University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2013 Wilderness and waterpower: how Banff National Park became a hydroelectric storage reservoir Armstrong, Christopher; Nelles, H.V. University of Calgary Press Armstrong, C. & Nelles, H.V. "Wilderness and waterpower: how Banff National Park became a hydroelectric storage reservoir". Energy, ecology, and the environment series, 1925-2935 , No. 5. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/49374 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 3.0 Unported Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca University of Calgary Press www.uofcpress.com WILDERNESS AND WATERPOWER: HOW BANFF NATIONAL PARK BECAME A HYDROELECTRIC STORAGE RESERVOIR Christopher Armstrong and H. V. Nelles ISBN 978-1-55238-635-4 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. 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Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the wording around open access used by Australian publisher, re.press, and thank them for giving us permission to adapt their wording to our policy http://www.re-press.org/content/view/17/33/ Appendix Calgary Power Generating Capability, 1911−90 Hydroelectric Capability in 1951 Station Date Net Capability (Kilowatts) Horseshoe 1911 13,900 Kananaskis 1914 10,000 1951 8,900 Ghost 1929 28,000 Cascade 1942 18,000 Barrier 1947 12,900 Spray 1951 49,900 Rundle 1951 17,000 Three Sisters 1951 3,000 Total 161,600 Hydroelectric Capability added after 1951 Station Date Net Capability (Kilowatts) Ghost 1954 22,900 Bearspaw 1954 16,900 Pocaterra 1955 14,900 Interlakes 1955 5,000 Cascade 1957 17,900 Spray 1960 102,800 Rundle 1960 32,900 Big Bend (Brazeau) 1959 165,000 1967 190,000 Bighorn 1972 120,000 Total Hydroelectric Capability 849,900 225 Calgary Power Generating Capability, 1911−90 cont’d Thermal Generating Capability Station Date Net Capability (Kilowatts) Wabamun # 1 1956 69,000 Wabamun # 2 1958 67,000 Wabamun # 3 1962 147,000 Wabamun # 4 1968 286,000 Sundance # 1 1970 286,000 Sundance # 2 1973 286,000 Sundance # 3 1976 352,000 Sundance # 4 1977 352,000 Sundance # 5 1978 352,000 Sundance # 6 1980 359,000 Keephills # 1 1983 377,000 Keephills # 2 1984 377,000 Sheerness # 1 * 1986 366,000 Sheerness # 2 * 1990 366,000 Total Thermal Capability 3,676,000 * 50% owned by Alberta Power 226 WILDERNESS AND WATERPOWER Notes ABBREVIATIONS CPC Calgary Power Company Fonds, Glenbow Archives, Calgary GA Glenbow Archives HLRO House of Lords Record Office, London LAC Library and Archives Canada MB Calgary Water Power Company Minutebook PAA Provincial Archives of Alberta UAA University of Alberta Archives Whyte Museum Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff INTRODUCTION 1 Martin V. Melosi, “Path Dependence Perspective, ed. J. G. Nelson and R. C. and Urban History: Is a Marriage Scace (Montreal: Harvest House, 1970), Possible?” in Resources of the City: 46–62. Contributions to an Environmental 3 The standard account of Canada’s History of Modern Europe, ed. Dieter national parks policy is Fergus Schott, Bill Luckin, and Genevieve Lothian’s four-volume A History of Massard-Guilbaud (Aldershot: Canada’s National Parks (Ottawa: Ashgate, 2005), 262. A major debate Parks Canada, 1976). Despite its within the economic profession length, it is a narrowly constructed unfolded over whether “history compendium of the administrative matters” after Paul David’s essay on histories of each park. At the polemical the subject, “Clio and the Economics end of the spectrum, Leslie Bella of QWERTY,” American Economic proffers a history of parks policy Review 75, no. 2 (1985), 332–37. centred on the thesis that rather than 2 R. C. Brown, “The Doctrine of promoting preservation, they leaned Usefulness,” in Canadian Parks in toward making a profit from tourism. 227 Leslie Bella, Parks for Profit (Montreal: Environmental History 1 (1996): 7–55. Harvest House, 1987). For the For the influence of Cronon’s essay, see development of national park policy Char Miller, “An Open Field,” Pacific from a political science perspective, Historical Review 70 (2001): 71–74, and see Paul Kopas, Taking the Air: Ideas Thomas R. Dunlap, Faith in Nature: and Change in Canada’s National Environmentalism as Religious Quest Parks (Vancouver: University of British (Seattle: University of Washington Columbia Press, 2007). Although Press, 2004), ch. 3. Kopas focuses on the rise of ecological 5 J. G. Nelson set things in motion with influences after the 1950s, he does his early paper “Man and Landscape offer a brief overview of the earlier Change in Banff National Park: A evolution of policy development. National Park Problem in Perspective,” Ecological integrity, the main principle in Nelson and Scace, Canadian Parks underlying the 1988 National Parks in Perspective, 63–98. Act, is an example of the elevation of an abstraction to a policy goal. E. J. Hart’s 6 On Native-set fires, the role of humans recent biography, J. B. Harkin: Father of in shaping the ecology, and the removal Canada’s National Parks (Edmonton: of Native people and settlers from the University of Alberta Press, 2011), is a area designated to be Jasper National de facto history of parks policy from Park, see I. S. MacLaren, “Cultured 1911 to 1936. For focused studies of Wilderness in Jasper National Park,” the application of policy in individual Journal of Canadian Studies 34 (1999): cases, see the Parks Canada centennial 7–58. Ted Binnema and Melanie Niemi collection of essays edited by Claire argue that hunters’ organizations and Campbell, A Century of Parks Canada, elite sportsmen, rather than wilderness 1911–2011 (Calgary: University of enthusiasts, played a leading role in the Calgary Press, 2011). As for Banff removal of Native people from national National Park per se, E. J. Hart’s two parks. “Let the Line Be Drawn Now: volumes, The Place of the Bows and The Wilderness, Conservation, and the Battle for Banff (Banff: EJH Literary Exclusion of Aboriginal People from Enterprises, 1999 and 2003) is the Banff National Park,” Environmental place to start. Walter Hildebrandt’s History 11 (2006): 724–50. Mark David insightful study of park history for the Spence could be said to have begun Banff-Bow Valley Task Force is the best this re-evaluation of the impact of brief guide: An Historical Analysis of park-making on Native peoples with Parks Canada and Banff National Park, his book Dispossessing the Wilderness: 1968–1995 (Banff: Banff-Bow Valley Indian Removal and the Making of Task Force, 1995). National Parks (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Karl Jacoby 4 William Cronon launched the debate followed with the more sensational in a provocative essay, “The Problem Crimes against Nature: Squatters, with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to Poachers, Thieves and the Hidden the Wrong Nature,” published in a History of American Conservation collection that he edited, Uncommon (Berkeley: University of California Ground: Rethinking the Human Place Press, 2001). In Canada, Bruce Hodgins in Nature (New York: Norton, 1995), and Kerry Cannon first broached this 69–90. The first issue of Environmental subject in “The Aboriginal Presence History republished this essay along in Ontario Parks and Other Protected with surprisingly intense responses Places,” in Changing Parks: The from Thomas Dunlap, Sam Hays, and History, Future and Cultural Context Michael Cohen, and Cronon’s reply.