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THE SPECIAL SENSES Special Senses

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THE SPECIAL SENSES Special Senses Lecture Material is adapted from © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Anatomy and Physiology Dr. Henrik Pallos THE SPECIAL SENSES Special Senses • Special sensory receptors – Distinct, localized receptor cells in head • Vision • Taste • Smell • Hearing • Equilibrium © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Eye and Vision • 70% of body's sensory receptors in eye • Visual processing by nearly half cerebral cortex – Primary visual cortex – Visual association area • Most of eye protected by cushion of fat and bony orbit © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Accessory Structures of the Eye • Protect the eye and aid eye function 1. Eyebrows 2. Eyelids (palpebrae) 3. Conjunctiva 4. Lacrimal apparatus 5. Extrinsic eye muscles © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The eye and accessory structures. Eyebrow My wife’s epicanthic fold Eyelid (palpebrae) Eyelashes Site where conjunctiva merges with cornea Palpebral fissure Lateral commissure Iris Eyelid Pupil Sclera Lacrimal Medial (covered by caruncle commissure conjunctiva) Surface anatomy of the right eye © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Eyebrows • Overlie supraorbital margins • Function 1. Shade eye from sunlight 2. Prevent perspiration from reaching eye © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Eyelids • Protect eye anteriorly • Separated at palpebral fissure • Meet at medial and lateral commissures • Lacrimal caruncle – At medial commissure – Contains oil and sweat glands • Tarsal plates— supporting connective tissue © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Eyelid Muscles • Levator palpebrae superioris – Gives upper eyelid mobility • Raises eyelid to to open eye • Blink reflexively every 3-7 seconds – Protection – Spread secretions to moisten eye • (Orbicularis oculi) – Closes eye when contracts © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Eyelids • Eyelashes – Nerve endings of follicles initiate reflex blinking • Lubricating glands associated with eyelids 1. Tarsal (Meibomian) glands • Modified sebaceous glands • Oily secretion lubricates lid and eye 2. Ciliary glands between hair follicles • Modified sweat glands © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The eye and accessory structures. Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Orbicularis oculi muscle Eyebrow Tarsal plate Palpebral conjunctiva Tarsal glands Cornea Palpebral fissure Eyelashes Bulbar conjunctiva Conjunctival sac Orbicularis oculi muscle Lateral view; some structures shown in sagittal section © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. © McGraw Hill Anatomy and Physiology Conjunctiva • Transparent mucous membrane – Produces a lubricating mucous secretion 1. Palpebral conjunctiva lines eyelids 2. Bulbar conjunctiva covers white of eyes Conjunctival sac between palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva - Where contact lens rests © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lacrimal Apparatus • Lacrimal gland and ducts that drain into nasal cavity • Lacrimal gland in orbit above lateral end of eye • Lacrimal secretion (tears) – 1ml/day – Dilute saline solution containing mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme: • cleanses and protects the eye surface as it lubricates it – Blinking spreads tears toward medial commissure • Tears enter paired lacrimal canaliculi via lacrimal puncta • Then drain into lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct • Taste of eye drops – Lacrimal secretion increases: • Eyes are irritated (washes away irritant) • Emotional (Why we have, we do not know.) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The lacrimal apparatus. Lacrimal sac Lacrimal gland Excretory ducts of lacrimal glands Lacrimal punctum Lacrimal canaliculus Nasolacrimal duct Inferior meatus of nasal cavity Nostril © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostatic imbalance • Nasal cavity mucosa is continuous with lacrimal duct system • Cold/nasal inflammation: swelling of lacrimal mucosa • Constriction of nasolacrimal duct • No tear draining • Watery eyes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Extrinsic Eye Muscles • 6 straplike extrinsic eye muscles – Originate from bony orbit; insert on eyeball 1. enable eye to follow moving objects 2. maintain shape of eyeball 3. hold in orbit • 4 rectus muscles originate from common tendinous ring; names indicate movements – Superior, inferior, lateral, medial rectus muscles • 2 oblique muscles move eye in vertical plane and rotate eyeball – Superior and inferior oblique muscles © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. H test http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1189759-overview Extrinsic eye muscles. Trochlea Superior oblique muscle (CN 4) Superior oblique tendon Superior rectus muscle (CN 3) Axis of rotation of eye Inferior rectus muscle (CN 3) Medial rectus muscle (CN 3) Lateral rectus muscle ( CN 6) Common tendinous ring Superior view of the right eye © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Extrinsic eye muscles. Superior oblique muscle Superior oblique tendon Superior rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle Inferior Inferior rectus oblique muscle muscle (CN 3) Lateral view of the right eye © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Extrinsic eye muscles. Muscle Action Controlling cranial nerve Lateral rectus Moves eye laterally VI (abducens) Medial rectus Moves eye medially III (oculomotor) Superior rectus Elevates eye and turns it medially III (oculomotor) Inferior rectus Depresses eye and turns it medially III (oculomotor) Inferior oblique Elevates eye and turns it laterally III (oculomotor) Superior oblique Depresses eye and turns it laterally IV (trochlear) Summary of muscle actions and innervating cranial nerves © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostatic imbalances • Movements of external muscles of the two eyes are not perfectly coordinated • Image is not properly focused on the same area of the visual field in each eye • Two images are seen instead of one © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Diplopia: double vision – paralysis, weakened muscle, temporary consequences of alcohol • Strabismus (cross-eyed) – Congenital weakness of muscle – Affected eye rotates medially or laterally • The eyes may alternate to focus and compensate • Or disregard deviant eye: functional blindness • Exercising muscle, surgery http://www.aapos.org/terms/conditions/100 Structure of the Eyeball • Wall of eyeball contains 3 layers • Internal cavity filled with fluids called humors • Lens separates internal cavity into 1. anterior segment 2. posterior segment (cavities) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Structure of the Eyeball • Wall of eyeball contains 3 layers 1. Fibrous 1. Sclera 2. Cornea 2. Vascular 1. Choroid 2. Ciliary body 3. Iris 3. Inner (Retina) 1. Pigmental layer 2. Neural layer © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Internal structure of the eye (sagittal section). Ora serrata Ciliary body Sclera Ciliary zonule Choroid (suspensory Retina ligament) Macula lutea Cornea Fovea centralis Iris Pupil Posterior pole Anterior Optic nerve pole Anterior segment (contains aqueous humor) Lens Central artery and Scleral venous sinus vein of the retina Posterior segment Optic disc (contains vitreous humor) (blind spot) Diagrammatic view. The vitreous humor is illustrated only in the bottom part of the eyeball. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Internal structure of the eye (sagittal section). Ciliary body Vitreous humor Ciliary in posterior processes segment Iris Retina Margin Choroid of pupil Sclera Anterior Fovea centralis segment Optic disc Lens Optic nerve Cornea Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament) Photograph of the human eye. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Fibrous Layer • Outermost layer • Dense avascular connective tissue • Two regions: sclera and cornea 1. Sclera – Opaque posterior region – Protects, shapes eyeball – Anchors extrinsic eye muscles – Continuous with dura mater of brain © 2013 Pearsonposteriorly Education, Inc. Fibrous Layer 2. Cornea – Transparent anterior 1/6 of fibrous layer – Bends light as it enters eye – Numerous pain receptors contribute to blinking and tearing reflexes – Transplantation • Avascular • One person to another with minimal risk of rejection © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Vascular Layer (Uvea) • Middle pigmented layer • 3 regions: choroid, ciliary body, and iris 1. Choroid region – Posterior portion of uvea – Supplies blood to all layers of eyeball – Brown pigment absorbs light to prevent light scattering and visual confusion © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Vascular Layer 2. Ciliary body – Ring of tissue surrounding lens – Smooth muscle bundles (ciliary muscles) control lens shape – Capillaries of ciliary processes secrete fluid – Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament) holds lens in position © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Vascular Layer 3. Iris • Colored part of eye • 2 smooth muscle layers + elastic fibers • Random pattern before birth • Pupil central opening that regulates amount of light entering eye • Color of iris: only brown pigment • Lot of pigment: brown/black • Small amount: blue, green, gray • Unpigmented area scatter shorter wavelengths light © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. Close vision and bright light sphincter pupillae (circular muscles) contract; pupils constrict parasympathetic fibers 2. Distant vision and dim light dilator pupillae (radial muscles) contract; pupils dilate – sympathetic fibers 3. Changes in emotional state pupils dilate when subject matter is appealing such as in your eyes during Anatomy and Physiology lecture ;-) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Inner Layer: Retina • Originates as outpocketing of brain • Delicate 2-layered membrane 1. Outer Pigmented layer • Single-cell-thick lining 1. Absorbs light and prevents its scattering 2. Phagocytize photoreceptor cell fragments 3. Stores vitamin A © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microscopic anatomy of the retina. Neural layer of retina Pigmented Pathway of layer of light retina Choroid Sclera Optic
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