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Polypodiopsida – Papraďovité Rastliny 2020

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Polypodiopsida – Papraďovité Rastliny 2020 POLYPODIOPSIDA – PAPRAĎOVITÉ RASTLINY 2020 1 História - v devóne sa odštiepili od plavúňovitých rastlín - rozštiepenie vetvy na paprade a prasličky koncom devónu/začiatkom karbónu - z prasličiek sa do súčasnosti sa zachovala iba 1 čeľaď bylinných druhov, z papradí sa v trópoch sa zachovali aj stromovité formy - najväčší rozvoj v karbóne (lesy) paprade prasličky 2 3 papraďovité rastliny plavúňovité semenné paprade rastliny hadivky prasličky rastliny rýniové rastliny 4 Apomorfie - špirálové zvinutie mezómov (a z nich vzniknutých listov) - prevažne anizospórická rodozmena - viacbičíkaté spermatozoidy 5 Anizospórická rodozmena 6 papraďovité rastliny plavúňovité semenné paprade rastliny hadivky prasličky rastliny rýniové rastliny Rýniové rastliny 7 Horneophyton eusporangiátna výtrusnica sterilný telóm Rhynia Aglaophyton fertilný telóm mezóm rizóm 8 - rýniorasty vzdialené od pobrežia rástli v podraste obrovských húb a lišajníkov – napr. Prototaxites (mykoríza?) 9 papraďovité rastliny plavúňovité semenné paprade rastliny hadivky prasličky rastliny rýniové rastliny Hadivky 10 Ophioglossidae - hadivky - izospórická rodozmena - výtrusnice môžu byť zrastené do synangií - nemajú koreňové vlásky (využívajú vlákna húb v mykoríze) Psilotales (prútovkotvaré) Ophioglossales (hadivkotvaré) 11 Ophioglossidae - hadivky Botrychium Psilotum Zosterophyllidae – zosterofyly - vyhynutá príbuzná skupina Rebuchia Zosterophyllum 12 Ophioglossales - list - jednoduchý alebo zložený - pozdĺžne rozdelený na dve časti: fertilná časť – sporofor → výtrusnice sterilná časť – trofofor → fotosyntéza (nie sporofyl a trofofyl, lebo majú spoločnú stopku) 13 Ophioglossales - výtrusnice • - eusporangiátne • - jednotlivé alebo zrastené do synangií • - otvárajú sa priečnou štrbinou • - tvoria výtrusnicový klas na vrchole sporoforu synangium jednotlivé 14 Ophioglossum vulgatum - hadivka obyčajná sporofor trofofor Botrychium lunaria – vratička mesiačikovitá (O. reticulatum – najviac chromozómov zo všetkých vyšších rastlín – 2n = 96x = 1440) 15 papraďovité rastliny plavúňovité semenné paprade rastliny hadivky prasličky rastliny rýniové rastliny Prasličky 16 Morfogenéza listov a strobilu 17 Equisetidae - prasličky rad: Sphenophyllales † čeľaď: Calamitaceae † čeľaď: Equisetaceae (klinolistotvaré) (kalamitovité) (prasličkovité) - aj stromovité (20-30 m) rad: Equisetales (prasličkotvaré) 18 Rodozmena: izo- až anizospórická 19 Sporofyt - trváce byliny, niektoré vždyzelené • - pokožka je spevnená: impregnovaná lignínom a suberínom, inkrustovaná oxidom kremičitým → drsné Koreň • - rizóm s adventívnymi koreňmi 20 Stonka • - pseudomonopodiálne rozkonárená • - článkovaná (články = internódiá, uzly = nodusy) • - dutá (systém dutín – viď prierez stonky) • - z uzlov vyrastajú praslenovito bočné konáre a listy (bočné konáre nemusia byť vyvinuté) • - články sú pravidelne ryhované • artrostéla – typ cievneho zväzku odvodený od diktyostély predĺžením listových medzier cez celé internódium (podobá sa na eustélu) • 21 prierez stonky - druhovo špecifický Equisetum Equisetum Equisetum arvense telmateia palustre Equisetum palustre Hippochaete hyemalis 22 Stonka a listy bočný konár redukované listy v stonky, vyrastá praslene zrastené do praslenovito pošvy (špičky listov nezrastené – nazývajú stonka ryhovaná sa zuby) 23 Strobilus a výtrusnice - výtrusnicový klas – strobilus na konci stonky - sporangiofóry – šesťboké útvary, nesú v každom rohu 2 výtrusnice - výtrusnice eusporangiátne, otvárajú sa štrbinou R! 24 R! Spóry - rovnaký tvar - funkčne môžu byť rozlíšené na samčie a samičie! - haptery - stužkovité hygroskopické útvary, za vlhka obtočené okolo spóry, za sucha sa narovnávajú a vymršťujú spóry - zakliesnia sa so seba, aby gametofyty vyrástli blízko seba, čo uľahčuje oplodnenie 25 https://youtu.be/ZALgWLpanE0 26 Gametofyt - jednopohlavný – samčí a samičí (♀ spravidla väčší) alebo obojpohlavný - jednopohlavný samičí sa môže stať obojpohlavným, ak nedôjde k oplodneniu - nezávislý od sporofytu - autotrofný (fotosyntetizujúci) - krátkožijúci 27 Archegóniá a anterídiá - na gametangioforoch (= nosičoch gametangií) - nie sú prisadlé ako u plavúňov 28 Spermatozoid - s viacerými bičíkmi 29 Ekologické typy 1. Vernalia - úplný sezónny dimorfizmus: jarná byľ letná byľ - vyrastá na jar z - vyrastá v lete z podzemku toho istého - nerozkonárená podzemku (ale z - nezelená iného miesta) - nesie strobily - rozkonárená - po uvoľnení spór - zelená odumiera - nemá strobily - asimilačná funkcia (podobné ako niektoré semenné rastliny, ktoré kvitnú pred olistením) 30 Equisetum arvense – praslička roľná - používa sa ako liečivka pri problémoch s obličkami jarná byľ letná byľ 31 Ekologické typy 2. Subvernalia - na jar vyrastá z podzemku nezelená byľ so strobilom, ktorá sa neskôr začne rozkonárovať - po sporulácii strobilus odpadne, byľ zozelenie a rozkonári sa 32 Equisetum sylvaticum – praslička lesná • - má rozkonárené aj bočné stonky 33 Ekologické typy 3. Aestivalia - na jar vyrastajú z podzemku zelené byle, na ktorých sa v lete tvoria klasy 34 Equisetum palustre – praslička močiarna • - strobily aj na bočných byliach 35 papraďovité rastliny plavúňovité semenné paprade rastliny hadivky prasličky rastliny rýniové rastliny - viaceré vyhynuté skupiny - do súčasnosti sa zachovali maratie (Marattidae) a sladiče Paprade (Polypodidae) 36 gametofyt - jednodomý (izospórická rodozmena), zr. dvojdomý – niekoľkokrát sa nezávisle vyvinula heterospória - zelená lupeňovitá stielka - gametangiá prisadlé na gametofyte papraď salvínia (♀) 37 maratia Výtrusnice (sporangiá) eusporangiátne protoleptsporangiátne leptosporangiátne - z viacerých pokožkových - z viacerých pokožkových - vznik z 1 pokožkovej buniek listu buniek listu bunky listu - stena z 2+ vrstiev buniek - stena z 1 vrstvy buniek - stena z 1 vrstvy buniek - otváranie priečnou - otváranie priečnou - prstenec (annulus) z štrbinou štrbinou hrubostenných buniek, - starší typ, maratie - náznak prstenca slúži na otváranie a - iba Osmundales zo vymršťovanie spór sladičov - ostatné sladiče 38 Leptosporangiátna výtrusnica ako katapult 39 https://youtu.be/mDlHGrRlNPE 40 Marattidae (maratie) - eusporangiátne tropické paprade Angiopteris Psaronius † Marattia 41 Polypodiidae (sladiče) - leptosporangiátna výtrusnica (okrem Osmundales s protoleptosporangiátnou) - rodozmena izospórická okrem Salviniales - 7 radov, v SR iba 2: - Salviniales - Polypodiales 42 Stonka a) kmeň b) liana c) podzemok (rizóm) – väčšina zástupcov d) plávajúca byľ 43 List - vznikol zrastením telómov Hymenophyllum 44 Rhacophyton Dryopteris Rad: Salviniales - vodné byliny, trváce (s podzemkom) alebo jednoročné (plávajúce na hladine) - heterospórická rodozmena s endospóriou (vyvinula sa v tejto línii nezávisle) - listy rozlíšené na trofofyly a sporofyly - sporofyly sa premenili na útvary zvané sporokarpiá (čepele listov zrástli a uzavreli sporangiá vo svojom vnútri), jednopohlavné al. obojpohlavné leptosporangiátne sporangiá sporokarpium 45 Salviniales: zástupcovia Salvinia natans – salvínia Marsilea quadrifolia – plávajúca marsilea štvorlistá 46 rad: Polypodiales - izospória - v stonke väčšinou diktyostéla 47 Rodozmena: izospórická 48 Stonka - metamorfovaná na podzemok - stonky aj listové stopky porastené trichómami, často šupinovitými (pleviny) 49 Listy - megafyly s vidlicovitou žilnatinou - pterofyly - vyrastajú v ružici alebo jednotlivo priamo z podzemku - špirálová vernácia (stočenie mladých listov) a) trofosporofyly b) rozlíšené na trofofyly a sporofyly alebo trofofyly a trofosporofyly (3 druhy v SR): Blechnum spicant (rebrovka rôznolistá) T+TS Matteuccia struthiopteris Cryptogramma crispa50 (perovník pštrosí) T+S (kučeravec čiarkovitý) T+TS Listy (pterofyly) - väčšinou perovito zložené, ale aj jednoduché (delené alebo celistvookrajové) - vidlicovitá žilnatina pôvodný mezóm (bez prepojení medzi už oddelenými žilami) 51 Výtrusnice - na dolnej strane listu, usporiadané: - v kôpkach - sórusoch - v čiarovitých útvaroch - cenosórusoch - v súvislej vrstve - chránené: - zásterkou (indusium) - zvinutým okrajom listu - plevinami - ničím 52 Gametofyt • - nezávislý, obojpohlavný, zelený, srdcovitý • - niekedy s hľúzkami, pomocou ktorých sa dokáže vegetatívne rozmnožovať 53 rad: Polypodiales - zástupcovia • - rozšírenie kozmopolitné (najmä však trópy a subtrópy) • - cca 8 714 druhov systematická klasifikácia Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG 1) 54 Pteridium aquilinum (orličník obyčajný) • - najúspešnejšia papraď na svete (rastie všade okrem Antarktídy) • - často tvorí rozsiahle porasty, najmä v presvetlených lesoch • - výtrusnice tvoria na okrajoch listov súvislý lem, chránené sú zahnutým okrajom listu a tenkou zásterkou • - trofosporofyly 2-4x perovito zložené, v hornej časti môžu prechádzať zo zložených na delené • - dorastá do výšky 2-4 m, jedovatá 55 Polypodium vulgare (sladič obyčajný) • - podzemok sladkej chuti, vyžitie v kuchyni • a ľudovej medicíne • - listy delené, trofosporofyly • - kôpky výtrusníc okrúhle, bez zásterky • 56 Asplenium scolopendrium (jazyk jelení) • - jednoduchá listová čepeľ • - dlhé čiarkovité cenosórusy bez zásterky 57 Dryopteris filix-mas (papraď samčia) • - listy iba 1x perovito zložené (lístky delené) • - obličkovitá zásterka vyrastajúca zo stredu kôpky 58 Athyrium filix-femina (papradka samičia) • - listy viac ako 1x perovito zložené (2-3) • - podlhovasté kôpky výtrusníc kryté kosákovitou zásterkou 59 Matteuccia struthiopteris (perovník pštrosí) • - výška až 150 cm • - z podzemku lievikovito vyrastajú zelené trofofyly • - vnútri lievika vyrastajú hrdzavohnedé sporofyly • - trofofyly prevyšujú sporofyly • - výtrusnice chránené zvinutým okrajom sporofylu • a prchavou zásterkou 60.
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