant at J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Georgia, moved Kew Gardens as the only representative of its several plants to his nursery and from these species in Britain and possibly in Europe as succeeded in propagating a few by using root well. He also noted that every effort to cuttings. Through the cutting of the woods propagate Elliottia at Kew had failed. and the clearing of land for agriculture, the original stands of Elliottia disappeared. Dr. Propagation of Elliottia racemosa Charles S. Sargent wrote, "The range near In 1962, while visiting Mr. Henry Hohman of Kingsville Nursery, Kingsville, Maryland, we viewed his two plants of Elliottia and dis- Volume 29(1): 17-20, 1969. cussed its propagation. A month or so later, 60

The original specimen of Elliottia racemosa sent to the Arboretum by Henry Hohman in 1962. Photographed m full bloom by Racz and Debreczy in 1988. 61

Mature seed pods and viable seed of Elliottia racemosa Photo by P. Del Tredici. the smaller of the two, a fine eight-foot speci- Our accession records show that all prior men, arrived at the Arnold Arboretum from efforts to establish it have ended with the Mr. Hohman with his suggestion that we notation, "winter killed." Alfred Rehder in his work out methods for its propagation. While Manual of Trees and Shrubs considered Elliot- at Kingsville Nursery, we discussed the use tia a Zone 7 plant. Therefore, our specimen of root cuttings in the propagation of Elliot- is lifted each autumn and placed in a cold tia. When Mr. Hohman dug the plant, he did storage unit. not fill the resulting crater but let it remain. He thought that the severed roots left in the Propagation by Seeds crater wall might produce shoots. This worked Some years, fruit capsules appear on our well, and in 1963, eighteen plants were har- Elliottia, while in other years there are none. vested from within the crater. They, however, have always been devoid of Mr. Hohman’s plant has prospered at the sound seeds. Arnold Arboretum and it flowers profusely In October of 1962, several fruit capsules each year. It should be added that Elliottia has matured on Mr. Hohman’s remaining plant not proven hardy at the Arnold Arboretum. and he sent them on to us. By carefully pick- 62 ji

ing them apart, we obtained eleven plump ings. Success was mediocre. The next effort seeds which appeared viable. These were was to test whether or not root pieces wouldI sown without pretreatment. By March of produce multiple shoots. Shoots that arise 1964, they had all decomposed. from roots are physiologically juvenile and In June of 1964, several capsules were will usually root despite the fact that stem received from Miss Claremont H. Lee of cuttings from the same plant will not. With Savannah, Georgia. Some were light brown in this fact in mind, root sections about 3/8 color while others were of darker hue. This inches in diameter and about 4 to 5 inches difference would indicate that those light in long were taken from the plant when it was color were from the 1963 fruit crop while dormant. They were placed horizontally about those more weathered were from the previous half an inch deep in flats of sandy soil. This year. The seeds were carefully separated from was done on March 24 and by May 19, multi- the capsules and some appeared well filled ple shoots began to appear. The pressure of and sound. Cut tests were not made since spring work was such that cuttings were not those seemingly viable were so few. The seeds taken from the roots until July 14. By this were divided into two lots: Lot #1 was sown time they were firm and woody. without pretreatment, while Lot #2 was The first crop of cuttings was divided into provided with a two-month period of cold two lots. Lot #1 was treated with a product stratification at 40 degrees Fahrenheit. One containing 3 milligrams of IBA in a gram of seedling germinated in Lot #1. When Lot #2 talc with Thiram added. Lot #2 was treated was sown, one seedling also appeared. After with a similar formulation but with 8 milli- five months in the greenhouse, no further ger- grams of IBA. In each case all cuttings rooted. mination took place so Lot #2 (which still The root pieces were left in place and con- contained sound seeds) was placed in our tinued to produce shoots for over a year. The winter cold storage unit for three months. The largest root pieces that we could get from our temperature there is maintained at about 34 plant were only about 3/8 of an inch in degrees. It was then returned to the green- diameter and these produced well. It seems house and after a lapse of three months, three reasonable to suppose that, if root sections of more seedlings appeared. This behavior leads larger diameter were used, the crop of shoots one to suspect that Elliottia seeds might be could be vastly increased. Root cuttings have doubly-dormant or two-year seeds. However, not presented survival problems and all have the sample was far too small for this to be prospered. other than a suspicion. If propagators set root pieces horizontally in flats, as described above, and gather the eas- Propagation by Cuttings ily rooted shoots as they appear, there seems Repeated attempts were made to root stem no reason why this beautiful subject should cuttings of Elliottia using an assortment of not become commonly established in culti- root-inducing substances and a variety of tim- vation. Propagating Leatherwood: A Lesson in Humility

Peter Del Tredici

Part of being a good propagator means being able to listen to what the plants are "saying." This brief article by former propagator Peter Del Tredici makes that point nicely.

It is often assumed that because I work in the which bends like lead (Gray says it is brittle’), the greenhouses of the Arnold Arboretum, I different layers separating at the end I cut a good- sized switch, which was singularly tough and flexi- should be able to solve any plant-propagation ble, )ust like a cowhide, and would answer the pur- problem that comes along. With all that heat pose of one admirably. The color of the bark is a very and light, the reasoning goes, you should be pale brown. I was much interested in this shrub, able to make dead sticks sprout. Unfor- since it was the Indian’s rope. Frost said that the farmers of Vermont used it to tie their fences is not the most up tunately, technology always with. effective solution to the difficulties that arise with This fact was home to plants. brought The great tensile strength of the bark of me rather dramatically recently in attempt- leatherwood has been noted by nearly all ing to determine the seed-germination botanical writers-before and after requirements of Dirca palustris, the Atlantic Thoreau-who have discussed the plant. leatherwood. None, however, have presented quite so This beautiful little shrub in the Thyme- memorable a description as the late Edgar laeaceae family is native to the east coast of Anderson, former dendrologist of the Arnold North from New Brunswick to America, Arboretum and long-time botanist at the Mis- Florida and east to the Mississippi. In the souri Botanical Garden: wild, Dirca tends to form dense thickets in the forest best in moist understory, growing Delicate though the flowers may be, the species is areas that have a high limestone content. well deserving of its popular name as anyone will Henry David Thoreau tracked the plant down find who attempts to gather the flowering twigs in its native haunts in Brattleboro, Vermont, without a sharp knife. The branches are surprisingly limber and the bark is tough and strong. One can on September 8, 1856: actually tie the twigs m bow knots. If one attempts to snap off a branch quickly, the wood itself may ... for the first time I see growing indigenously the break and separate from the bark. It may even come Dirca palustns, leather-wood, the largest on the low away altogether, leaving the startled flower-gatherer interval by the brook. I notice a bush there seven feet with a perfectly bare twig m his hand and on the high. In this form it is somewhat like a quince bush, bush, dangling like an empty glove, the bark with though less spreading, its leaves are broad, like entire its flowers and leaves still intact. sassafras leaves; now beginning to turn yellow. It has remarkably strong thick bark and soft white wood Horticulturally, Dirca is noteworthy for rea- sons other than its bark, not the least of Volume 44(1): 20-24, 1984. which is that it produces bright yellow flowers 64

The unusual growth habit of leatherwood Photographed in full bloom on May 1, 1989, by Racz and Debreczy. in early April, when most other plants are still Because propagation data on leatherwood dormant. Another point of interest is its ten- were either nonexistent or imprecise, I under- dency to develop a single stem. This habit, took a seed-germination project in 1979. At which is unusual for a shrub, gives the plant that time there were two Dirca plants at the the appearance of a miniature tree and makes Arboretum, both collected in New Hampshire it extremely useful in rock gardens and peren- in 1961. In early June the mature fruits were nial beds. Despite leatherwood’s preference for falling off. They were green at that point, with moist, shady sites in the wild, it will tolerate a slight tinge of yellow. The fruit is a berry full sun under cultivation. Interestingly, when with a fleshy outer seed coat and a hard, black grown in the open, the plant assumes a more inner coat surrounding a single large embryo. compact habit of growth, and the foliage, I followed my usual practice when process- which is light green in the shade, takes on a ing seeds preparatory to sowing them: I put distinct yellowish cast. them in a plastic bag and set them on a head- 65

The delicate flowers of Dirca palustns. Photo by Racz and Debreczy. house bench until the fleshy part of the fruit technique is not generally recommended in softened enough so that it could be easily the seed-germination literature, it has long washed off. This "fermentation" cleaning, as been used successfully with many types of it is called, usually takes about one week and plants at the Arboretum. works wonders with fleshy fruits like those After a week I removed the rotting Dirca of Malus, Cornus, and Sorbus. While this fruits from the bag and washed them clean 66

with water. I then subjected the seeds to vari- seed-germination test I could think of: stratifi- "^^ n *-,-,<-~*~<-20222022 o orv^p T o *->t»t«t»«-1 ~« »-v-» *-vs Aril rtfQITT 1»-» the cation in the refrigerator as well as ii *^e greenhouse, some I stratified (this involves greenhouse, gibberellic-acid soaks, and scarifi- packing the seeds in a moist medium and cation with a knife. Finally, I carefully excised storing them in a refrigerator for three over 400 embryos from their seed coats and months), and some I treated with the plant gave them the same treatments. hormone gibberellic acid (GA3). To my disap- To my amazement, of the 1100 seeds so pointment, none of these treatments carefully cleaned and treated, not a single produced a single plant. seedling was produced, but of the 77 Trying again in 1980, collected 1177 seeds uncleaned ones planted outdoors, 47 seedlings and designed an experiment that I thought germinated the following spring-a staggering would cover all possible types of seed- 61 percent. Here I had brought to bear nearly dormancy mechanisms. I put all the fruits in 10 years of experience in botanical research, a plastic bag for fermentation cleaning, except along with a barrage of hormones and climate- for 77 that I pulled out at the last minute to control devices, when success could be use as a control. These I sowed in a flat, which achieved only by doing nothing. Humility is was then planted outdoors to simulate the the main thing that I learned from this conditions the seeds would have been sub- experiment.... jected to had they been allowed to fall from Clearly some plants propagate themselves the plant. best when left to their own devices. With The remaining 1100 seeds were allowed to Dirca palustris, letting nature run its course rot for several days, after which they were is not only very easy, but also very effective. cleaned and then subjected to every possible Index to Volume 51 (1991) Numbers m parentheses refer to issues, those m boldface to illustrations of the entries.

Academia de Ciencias de Cuba (3): 32 "Books," Nan Sinton (2): 40 Acer grisium (4): inside back cover "Books," Neil Jorgensen (1): 38-39 Alexander, John H. III, and Michael Dirr, "Ilex Bonsai, Japanese (3): 6 glabra-the Inkberry Holly" (2): 16-22 Borderland (North Easton, Mass.) (3): 31 Alexander, John H. III (3): 18 Boston Natural Areas Fund (BNAF) (2) : 33, 39 Allandale Spring (2): 33,34 Brandegee, Edward (2): 35 "Allandale Woods: A Fragment of the First Families Brown, Jane, "Lady into Landscape Gardener: Beatrix of Boston," Richard Heath and Richard B. Farrand’s Early Years at the Arnold Arboretum" Pnmack (2): 33-39 (3): 2-10 "Allegheny Pachysandra," Michael A. Dirr and John "Buckleya-The Oldest Cultivated plant in the H. Alexander III (4): 43-46 Arnold Arboretum," Richard A. Howard (4): 38-42 American Society of Landscape Architects (3): 7, 9 Burly, Dr. John (3): 17 Ames, Blanche (1): 1, 33 Bussewitz, Al, photos by (2): front cover; (4): front Ames, Oakes (1): 33; (3): 22, 23, 27, 31 cover, back cover Amyema (3): 16 Bussey, Benjamin (2): 34 Ancient Trees Management Group (Shanghai) (2): 5 Anemone canadensis (1): 16 Apple scab (1): 35 Cadwalader, John Lambert (3): 4 Arceuthobium (3): 11 Cahan, Marion D., "The Harvard Garden in Cuba- Arnold Arboretum (2): 33, 38; (3) 3, 8, 14, 29; (4): 2 A Brief History" (3): 22-32 Arnold Arboretum Weather Station Data 1990 ( 1 ) : 40 Calycanthus chinensis (1 18-22; 19, 21 Aruncus dioicus (1): 16 Cape Cod National Sea Shore Visitor Center (Mass.) "Asa Gray and His Quest for Shortia galacifolia," (2): 17 Charles F. Jenkins (4): 4-11 Carya (sp.) (1): inside front cover Aster novae-angliae (2) 24, 25 Castanea sativa (2): 10 novi-belgii (2): 23-26 Chavany, P. (1): inside front cover tradescanti (2) : 25 Chelsea Physic Garden (1): 10 Asters, fall-blooming (2): 23-31 Chang, W. C. (1): 18 New York (2): 25 Chinese species, recent introductions (1): 2, 3; 18-22 Atkins, Edwin F. (3): 22, 26, 27, 28, 31 Chinese wax shrub ( 1 18-22 Atkins, Elisha F. (3): 23, 26 Cienfuegos (Cuba) (3): 22, 23, 26, 27, 32 Atkins Fellowships (3): 30 Clay, Henry (2): 6 Atkins Garden (3): 22-32 Clement, Dr. Duncan, (3): 29, 30 Atkins Garden and Research Laboratory (3): 29, 30 Clethra almfoha (3): 18-21 Atkins Institution of the Arnold Arboretum (3): 29, 31 Codman, Henry Sargent (3): 7 Compaction, soil (1): 25-28 Compositae (2): 23-31 Bailey, Liberty Hyde (2): 26 Coneflower, purple (1): 16 Barbour, Thomas (3): 31 Corey, Prof. E. J. (2): 111 Bartram, William (2): 5 Cotinus coggygna (4): 55 Bartram’s Ginkgo (2): 6 obovatus (4): 55-58 Beijing Botanical Garden and Institute of Botany Craul, Phillip J., "Urban Soil: Problems and Promise" (China) (1): 13 (1): 23-32 Bergamot, wild (1): 16 Cross, Jim (2): 18 Bonhof, Hugo (3): 27 Cuban National Exposition (3): 28 68

"Daisies of Autumn," Judy Glattstein (2): 23-31 2014 ’Decipiens’ (4): 36 Dana Greenhouses (Arnold 13 - ’Pallida’ (4): 36-37 _ Arboretum) (1): 2, ___ Dawson, Jackson (3): 8, 9 - viridissima : (4): 35, 377 Del Tredici, Peter (1): 3, 34; "Ginkgos and People- - ’Bronxensis’ (4): 36 A Thousand Years of Interaction" (2): 2-15; x intermedia (4): 31, 35, 377 photos by (2): inside front cover, inside back -- ’Aurea’ (4): 37 cover, 32, 35, 36, 37; "Introduction" to fiftieth -- ’Spectabilis’ (4): 34-35 anniversery issue (4): 2-3; "Propagating Leather- -- ’Lynwood’ (=’Lynwood Gold’) (4): 36 wood : A Lesson in Humility" (4): 63-66; 41, 61 "Forsythia Story," Donald Wyman (4): 34-37 Dendrophthora (3) : 11, 14 Diospyros kaki (4): 47, 52-53 lotus 51-52 (4): Gallberry holly (2): 16-22; cultivars (2): 19-22 texana 53-54 (4): 47, Garden and Forest (3): 9 - 50-51 virginiana (4): 47, 48, Garden in the Woods Mass.) ( 1 ): 1 5, 16 Dirca 63-66 (Framingham, palustris (4): Ghost bramble 3 Michael "Sweet A Summer (1): 3 Dirr, A., Pepperbush: 2-15; and blood-flow 11; correction Sensation" 18-21 Ginkgo (2): (2): (3): (3):32; cultivation for leaf production (2): 11-13; - and John Alexander III, "Ilex glabra-The medical use (2): 10-11; nut production (2): 8-10; Inkberry Holly" (2): 16-22; "The Allegheny pollination (2): 9; street tree (2): 4; vegetative Pachysandra" (4): 43-46 propagation (2): 6-8 Dongting Mountain (2): 8, 9 biloba front cover, inside back cover Dorr 5 Ginkgo (2): family (3): ’Fastigiata’ (2): 8 Downing, Andrew Jackson, "Neglected American ’King of Mountain’, nuts 10 Plants" 27 Dongtmg of (2) : (2): Ginkgo plantation (Sumter, S. C.) (2): 12, 13 subsurface (1): 29 Drainage, improving (1): 28-31; and People-A Thousand Years of Interac- Dumbarton 9 "Ginkgos /3) : tion," Peter Del Tredici (2): 2-15 Ginkgolide B (2): 11 11-13 Theresa 9 Ginkgolide compounds (2) : Earle, (3): "The Daisies of Autumn" 23-31 Charles 9 Glattstein, Judy, (2): Eliot, (3): 7, Goldenrods 23, 26-31 E. L. 14 (2): Ekman, (3): Goodale, George L. (3): 22, 23 "Elliottia racemosa and Its Alfred Propagation," J. Asa 4-11 Fordham 59-62 Gray, (4): (4): Robert M. 28 Enterolobium 23 Grey, (3): 23, 27, cyclocarpum (3): "Growgun" machine (1): 26 Euonymus radicans (3): 7

Fairstead (Brookline, Mass.) (3): 8 "Hamamelis mollis (4): 31 Farrand, Beatrix (3): 2-10 - japonica (4): 31 Firebhght(l):34 - xintermedia (4): 31 Flemer, Bert (2): 20 ’Arnold Promise,"’ Richard Weaver, Jr. (4) : 30-33, 32 Flemer, William III (2): 8, 19 Hamilton, William (2): 5 Flora of the LesserAntilles (3): 13 Harvard Biological Laboratory (Cuba) (3): 28 Fordham, Alfred J., "Elliottia racemosa and Its Harvard Botanic Station (Cuba) (3): 22, 27, 28 propagation" (4): 59-62 Harvard Botainical Garden (Cambridge, Mass.) (3): Forsythia giraldii (4): 35 22,27,28 - japonica (4): 35,37 Harvard Experiment Station (Cienfuegos, Cuba)(3):29 - f. saxitalis (4): 35 "Harvard Garden in Cuba-A Brief History," Marion - ovata (4): 35, 37 D. Cahan (3): 22-32 - suspensa (4): 35, 37 Harvard Magazine (3): 32 69

Harvard tropical garden (Cienfuegos, Cuba) (3): Jorgensen, Neil, "Books" (1): 38-39 frontcover, 23, 24-25, 26, 29, 30 Judd, William Henry (3): 3, 8 Harvard University Herbaria (3): 14 Haustormm (3) : 11 Heath, Richard, and Richard B. Primack, "Allandale Kalmia latifolia (2): 27 Woods: A Fragment of the First Families of Kellogg, Elizabeth A., "Why Study Mistletoes?" (3): Boston" (2): 33-39 11-17 Henry, Augustine (1): 6, 13 Kevorkian, Dr. Arthur G. (3): 29 Heptacodium (1): 13-14 Kew Gardens (2): 5 - jasminoides (1): 14 Koller, Gary L., and Don O. Shadow, "In Praise of - miconioides ( 1 ) : 13-14 the American Smoketree" (4): 55-58 "History of the Introduction of Woody Plants into Kolterman, Duane (3): 32 North America," Alfred Rehder (4): 22-29 Korean mountain ash (1): 55 Holly, inkberry (2): 16-22 Kuijt, Job (3): 12, 13, 14 Holm Lea (3): 4, 5, 7 Honeysuckle family ( 1 ) : 14 Hookers’ Icones Plantarum (1): 13 "Lady into Landscape Gardener: Beatrix Farrand’s Hortus 7/7(2): 28, 29, 30 Early Years at the Arnold Arboretum," Jane Howard, Dr. Richard (3): 13, 15; (4) "Buckleya-The Brown (3): 2-10 Oldest Cultivated Plant in the Arnold Arboretum" Lancaster, Roy (1): 18, 22 (4): 38-42 Lautzenheiser, R. (1): 40 Hsueh Chi-ju, "Reminiscences of Collecting the Leatherwood, Atlantic (4): 63-66 Type Specimens of Metasequoia glyptostroboides" Li, H. L. (2): 3 (4): 17-21 Lighty, Richard (2): 30 Hu, Dr. S.-Y. (3) : 32 Ling, Hsieh (2): 3, 4 Hunnewell estate (2): 22 Liquidambar acalycina (1): 8-9 Hunnewell, H. H. 13): 7 - formosana (1): 8,9 Hura crepitans (3): 26 Longland, David, "Meadown Making-Caveat Emptor"(l): 15-17 Longwood Gardens (Penn.) (2): 17, 20 Ilexcoriacea (2): 17 Loranthaceae (3): 11, 13 - crenata (2): 17, 22 Lu, L. T. (1): 13 - glabra (2): 16-22 Lythrum salicaria (1): 16 ’Densa’ (2): 19 - - forma leucocarpa (2): 18 - vomitoria (2): 17 Magnolia (1): 14-14 "Ilex glabra-The Inkberry Holly, " Michael A. Dirr - acuminata (1): front cover and John H. Alexander (2): 16-22 2014 glauca (= virginiana) (3): 7 "In Praise of the American Smoketree," Gary L. - macrophylla (3): 7 Koller and Don O. Shadow (4): 55-58 - parviflora (= sieboldii) (3): 7 Inkberry holly (2): 16-22; cultivars (2): 19-22 - stellata (4): back cover - x soulangiana ’Alexandrina’ (1): front cover - xloebneri ’Merrill’ (4): back cover Jack, J. G. (3): 30 - zenh (1): 13 Jardin d’Essai (Algiers) (3): 9 Malus baccata (I): 12 Jekyll, Gertrude (2): 25, 26; (3): 9 - ’Blanche Ames’ (1): 33-377 Jenkins, Charles F., "Asa Gray and His Quest for - ’Dorothea’ (1): 33 Shortia galacifolia" (4): 4-11 - ’Profusion’ (1): 33 Jones, Frederic Rhinelander (3): 4 - spectabilis ’Puversii’ (1): 33 Jones, Mary Cadwalader Rawle (3): 4 Martinez, Modesto (3): 31 70

"Meadow Making 2014 Caveat Emptor," David Longland Platelet-activating factor (PAF) (2): 11

______Pnrlnsnhnprn 34 . /Ire I- ^ H ~^17 Ipncntrirh/i 111- Mendel, Gregor (3): 15IS Powdery mildew ( 1 ) : 34 Merrill, E. D., "Metasequoia, Another Living Fossil" Pratt, Mary (Weld) (2): 35 (4): 12-16 "Presenting Sinocalycanthus chinensis-Chinese Metasequoia, Another Living Fossil, " E. D. Merrill Wax Shrub," Gerald B. Straley (1): 18-22 (4): 12-16 Primack, R. B. and Richard Heath, "Allendale Metasequoia glyptostroboides (4): inside front cover, Woods-A Frament of the First Families of 12-21, 12, 14, 15, 20 Boston" (2): 32-39 Michaelmas daisies (2): 23, 25 Princeton Nursery (2): 8, 19 Miles, Mary Comber (1): painting, back cover "Propagating Leatherwood: A Lesson in Humility," Miller, Philip (1): 10 Peter Del Tredici (4): 63-66 Milner, Henry Ernest (3): 9 Prunus mackii (4): front cover Missouri Botanical Garden (3): 14 Mistletoes, research on (3): 11-17 Montpelher Botanic Garden (France) (2): 5 Racz and Debreczy, photos by (1): 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, Morus alba ’Venosa’ (3): inside back cover 11, 12, inside back cover; (2): 16, 18, 21, back Mt. Cuba Center for the Study of Piedmont Flora cover; (3): inside front cover, 19, 20, inside back (Delaware) (2): 30 cover; (4): inside front and back covers, 15,30, 32, 37, 48, 57, 64, 65 Raulston, J. C. (1): 18, 22 National Cancer Institute (3): 17 Ravenala madagascarensis (3): front cover "Neglected American Plants," Andrew Jackson Rawle, Mary Cadwalader (3): 4 Downing (2) : 27 Reef Point (Bar Harbor, Maine) (3). 4, 6 New England Wild Flower Society (1): 15; (2): 37 Reef Point Bulletin (3): 3 "Notes on Persimmons, Kakis, Date Plums, and Rehder, Alfred (3): 3, 23, 26, 30; (4): 22; "On the Chapotes," Stephen A. Spongbeg (4): 47-54 History of the Introduction of woody Plants into Nut production of Ginkgo biloba (2): 8-10 North America" (4): 22-29 Nutrient cycling, interrupted (1): 25 Reminiscences of Collecting the Type Specimens of Metasequoia glyptostroboides," Hsueh Qi-ju (4): 17-21 Olmsted, Frederick Law (3): 6, 8 Rhododendron calendulaceum (2): 1

- - Frederick, Jr. (3): 6-7 ’Smoky Mountaineer’ (2): back cover - John Charles (3): 7 Rhus chinensis (1): 10, 11, inside back cover Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot (2): 35 Robinson, William (3): 9 Rosa sp. (3): 8 , collection in Cuba (3): 28 Pachysandra procumbens (4): 43-46, 44 Rovell, brothers (3): 9 - terminalis (4): 43, 44 Roxbury pudding stone (2): inside front cover Parkman, Francis (3): 7 Royal Horticultural Society (Wisley, England) (2): 25 Parsons, Samuel (3): 9 Rubus lasiostylus var. hubeiensis 1): 3, 13 Persimmons, hardy, exotic, and native (4): 47-54 Phoradondron (3): 11-17 - ficulneum (3): 13, 14 Sargent Charles S. (2): 6; (3): 6-10 -guatemalense (3): 13 Sargent, Mary (Mrs. Charles S.) (3): 3, 4

-leucarpum (3): 11 , Sassafras albidum (3): inside front cover - molinae (3): 14 Sax, Dr. Karl (1): 33; (3) 3: - piperoides (3): 13, 14 Schustermann, Heidi (1): 31 - tnnervium (3): 15 Shadow, Don and Gary L. Koller, "In Praise of the Piratebush (4): 38-42, 39, 41 American Smoketree" (4): 55-58 71

Shanghai Botanical Garden (China) (1): 18 Underdramage (1): 29, 30, 31 Shennongjia Forest District (China) (1): 2, 12 University of British Columbia Botanical Garden Shortia galacifolia (4): 4-12, 7 (Canada) (1): 18, 19,22 "Shy Yet Elegant Crabapple-’Blanche Ames, "’ "Urban Soils: Problems and Promise," Phillip J. Michael Yanny (1): 33-37 Craul(l): 23-32 Smo-Amencan Botanical Expedition (1980) (1): 2-14 "Sino-American Sampler," Stephen A. Spongberg (1):): 2-14 Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold (3): 4 Smocalycanthus chinensis (1): 18-22, back cover Vault system (1): 30, 31 Smowilsoma henryi (1): 13 Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) (2): 4 Smton, Nan Blake, "Books" (2): 40 Viscaceae (3): 11, 13 Soil drainage classess ( 1 29 Viscum (3): 11 Soil microorganisms (1): 25 -album (3): 11, 12 Soil reaction to heat (1): 25 Soil rooting volume (1): 30-31 Soledad (Cienfuegos, Cuba) (3): 22-32 Water drainage, control of (1): 28 Sohdago (2): 23, 26-31 Weaver, Richard, Jr., "Hamamelis ’Arnold Promise’" - canadensis (1): 16 (4): 30-33 - cultivars (2): 26-31 Weld, Col. Ebenezer (2): 34 Sorbus (1): 44 Weld estate (2): 35 - alnifolia (1): 55 Weld family (2): 33, 39 - hemsleyi (1): 6-7 Weld, Joseph (2) : 33, 34 - yiiana (1): 4-5 Weld, Thomas (2): 34 Souther, Maria (2): 34 Weld, William (2): 33 Souther estate (2): 32, 34, 35, 38 Wharton, Edith (3): 4, 9 Spongberg, Stephen A., " A Sino-Amencan Sampler" "Why Study Mistletoes?" Elizabeth A. Kellogg (3): (1): 2-14; (2): 2; "Notes on Persimmons, Kakis, 11-17 Date Plums, and Chapotes" (4): 47-54 Wildflower meadows (2): 39 Steyermark, Dr. Julian (3): 14 Wilson, E.H.(l): 13 Stillman, E. G., photos by (3): 24-25 Witch hazel (4): 30-33 Straley, Gerald B., "Presenting Sinocalycanthus Woodlands Cemetary (Philadelphia) (2): 5 chinensis-Chinese Wax Shrub" ( 1 18-22 Woodlands estate (2): 5 Street trees, care of (1): 23-32 World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago) (3): 5 Strybmg Arboretum (San Francisco) (1): 20 Wyman, Donald (2): 18; "The Forsythia Story" (4): Sugarcane cultivation (3): 22, 23, 26, 27; ’Cristalina’ 34-37 variety (3): 27, 28 "Sweet Pepperbush: A Summer Sensation," Michael A. Dirr (3) : 18-21 Yang, Guang (2): 3 Yang, Linda (2): 40 Yanny, Michael, " The Shy Yet Elegant Crabapple- Table Rock (Allandale Woods, Mass.) (2): 37, 38 ’Blanche Ames’" (1): 33-37 Taxus brevifolia (3): 17 Yaupon holly (2): 17 "Terralift" machine (1): 26 Yii, T. T. ( 1 ): 4, 13 Tian Mu Shan (China) (2): 3, 4 Topophsis (2): 7, 8; in Gmkgo (2) : 7 Tree planting systems ( 1 ) : 30, 311 Zhejmag Forestry Department (2): 3, 4 Trelease, William (3): 13, 14 Zhejiang Province (China) (1): 18 Trenching and backfill ( 1 27 Zwijnenburg, P. G. (1): 22 Trinidad Sugar Company (3): 27 U.S. POSTAL SERVICE

~~~~ 201420142014201420142014 STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION (Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685) lA, Title of publication: Ainoldm. 1B, Publication number: 00042633. 2, Date of filing: 31 Dec. 1991. 3, Frequency of issue: Quarterly. 3A, Number of issues published annually: 4 3B, Annual subscription price: $20.00 domestic, $25.00 foreign. 4, Complete mailing address of known office of publication: Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamai- ca Plain, Suffolk County, MA 02130-2795. 5, Complete mailing address of the headquarters of general business offices of the publisher: Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, MA 02130-2795. 6, Full names and complete mailing address of publisher, editor, and managing editor: Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, MA 02130-2795, publisher; Peter J. Del Tredici, Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plam, Suffolk County, MA 02130-2795, editor. 7, Owner: The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-2795. 8, Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities: none. 9, The purpose, function, and nonprofit sta- tus of this organization and the exempt status for federal income tax purposes have not changed during the preceding 12 months. 10, Extent and nature of circulation. A, Total number of copies. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: 5,000. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: 5,000. B, Paid and/or requested circulation. 1, Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors, and counter sales. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: none. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date. none. 2, Mail subscription. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: 3,653. Actual number of copies of smgle issue published nearest to filing date’ 3,709. C, Total paid and/or requested circulation. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: 3,653. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date 3,709 D, Free distribution by mail, carrier, or other means (samples, complimentary, and other free copies). Average number of copies of each issue durmg preceding 12 months: 46. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date. 44. E, Total distribution. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: 3,699. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date : 3,753. F, Copies not distributed. 1, Office use, left over, unaccounted, spoiled after printing. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months’ 1,301. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: 1,247. 2, Return from news agents. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: none. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: none. G, Total. Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months: 5,000. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date’ 5,000. 11, I certify that the statements made by me are correct and complete. Peter Del Tredici, Editor.