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OWEN LANYON in SOUTH AFRICA, 1875-1881 I

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OWEN LANYON in SOUTH AFRICA, 1875-1881 I PUPPET ON AN IMPERIAL STRING? ,. OWEN LANYON IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1875-1881 i , by BRIDGET MARY THERON - BUSHELL , Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject HISTORY atthe UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA Promoter: Prof J LAMBERT Joint promoter: Prof GC CUTHBERTSON MAY 2002 0001947433 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I take full responsibility for the language, style and opinions expressed in this thesis, but in the process of writing it I received assistance from a number of people. Firstly, I wish to record my appreciation of the efforts of two colleagues, John Lambert and Greg Cuthbertson, the promoter and joint promoter of this thesis respectively. Both worked tirelessly at reading and re-reading the drafts and found exactly the right balance of encouragement and constructive criticism to keep me - and the thesis - on track. Thank you both so much for all your dedicated and inspired work. Other Unisa colleagues, without exception, helped me in a number of ways. Alex Mouton and Burridge Spies offered to proof-read the final draft and gave me the benefit of their academic expertise, for which I am most grateful. Johannes du Bruyn and Nicholas Southey helped me with historiographical advice and Judith Tayler and Dione Prinsloo urged me to keep going when I felt that I was too weary to finish. Others, particularly Etta Lubbe, were kind enough to take some of the teaching load off my shoulders, and Anita Theron helped me with the printing. My sincere thanks to you all. Over the years I have also had the benefit of assistance, as promoters of this thesis, from a number of eminent Unisa historians who have since retired or moved on to other academic institutions, and I hereby record my appreciation to them. Thanks are also due to the helpful and well-informed staff of the many archival repositories I visited in South Africa and in Britain while researching this topic. I dedicate this work to my father, who inspired me to aspire to academic excellence, and to my wonderful children, to thank them for their love and support. Thank you for understanding that this thesis was something that selfishly perhaps, I had to make the time to complete. From now on I shall be more available for my grandmotherly duties. Pretoria May2002 111 SUMMARY This thesis is a study of British colonial policy in southern Africa in the 19th century. More specifically it looks at how British imperial policy, in the period 187 5 to 1881, played itself out in two British colonies in southern Africa, under the direction of a British imperial agent, William Owen Lanyon. It sets Lanyon in the context of the frontiers and attempts to link the histories of the people who lived there, the Africans, Boers and British settlers on the one hand, and the histories of colonial policy on the other. In doing so it also unravels the relationship between Lanyon and his superiors in London and those in southern Africa. In 1875 Owen Lanyon arrived in Griqualand West, where his brief was to help promote a confederation policy in southern Africa. Because of the discovery of diamonds some years earlier, Lanyon's administration had to take account of the rising mining industry and the aggressive new capitalist economy. He also had to deal with Griqua and Tlhaping resistance to colonialism. Lanyon was transferred to the Transvaal in 1879, where he was confronted by another community that was dissatisfied with British rule: the Transvaal Boers. Indeed, in Pretoria he was faced with an extremely difficult situation, which he handled very poorly. Boer resistance to imperial rule eventually came to a head when war broke out and Lanyon and his officials were among those besieged in Pretoria. In February 1881 imperial troops suffered defeat at the hands of Boer commandos at Majuba and Lanyon was recalled to Britain. In both colonies Lanyon was caught up in the struggle between the imperial power and the local people and, seen in a larger context, in the conflict for white control over the land and labour of Africans and that between the old pre-mineral South Africa and the new capitalist order. He made a crucial contribution to developments in the sub-continent and it is remarkable that his role in southern Africa has thus far been neglected. ***************** KEY TERMS: British imperialism; British colonial policy; Imperial agent; Colonial Office control; Carnarvon's confederation scheme; African resistance to colonialism; Diamond mining (early); Land and labour policies (19th century); Griqualand West; British administration of the Transvaal, 1877- 1881; Afrikaner nationalism; Anglo-Pedi relations; Pedi subjugation; First Anglo-Boer War. IV ABBREVIATIONS Add MSS: Additional manuscripts, British Library, London ATC: Archives of the Administrator of the Transvaal Colony BLPES: British Library of Political & Economic Science, London BRIT: British Library, London C: numbering of British (imperial) Blue Books CA: Cape Archives, Cape Town CO: Archives of the British Colonial Office CP: Confidential Prints, British (imperial) White Books FA: Free State Archives, Bloemfontein GH: Government House (archival collections in Cape & Natal Archives) GLW: Archives ofGriqualand West, Cape Archives GRO: Gloucestershire Record Office, Gloucester, England GS: Archives of the Government Secretary, Free State Archives HOVE: Central Library, Hove, England MSS Afr: African manuscript collection, Rhodes House, Oxford NA: Natal Archives, Pietermaritzburg OXF: Bodleian Library, Oxford University PRO: Public Record Office, Kew RH: Rhodes House Library, Oxford University SAL: South African Library, Cape Town TA: Transvaal Archives, National Archives, Pretoria PHOTOGRAPHS Between pages 134 and 135 Sir William Owen Lanyon Sir Henry Barkly Sir Theophilus Shepstone Sir Charles Warren Sir Bartle Frere & Lanyon in Pretoria, 1879 General Sir Garnet Wolseley Paramount Chief Sekhukhune Sir William Bel/airs The use of these photographs from the National Archives, Pretoria, is gratefully acknowledged v CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 I OWEN LANYON AND THE SOUTHERN AFRICA OF 1875 .......................... 16 Britain in South Africa: the situation when Lanyon stepped ashore Mid-Victorian colonial policy: metropole and periphery Owen Lanyon: ambitious young imperial agent II LANYON AND CROWN COLONY RULE IN GRIQUALAND WEST ............ .44 Carnarvon and his confederation scheme Richard Southey's legacy to Lanyon New brooms sweep clean The land issue and the rise ofmining capitalism Labour: control and recruitment III THE IMPERIAL AGENT AND MILITARIST ..................................................... 89 Carnarvon 's agent on the diamond fields Cooperation and collaboration Military action and the Griqualand West Rebellion Growing unpopularity and a sour send-off IV IN THE TRANSVAAL ........................................................................................... 135 The situation in early 1879: Theophilus Shepstone's legacy to Lanyon Hicks Beach in the Colonial Office Isandlwana: the death knell for confederation Lanyon takes over in Pretoria Owen Lanyon and Bartle Frere in the Transvaal V LANYON IN WOLSELEY'S SLIPSTREAM...................................................... .182 The administrative challenge: getting started 'Lang Jan' and the disaffected Boers Enter Wolseley with a flourish: the conquest ofthe Pedi polity VI THE PRELUDE TO WAR ..................................................................................... 219 Lanyon and Wolseley in the Transvaal The Liberal Party policy and Kimberley in the Colonial Office Lanyon labours on VII WAR, WITHDRAWAL AND LANYON'S RECALL ......................................... .259 Collecting tax in Potchefstroom: the spark to light the powder keg Paardekraal: the die is cast Lanyon and the siege ofPretoria British withdrawal: finding someone to blame Owen Lanyon departs: his last years, 1881 -1887 CONCLUSION: A PUPPET ON AN IMPERIAL STRING? .............................. 295 SOURCES .................................................................................................................. 306 1 INTRODUCTION This thesis is a study of British colonial policy in the melting-pot of the frontiers of the southern African interior in the 1870s and early 1880s. It examines imperial policies of the time through the prism of an individual, a British imperial agent, William Owen Lanyon. His role in two remote colonial possessions is examined from the year 187 5, when he arrived in southern Africa to take up his appointment as administrator of Griqualand West, to 1881, when he was obliged to relinquish his position at the head of the administration in the Transvaal. He was then recalled to Britain and returned home in disgrace. The thesis investigates the interaction between Lanyon 1 and the people of these two colonies - Africans, settlers, and Boers - as well as his own complicated relations with the imperial policy-makers in Britain and his superiors in southern Africa. His attitude to those over whom he ruled and theirs to him was one of mutual dislike, often contempt, throughout his more than five years' service. The reasons for this and its implications will also be examined. Paradoxically Lanyon believed implicitly in imperial control but as will be seen, translated it into colonial prerogative in his policy-making in both Kimberley and Pretoria. This had the effect of weakening imperial authority and ultimately
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