DOI: 10.17110/StudBot.2019.50.2.357 Studia bot. hung. 50(2), pp. 357–364, 2019

OCCURRENCE OF DIPSACUS STRIGOSUS (CAPRIFOLIACEAE) IN HUNGARY

T. Wirth* and J. Csiky

Department of Ecology, University of Pécs, H–7624 Pécs, Ifj úság útja 6, Hungary; *[email protected]

Wirth, T. & Csiky, J. (2019): Occurrence of Dipsacus strigosus (Caprifoliaceae) in Hungary. – Stu- dia bot. hung. 50(2): 357–364.

Abstract: During the systematic fl ora survey of the city a large stand of Dipsacus strigosus was found in Pécs. Morphological characteristics, some phytocoenological features, the most likely way of introduction, and the expansion dynamics are discussed and a new key to the Dipsacus taxa of Hungary is presented in the study.

Key words: adventive species, ruderal vegetation, stream bank, urban fl ora

INTRODUCTION

Since the fl ora of urban areas is usually more rich in species than the fl ora in their environment (Araújo 2003, Kühn et al. 2004), and in most cases human activities are mainly responsible for long distance dispersal, large amount of neo- phytes appear the fi rst time and are going through naturalisation in urban habi- tats (e.g. Bátori et al. 2012, Wolf & Király 2014). Th e family Dipsacaceae is represented by 6 genera in the Hungarian fl ora (Király 2009). One of them, Dipsacus L. is an old world genus with species distributed mainly in Eurasia and Northern Africa. Only three of them (D. fullonum L., D. laciniatus, and D. pilosus L.) are native to Hungary (Király 2009, Simon 2000, Soó 1966). Th e indig- enous members of the genus occur mostly in naturally disturbed or anthropo- genic habitats. D. strigosus Willd. ex Roem. et Schult. is native to Ukraine, south- ern Russia, and western Asia (Ahrens 2008, Hansen 1976, Domina 2017) and introduced/more or less naturalised elsewhere in Europe (Ahrens 2007, 2008, Danihelka et al. 2012, Domina 2017, Hansen 1976, Leslie 1976, 1980, Melzer & Barta 2002, Pagitz 2008, Poelt 1976, Romahn 2010, Ver- loove 2018). During the systematic fl ora survey of the administrative area of Pécs (Hungary) a large population of D. strigosus was found along the bank of a stream (that takes its source from Lake Balokány, close to the city centre) in 2013. Including the newly established D. strigosus the authors provide a new key to the recent Hungarian Dipsacus taxa (Király 2009). Furthermore, the possible

Studia botanica hungarica 50(2), 2019 Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest 358 WIRTH, T. and CSIKY, J. way of occurrence and some phytosociological features of the newly established Dipsacus species are also given in this paper.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Th e fi eld study was conducted in the summer of 2013. Th e specimens were identifi ed using the key of Verloove (2018). To characterise the habitat of D. strigosus, coexisting species were listed in fi ve 4 m2 plots according to the Braun- Blanquet methodology (Lájer et al. 2007). Compilation of the analytical ta- ble and calculation of species frequencies were managed in the JUICE program (Tichý 2002). To identify the characteristic species of the syntaxonomic classes the authors used the ‘EuroVegChecklist Expert System’ tool embedded within the soft ware of JUICE (Mucina et al. 2016). Latitude and longitude coordinates and elevations of the sites were determined with GPS in WGS 84 projection. Th e iden- tifi cation and nomenclature of the accompanying species are based on and fol- low Király (2009). Herbarium specimens were also collected and vouchers were placed in the Herbarium of the University of Pécs (JPU). Quadrate number is giv- en according to the Hungarian Flora Mapping Programme (Bartha et al. 2015).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Dipsacus strigosus is a tall (up to 200 cm), biennial herb. Th e stems are erect, sparsely prickly and hispid. Basal leaves are in a rosette, ovate, narrowed to a long petiole. Th e cauline leaves are shortly petiolate, not connate at base, ovate-ellipti- cal, with a basal pair of unequal, elliptical leafl ets, sometimes simple. Capitula is 20–40 mm in diameter, globose. Involucral bracts are narrowly triangular, sparse- ly white hispid, with apical spine. Th e receptacular scales are 15–20 mm long, long attenuate, ciliate, but glabrous at apex. Corolla is pale yellow, anthers yel- low or greenish-yellow. Achenes are 4–4.5 mm long, greyish-brown, with black streaks (Ahrens 2007, Poelt 1970, Verloove 2018) (Fig. 1). Besides the 13 native and two casual neophyte species of the subfamily, this is the fi rst adventive representative considered to be established of Dipsacoideae in the Hungarian fl ora (Balogh et al. 2004, Király 2009). Th e relatively large stand of D. strigosus was found in Pécs, along the southern bank of the stream rise from Lake Balokány, in the [9975/1] Hungarian Flora Mapping Unit (Fig. 2) (Bartha et al. 2015). Th e number of individuals was unstable over the last few years: the initial number of individuals has declined from tens of thousands to a few thousand specimens (this could be attributed to the dredging of the stre- ambed and the placement of dredge on the plants, and with the irregular mowing of the stream bank), however the species spread a few hundreds of metres (at a

Studia bot. hung. 50(2), 2019 OCCURRENCE OF DIPSACUS STRIGOSUS IN HUNGARY 359

Fig. 1. Flowering head (A) and habit (B) of Dipsacus strigosus (photos by T. Wirth).

Fig. 2. Distribution of Dipsacus strigosus Willd. ex Roem. et Schult. in Hungary.

Studia bot. hung. 50(2), 2019 360 WIRTH, T. and CSIKY, J. speed of 52 metres/year) along the creek downstream over the year of detection. Th is expansion could be explained by hydrochory (spread by fl oods) and by epi- zoochory, due to the high density of big game species (e.g. wild boars, European roe deers) occurring in this part of the city. Th e species originally grows in thickets of shady places (Bobrov 1976) and it has been indicated from mesic/wet woodlands and from tall-herb vegeta- tion on raw alluvia of colline-submontane streams (alliance: Petasition offi cina- lis Sillinger 1933) out of its native range (Medvecká et al. 2012, Poelt 1970, Verloove 2011). In Hungary, D. strigosus occurs in a narrow band of ruderal tall-herb vegetation between the recultivated tailings reservoir (planted with willow and poplar species) of the Pécs thermal power plant and the stream rise from Lake Balokány. Th is habitat is dominated by a mixture of some common, nitrophilous and weedy plants characteristic for roadsides and alluvial forest fringes (for further details see Table 1).

Table 1. Synthetic table of the stand of D. strigosus in Pécs, along the southern bank of the stream from Lake Balokány. Abbreviations: Fr-frequency (relevés made by T. Wirth and J. Csiky on the 17th of July, 2013). Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 Fr Plot size (m2) 44444 Latitude (°) 46.07157 46.07251 46.07253 46.07293 46.07307 Longitude (°) 18.24409 18.24508 18.24516 18.24553 18.24555 Elevation (m) 127 127 127 127 127 E1 layer (%) 100 100 100 100 100 E0 layer (%) 10 + 5 5 + Ballota nigra +1 r r 15 Dipsacus strigosus 233435 Rubus caesius 351145 Agrostis stolonifera 1+ +r4 Elymus repens 2122 4 Medicago lupulina 1+ 1+4 Melilotus albus ++114 Urtica dioica 2r+ +4 Calystegia sepium 1r r 3 Phalaris arundinacea +1+3 Ambrosia artemisiifolia ++2 Arctium lappa 222 Artemisia vulgaris rr 2 Bromus sterilis +r2

Studia bot. hung. 50(2), 2019 OCCURRENCE OF DIPSACUS STRIGOSUS IN HUNGARY 361

Table 1 (continued) Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 Fr Chelidonium majus rr2 Erigeron annuus +r2 Geum urbanum ++ 2 Humulus lupulus ++ 2 Melilotus offi cinalis ++2 Picris hieracioides rr 2 Plantago major rr2 Sambcucus ebulus 22 2 Tanacetum vulgare 112 Torilis arvensis 1+ 2 Torilis japonica rr2 Trifolium pratense +12 Trifolium repens r+2 Tripleurospermum perforatum rr2 Calamagrostis epigeios +1 Carduus acanthoides +1 Carex spicata r1 Cirsium arvense r1 Conyza canadensis r1 Cornus sanguinea r1 Cucubalus baccifer r1 Dactylis glomerata r1 Dipsacus laciniatus 11 Eupatorium cannabinum 11 Juglans regia r1 Lactuca serriola r1 Linaria vulgaris r1 Papaver rhoeas r1 Parthenocissus inserta r1 Poa pratensis +1 Potentilla indica r1 Prunus cerasifera r1 Silene alba +1 Sonchus oleraceus r1 Taraxacum offi cinale r1 Verbascum blattaria r1 Vicia grandifl ora r1

Studia bot. hung. 50(2), 2019 362 WIRTH, T. and CSIKY, J.

According to the descriptions of Borhidi et al. (2012) and Mucina et al. (2016) this vegetation type presumably belongs to the syntaxonomic class Artemisietea vulgaris Lohm. et al. in Tüxen 1950, which contains associations of nitrophilous weed vegetation of roadsides. Despite the fact that the local vegeta- tion is similar to the preferred habitat of D. strigosus (Bobrov 1976, Medvecká et al. 2012), the relatively high stream bank (deep stream-bed) and mowing may be responsible for conditions similar to roadside habitats. Th e authors fi rmly suggest the insertion of D. strigosus in the Hungarian Dipsacus key (Király 2009) as follows:

1a Cauline leaves shortly petiolate, not connate at base. Infl orescence glo- bose ...... 2 1b Cauline leaves sessile, connate at base. Infl orescence ovoid-cylindrical .... 3 2a Capitula 15–20 mm in diameter. Corolla white, anthers dark purplish to blackish. Receptacular scales hardly longer than corolla, 8–12 mm long, abruptly narrowed and ciliate towards at apex. Achenes 4–5 mm long, con- spicuously ribbed, brown ...... D. pilosus L. 2b Capitula 25–40 mm in diameter. Corolla pale yellow, anthers yellow or greenish-yellow. Receptacular scales distinctly longer than corolla, 15–20 mm long, long attenuate and glabrous at apex. Achenes 4–4.5 mm long, ribs inconspicuous, greyish-brown, with black stripes ...... D. strigosus Willd. ex Roem. et Schult. 3a Cauline leaves deeply lobed or pinnatisect, prickly and hispid. Involucral bracts widest at the base, ± spreading, hardly longer than the infl ores- cence. Corolla whitish or pale pink ...... D. laciniatus L. 3b Cauline leaves entire, usually with entire margin, glabrous or sparsely hispid. Involucral bracts linear, ascending, usually longer than the infl o- rescence. Corolla bluish purple ...... D. fullonum L.

Th ere is no previous information on the occurrence of D. strigosus in Hungary. In Pécs the plants grows next to an industrial site and a former railway dock, therefore the possible ways of introduction could have been the followings: i) transport by trains, ii) previous landscaping and earthworks, iii) cultivation of non-native aquatic and wetland species in Lake Balokány. Since the species can be easily confused with the indigenous D. pilosus, plants with globose infl orescence appearing in unusual habitats (urban habi- tats, wastelands, etc.) should be taken with caution in Hungary in the future (see comments of Verloove 2011). Th e invasiveness of D. strigosus is controversial (Ahrens 2008, Pyšek et al. 2012, Verloove 2018) – at the moment it seems to be a rather weedy/invasive species. Th e cultivation and usage as an ornamental is

Studia bot. hung. 50(2), 2019 OCCURRENCE OF DIPSACUS STRIGOSUS IN HUNGARY 363 not typical, but due to its increasing expansion in Central and Western Europe, future monitoring may be important in Hungary.

*** Acknowledgements – Th e project was supported by the European Union, and co-fi nanced by the European Social Fund: Comprehensive Development for Implementing Smart Specialization Strategies at the University of Pécs (EFOP-3.6.1.-16-2016-00004).

Összefoglaló: A szerzők Pécs fl órájának szisztematikus felmérése során, 2013-ban egy hazánk- ból eddig nem ismert mácsonyafaj több tízezer egyedet számláló állományára bukkantak a város Ba- lo kány nevű részén, a pécsi hőerőmű korábban rekultivált zagytározója és a Balokány-tóból kiinduló patak közötti sávban. A Dipsacus strigosus Ukrajnából, Dél-Oroszországból és Nyugat-Ázsiából szár- mazó, Nyugat- és Közép-Európában már hosszabb ideje terjedő, illetve meghonosodott adven tív faj. A faj hazai megtelepedésével kapcsolatban nincsenek pontos információink, de a termőhely helyzete alapján a behurcolás történhetett a vasúti közlekedés és az ezzel kapcsolatos karbantartási munká la- tok, esetleg a korábbi földmunkák által, vagy a Balokány-tóba meghonosított vízi- és mocsári növé- nyek telepítése során. A D. strigosus könnyen összetéveszthető a Magyarországon őshonos és hason- ló termő helyi körülmények között előforduló D. pilosus L.-el, ezért a szerzők indokoltnak tartot ták a hazai Dipsacus határozó kulcs kiegészítését. A faj eredeti elterjedési területén árnyas cserjések- ben fordul elő, meghonosodott állományait pedig nedves erdőkből, illetve dombvidéki patakparti magaskórósokból jelezték. A magyarországi állomány hasonló körülmények között, de inkább az út- széli gyomnövényzethez közelebb álló élőhelyen fordult elő. Bár a termőhely zavarása miatt a növény- egyedek száma a megtalálás évétől kezdve erősen fl uktuált, a faj mégis több száz métert terjedt folyás- irányban a patak mentén. Gyors expanziója miatt a D. strigosus monitorozása erősen ajánlott.

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(submitted: 18.06.2019, accepted: 20.09.2019)

Studia bot. hung. 50(2), 2019