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BOTANIKA VYŠŠIE RASTLINY (Materiály Pre Študentov Odboru Biológia)

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BOTANIKA VYŠŠIE RASTLINY (Materiály Pre Študentov Odboru Biológia) Prírodovedecká fakulta Univerzity Komenského v Bratislave Katedra botaniky RNDr. Jana Ščevková, PhD. Mgr. Michal Hrabovský RNDr. Silvia Kubalová, PhD. BOTANIKA VYŠŠIE RASTLINY (materiály pre študentov odboru Biológia) 2017 Bratislava Obsah Prehľad systému vyšších rastlín a zoznam druhov ku skúške ................................................1 Hospodársky významné vyššie rastliny ...................................................................................9 Morfologické charakteristiky významných čeľadí .................................................................13 PREHĽAD SYSTÉMU VYŠŠÍCH RASTLÍN A ZOZNAM DRUHOV KU SKÚŠKE TRACHEOPHYTA (cievnaté rastliny) Oddelenie: Rhyniophyta (rýniorasty) – vyhynuté Oddelenie: Lycopodiophyta (plavúňorasty) Rad: Lycopodiales (plavúňotvaré) Čeľaď: Lycopodiaceae (plavúňovité) Lycopodium clavatum (plavúň obyčajný) Lycopodium annotinum (plavúň pučivý) Huperzia selago (chvostník jedľovitý) Rad: Selaginellales (plavúnkotvaré) Čeľaď: Selaginellaceae (plavúnkovité) Selaginella selaginoides Oddelenie: Trimerophyta (predchodcovia papradí a semenných rastlín) – vyhynuté Oddelenie: Monilophyta VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Equisetidae (prasličky) Rad: Equisetales (prasličkotvaré) Čeľaď: Equisetaceae (prasličkovité) Equisetum arvense (praslička roľná) Equisetum sylvaticum (praslička lesná) Equisetum palustre (praslička močiarna) VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Polypodiidae (sladiče) Rad: Salviniales (salvíniotvaré) Čeľaď: Salviniaceae (salvíniovité) Salvinia natans (salvínia plávajúca) Čeľaď: Marsileaceae (marsileovité) Marsilea quadrifolia (marsilea štvorlistá) Rad: Polypodiales (sladičotvaré) Čeľaď: Dennstaedtiaceae (denštedtiovité) Pteridium aquilinum (orlíček obyčajný) Čeľaď: Polypodiaceae (sladičovité) Polypodium vulgare (sladič obyčajný) Dryopteris filix-mas (papraď samčia) Čeľaď: Aspleniaceae (slezinníkovité) Asplenium trichomanes (slezinník červený) Asplenium scolopendrium (jazyk jelení) Athyrium filix-femina (papradka samičia) Matteucia struthiopteris (perovník pštrosí) Oddelenie: Spermatophyta (semenné rastliny) GYMNOSPERMAE (nahosemenné rastliny) 1 VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Ginkgoidae (ginká) Ginkgo biloba (ginko dvojlaločné) VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Cycadidae (cykasy) Cycas revoluta (cykas japonský) VÝVOJOVÁ NADVETVA: Coniferae (ihličnany) VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Pinidae (pinidy) Rad: Pinales (borovicotvaré) Čeľaď: Pinaceae (borovicovité) Pinus sylvestris (borovica lesná) Pinus nigra (borovica čierna) Pinus mugo (borovica kosodrevinová) Pinus cembra (borovica limbová) Pinus longaeva (borovica dlhoveká) Abies alba (jedľa biela) Picea abies (smrek obyčajný) Larix decidua (smrekovec opadavý) VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Cupressidae (cupressidy) Rad: Cupressales (cyprusotvaré) Čeľaď: Cupressaceae (cyprusovité) Juniperus communis (borievka obyčajná) Juniperus sabina (borievka netatová) Sequoiadendron giganteum (sekvojovec mamutí) Sequoia sempervirens (sekvoja vždyzelená) Thuja occidentalis (tuja západná) Rod: Chamaecyparis (cypruštek) Čeľaď: Taxaceae (tisovité) Taxus baccata (tis obyčajný) ANGIOSPERMAE (krytosemenné rastliny) VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Bazálne krytosemenné rastliny Rad: Nymphaeales (leknotvaré) Čeľaď: Nymphaeaceae (leknovité) Nuphar lutea (leknica žltá) Nymphaea alba (lekno biele) Victoria regia (viktória kráľovská) Rad: Austrobaileyales (austrobejleovité) Čeľaď: Schisandraceae (schizandrovité) Illicium verum (anízovec pravý) VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Magnoliidy Rad: Laurales (vavrínotvaré) Čeľaď: Lauraceae (vavrínovité) Cinnamonum zeylanicum (škoricovník cejlónsky, škorica) 2 Persea americana (hruškovec americký, avokádo) Laurus nobilis (vavrín bobkový, bobkový list) Rad: Magnoliales (magnóliotvaré) Čeľaď: Magnoliaceae (magnóliovité) Rod: Magnolia (magnólia) Liriodendron tulipifera (ľaliovník tulipánokvetý) Rad: Piperales (pieprotvaré) Čeľaď: Aristolochiaceae (vlkovcovité) Aristolochia clematitis (vlkovec obyčajný) Asarum europaeum (kopytník európsky) Čeľaď: Piperaceae (pieprovité) Piper nigrum (piepor čierny) VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Jednoklíčnolistové rastliny Rad: Alismatales (žabníkotvaré) Čeľaď: Araceae (áronovité) Arum alpinum (áron alpínsky) Lemna minor (žaburinka menšia) Calla palustris (diablik močiarny) Rad: Liliales (ľaliotvaré) Čeľaď: Colchicaceae (jesienkovité) Colchicum autumnale (jesienka obyčajná) Čeľaď: Melanthiaceae (kýchavicovité) Paris quadrifolia (vranovec štvorlistý) Veratrum album (kýchavica biela) Čeľaď: Liliaceae (ľaliovité) Lilium martagon (ľalia zlatohlavá) Fritillaria meleagris (korunkovka strakatá) Erythronium dens-canis (kandík psí) Gagea lutea (krivec žltý) Rod: Tulipa (tulipán) Rad: Asparagales (asparágotvaré) Čeľaď: Amaryllidaceae (amarylkovité) Allium cepa (cesnak cibuľový) Allium sativum (cesnak kuchynský) Allium ursinum (cesnak medvedí) Galanthus nivalis (snežienka jarná) Rod: Narcissus (narcis) Čeľaď: Asparagaceae (asparágovité) Asparagus officinalis (asparágus lekársky) Convallaria majalis (konvalinka voňavá) Agave tequilana (agáva modrá) Rod: Hyacinthus (hyacint) Čeľaď: Iridaceae (kosatcovité) Iris pseudacorus (kosatec žltý) Iris pumila (kosatec nízky) Crocus sativus (šafran siaty) 3 Rod: Gladiolus (mečík) Rod: Fresia (frézia) Čeľaď: Orchidaceae (vstavačovité) Cypripedium calceolus (črievičník papučkový) Rod: Ophrys (hmyzovník) Orchis pallens (vstavač bledý) Orchis militaris (vstavač vojenský) Vanilla planifolia (vanilka pravá) VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Commelinidy Rad: Arecales (arekotvaré) Čeľaď: Arecaceae (arekovité) Phoenix dactylifera (datľovník obyčajný) Cocos nucifera (kokosovník obyčajný) Elaeis guinensis (olejnica guinejská) Rad: Zingiberales Čeľaď: Musaceae (banánovníkovité) Musa x paradisiaca (banánovník obyčajný) Čeľaď: Zingiberaceae (ďumbierovité) Zingiber officinale (ďumbier lekársky) Curcuma longa (kurkuma pravá) Rad: Poales (lipnicotvaré) Čeľaď: Poaceae (lipnicovité) Secale cereale (raž siata) Triticum (pšenica) Hordeum vulgare (jačmeň siaty) Avena sativa (ovos siaty) Zea mays (kukurica siata) Oryza sativa (ryža siata) Saccharum officinarum (trstina cukrová) Rod: Poa (lipnica) Elytrigia repens (pýr plazivý) Hordeum murinum (jačmeň myší) Dactylis glomerata (reznačka laločnatá) VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Pravé dvojklíčnolistové rastliny Rad: Ranunculales (iskerníkotvaré) Čeľaď: Ranunculaceae (iskerníkovité) Rod: Ranunculus (iskerník) Caltha palustris (záružlie močiarne) Rod: Aconitum (prilbica) Ficaria verna (blyskáč jarný) Clematis vitalba (plamienok plotný) Čeľaď: Papaveraceae (makovité) Chelidonium majus (lastovičník väčší) Papaver rhoeas (mak vlčí) VÝVOJOVÁ NADVETVA: Superrosidy Rad: Saxifragales (lomikameňotvaré) 4 Čeľaď: Crassulaceae (tučnolistovité) Rod: Sedum (rozchodník) Čeľaď: Grossulariaceae (egrešovité) Rod: Ribes (ríbezľa) VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Rosidy VÝVOJOVÁ PODVETVA: Fabidy Skupina fixujúca dusík Rad: Fabales (bôbotvaré) Čeľaď: Fabaceae (bôbovité) Pisum sativum (hrach siaty) Phaseolus vulgaris (fazuľa obyčajná) Robinia pseudoacacia (agát biely) Rod: Viccia (vika) Medicago sativa (lucerna siata) Rod: Trifolium (ďatelina) Rad: Rosales (ružotvaré) Čeľaď: Rosaceae (ružovité) Rosa canina (ruža šípová) Rubus idaeus (ostružina malinová) Fragaria vesca (jahoda obyčajná) Rod: Alchemilla (alchemilka) Rod: Potentilla (nátržník) Agrimonia eupatoria (repík lekársky) Rod: Prunus (slivka, broskyňa, marhuľa, čerešňa, višňa) Rod: Pyrus (hruška) Rod: Malus (jabloň) Čeľaď: Ulmaceae (brestovité) Rod: Ulmus (brest) Čeľaď: Cannabaceae (konopovité) Humulus lupulus (chmeľ obyčajný) Čeľaď: Urticaceae (pŕhľavovité) Urtica dioica (pŕhľava dvojdomá) Rad: Fagales (bukotvaré) Čeľaď: Fagaceae (bukovité) Fagus sylvatica (buk lesný) Rod: Quercus (dub) Castanea sativa (gaštan siaty) Čeľaď: Juglandaceae (orechovité) Juglans regia (orech kráľovský) Čeľaď: Betulaceae (brezovité) Betula pendula (breza previsnutá) Carpinus betulus (hrab obyčajný) Corylus avellana (lieska obyčajná) Alnus glutinosa (jelša lepkavá) Skupina COM 5 Rad: Malpighiales (malpígiotvaré) Čeľaď: Violaceae (fialkovité) Rod: Viola (fialka) Čeľaď: Salicaceae (vŕbovité) Salix alba (vŕba biela) Populus nigra (topoľ čierny) Populus alba (topoľ biely) Čeľaď: Euphorbiaceae (prýštecovité) Rod: Euphorbia (mliečnik, prýštec) Čeľaď: Hypericaceae (ľubovníkovité) Hypericum perforatum (ľubovník bodkovaný) VÝVOJOVÁ PODVETVA: Malvidy Rad: Geraniales (pakostotvaré) Čeľaď: Geraniaceae (pakostovité) Rod: Geranium (pakost) Erodium cicutarium (bocianik rozpukovitý) Rad: Sapindales (mydlovníkotvaré) Čeľaď: Sapindaceae (mydlovníkovité) Rod: Acer (javor) Aesculus hippocastanum (pagaštan konský) Litchi sinensis (dvojslivka čínska, liči) Rad: Brassicales (kapustotvaré) Čeľaď: Brassicaceae (kapustovité) Rod: Brassica (kapusta, repka, kel, kaleráb, brokolica, karfiol) Capsella bursa-pastoris (kapsička pastierska) Armoracia rusticana (chren dedinský) Rad: Malvales (slezotvaré) Čeľaď: Malvaceae (slezovité) Rod: Malva (slez) Tilia cordata (lipa malolistá) Tilia platyphyllos (lipa veľkolistá) Theobroma cacao (kakaovník pravý) VÝVOJOVÁ NADVETVA: Superasteridy Rad: Santalales (santalotvaré) Čeľaď: Santalaceae (santalovité) Viscum album (imelo biele) Rad: Caryophyllales (klinčekotvaré) Čeľaď: Polygonaceae (stavikrvovité) Rod: Rumex (štiavec) Fallopia japonica (pohánkovec japonský) Polygonum aviculare (stavikrv vtáčí) Čeľaď: Droseraceae (rosičkovité) 6 Drosera rotundifolia (rosička okrúhlolistá) Čeľaď: Amaranthaceae (láskavcovité) Beta vulgaris (repa obyčajná) Rod: Chenopodium (mrlík) Čeľaď: Caryophyllaceae (klinčekovité) Stellaria media (hviezdica prostredná) Rod: Silene (silenka) Rod: Dianthus (klinček) VÝVOJOVÁ VETVA: Asteridy Rad: Cornales (drieňotvaré) Čeľaď: Cornaceae (drieňovité) Rod: Cornus (drieň) Rad: Ericales
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