Table 1. List of Indian Prisoners, September 1876.

In English In Indian. 1. Kill Eagle. wam-bi-lik-te 2. Little Eagle. wan-bli-cikala 3. The man that ran among the bears. mato-egna-enyanke 4. The Strong. waŝaka 5. The Walking Rock. tankamani 6. The Cold. wa-zi-sa. *6. They See the Bear. 7. Red Wood. ca-ŝa-ŝa 8. The Iron Rib. cu-tu-hu-ma-za 9. White Owl. i-han-ska 10. Medicine Soldier. a-ki-ci-ta-wa-kan 11. The man that is afraid of eagles. wan-bli-ko-ki-pa-pi 12. The Bear’s Ears. ma-to-na-kpa 13. The Hawk. Ce-tan 14. They see his horses. ta-su-ka-wa-yan-ka-pi 15. Over the River. ko-wa-ka-ta 16. The Bull. ta-tan-ka-blo-ka 17. Eagle Necklace. wan-bli-wa-nau-pin 18. They He see the Bear. ma-to-wa-yan-ka-pi 19. Scarlet Bear. ma-to-lu-ta 20. The Bear King. ma-to-ya-ta-pi-ka 21. Little Wound. ta-o-pi-ci-ka-la 22. Dog. sun-ka 23. Yellow Fat. ŝin-zi 24. His Bloody Knife. ta-mi-na-we-we 25. Scarlet Eagle. wan-bli-lu-ta 26. Blue Cloud. mar-pi-ya-to 27. Wounded Testicles. su-su-o-pi 28. Eagle Man. wan-bli-wi-ca-ŝo 29. Scarlet Thunder. wa-ki-yan-lu-ta *30. The Badger oo-ka *31. The Bow.

*different handwriting, apparently added later

Source: Fort Yates, Letters Received, Records of Continental Commands (RG393), National Archives.

Table 2. Descriptive List of Weapons, turned over by Kill Eagle. September 1876.

1 Winchester repeating rifle; 1 Percussion Cap rifle (U.S.) H. Derringer, Philadelphia, Pa. 1 percussion cap rifle Harper’s Ferry 1850 cottonwood stock 1 percussion cap rifle Spencer rifle (no mark) 1 percussion cap rifle (cottonwood stock) 1 percussion cap squirrel rifle J. S. Lower, Philadelphia, Pa; 1 percussion cap squirrel rifle (no mark) 1 percussion cap rifle, New Haven, Conn., 1854 1 percussion cap, New Haven, Conn., without date 1 breech loaded Springfield rifled musket; pat. 1865; cutoff and stock scraped down 2 percussion cap rifles, Lancaster, Pa. 1 percussion cap rifle, Leman, Lancaster, Pa. 1 percussion cap rifle (U.S.) Colt’s Pat. Manufacturing Co., Hartford, Conn. 1 percussion cap rifle 1826, Middleton, Conn. 1 percussion cap squirrel rifle, Henry Folson & Co., St. Louis, Mo. 1 flint stock (smooth bore) W. Chance & Son, London 1 flint stock (smooth bore), Barnett, 1866 1 flint stock (smooth bore), Parker, Field & Co., 1861, cut off and used as a pistol 1 percussion smooth bore, cut off and used as a pistol 11 Quivers, containing bows and arrows 3 shot pouches, with powder horns 1 gun cover 1 frill belt with 14 Henry rifle cartridges 1 Hunter’s Dick knife 12 butcher knives

Source: Fort Yates, Letters Received, Records of Continental Commands (RG393), National Archives.

Table 3: Preliminary Reconstruction of Families Who Traveled With Kill Eagle to Little Bighorn, 1876.1

The following list was compiled from these sources: 1) “List of Indian Prisoners”. Created by the Army at the time of Kill Eagle’s surrender, this document originally listed 29 men by name. At some later point, a different writer crossed out the name in Family #6 and added two additional names at the end of the list, perhaps representing additional surrenders in the immediate days following.2 2) Kill Eagle’s listing was derived from his interview with officers at Standing Rock Agency in September 1876 in which he provided the names of the fourteen lodges from other bands that had accompanied him to the northern village. He did not give the names of the twelve families from his own band that also went out.3 3) Dec. 1876 Census was produced by William T. Hughes, the new Indian agent at Standing Rock. Each family is listed under a head of household, with the total number of men, women, boys, girls and infants recorded.4 4) Census, 1877. An undated census, probably taken in the summer of 1877, includes a list of Kill Eagle’s band, now released as prisoners and merged with the remainder of his band that had stayed at the agency with Red Hawk.5 5) Other Agency Records. A variety of other census and issue records from the fall of 1877 through 1881 provide lists of Kill Eagle’s band. 6) Sitting Bull Surrender Census. The first full census at the Standing Rock Agency, taken in the fall of 1881, this document lists the names of each man, woman and child. This census was used to reconstruct the probable names of wives and children listed below.6

Lakota Name English Translation Relationship Sex Age Sources

Family 1 Wanbli Kte Kill Eagle husband M 60 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Tokeya Icage win First Born wife F 43 Wakan win Medicine Woman daughter F 26 Heyoka win Foolish Woman daughter F 22 Ite Waste win Pretty Face daughter F 10 unidentified infant

Asked during his interview if he had any sons who participated in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Kill Eagle stated that he only had three daughters. The December 1876 census suggests that the family also had an infant.

Family 2 Wanbli Ciqala Little Eagle husband M 33 1, 2, 6 Tatanka Hinape win Rising Bull wife F 28 Wasu Ahinha win Falling Hail daughter F 13

According to Kill Eagle, Little Eagle was a member of Plenty Crow’s band who had accompanied him out to the northern village. The fact that Little Eagle’s family does not appear in the Dec. 1876 census suggests that he may have slipped away with Plenty Crow when he left Standing Rock that fall.

Family 3 Mato Egna Inyanke Running Bear M ? 1, 3, 4 unidentified woman wife? F ? unidentified girl daughter? F ?

Listed in the army’s surrender list as Man That Ran Among Bears, he transferred to the band of John Grass in 1877 after they had been released as prisoners of war.

Family 4 Was’aka Strong husband M 57 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 Ohitiyoku win Comes Home Rushing wife F 55 unidentified infant ? ? ?

According to Kill Eagle, Strong was a member of Two Heart’s band, to which band he transferred back to after being released as a prisoner of war in 1877.

Family 5 Tanka Mani Walking Rock size of family unknown 1, 2

Kill Eagle mentioned that a named Man Who Walks With His Dogs (probably Sunka Mani), a member of Belly Fat’s band, accompanied him out the northern village. This name does not appears in the Army’s surrender list, though there is a man named Tanka Mani or Walking Rock. This may have been the result of a mistake when the name was written down and later translated. He does not appear in the Dec. 1876 census, suggesting that this family may have slipped away with Plenty Crow.

Family 6 Mato Wanyakapi Bear See Him husband M 36 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 Nisehu Hips wife F 38 Hante Cedar sister F 23 He Ska win White Mountain daughter F infant

Also translated as They See the Bear or Looking Bear, this family remained in Kill Eagle’s band following his release as a prisoner in 1877.

Family 7 Casasa Red Wood size of family unknown 1

Listed in the Army surrender list, Red Wood could not be identified in any other records.

Family 8 Cutuhu Maza Iron Ribs husband? M ? 1, 3, 4 unidentified woman wife? F ? unidentified woman ? F ?

Iron Ribs remained in Kill Eagle’s band at least into 1877.

Family 9 Hinhan Ska White Owl husband M 45 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 Nohocan win Deaf wife F 43 Wiyaka Feather daughter F 8

White Owl initially remained in Kill Eagle’s band after their release but by 1881, had moved to Fire Heart’s band.

Family 10 Akicita Wakan Medicine Soldier husband M 45 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 Wankiciyakapi One Who Sees Others wife F 56

Also translated as Wonderful Soldier or Holy Soldier, he remained in Kill Eagle’s band after their release as prisoners of war in 1877.

Family 11 Wanbli Kokipapi Afraid of Eagle husband M 48 1, 2, 6 Anpetu Day wife F 45 Tasunke Nunpa win Two Horses daughter F 14 Cannunpa Waste win Pretty Pipe daughter F 10

Afraid of Eagle was a member of his brother Bear Rib’s band, according to Kill Eagle. When questioned by military officials at the time of his surrender, Afraid of Eagle avoided giving any details about the Little Bighorn. “I was with Kill Eagle,” he replied, “and what he tells you is just what I would tell you.” Afraid of Eagle does not appear in the Dec. 1876 census, suggesting that he was one of the families that slipped away from the agency with Plenty Crow and made their way to Canada.

Family 12 Mato Nakpa Bear Ear size of family unknown 1, 2

According to Kill Eagle, Bear Ears was a Hunkpapa from Bear Rib’s band, as was Afraid of Eagle. Bear Ear is not listed in Dec. 1876 census, suggesting that he may have also slipped away with Plenty Crows. One possibility is that he was Afraid of Eagle’s 20-year old son, known later as Walter Two Bulls, who talked about his experience at the Little Bighorn and his escape to Canada.7

Family 13 Wanbli Ohitika Brave Hawk or Driving Hawk husband M 45 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Hintunkala Ska win White Mouse wife F 34 unidentified woman ? F ? Kicieconla Rival son M 16 Ptesan Waste win Pretty White Buffalo daughter F 10 Tasunke Opi win Wounded Horse daughter F 7 unidentified infant ? ? ?

While the Army list records this individual simply as Hawk, Kill Eagle noted that Brave Hawk was from Belly Fat’s band. After his release as a prisoner of war, he transferred back to Belly Fat’s band. This is probably the family of Driving Hawk (Cetan Wapageya), listed in the 1881 census records in Belly Fats band.

Family 14 Tasunke Wakita Looking Horse father M 40 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 Sape win Black wife F 37 Wakute Mani Shoot Walker son M 17 Ite Maka Skunk Face son M 11 Ti Waste win Her Fine Lodge daughter F 9 unidentified girl daughter? F ?

Looking Horse was probably related to Brave Hawk (Family 13) as they were generally listed close together in the agency census records. Like Brave Hawk, he was also transferred to Belly Fat’s band in 1877.

Family 15 Howakata Over the River size of family unknown 1

Though listed in the army’s surrender list, this individual could not be identified in any other records.

Family 16 Tatanka Bloka Bull size of family unknown 1, 2

Kill Eagle said Bull was a Hunkpapa from Bad Hand’s band, however, he could not be identified in later records.

Family 17 Wanbli Napin Eagle Necklace husband M 55 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 Huste win Lame wife F 35 Wogmica One Who Pulls Hair son M 11 unidentified girl daughter? F ? unidentified infant ? ? ?

After his release as a prisoner of war, Eagle Necklace transferred to John Grass’ band. His 18-year old son, Little Shield, was not listed in the 1876-77 census records, suggesting that he may have remained out with the northern camp.

Family 18 Mato Wakita Looking Bear husband M 62 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 Hinyanjice Waste Fine Hair wife F 57 unidentified boy son? M ?

The second family by this name, Looking Bear was transferred to Sitting Crow’s band by 1881.

Family 19 Mato Luta Red Bear size of family unknown 1, 2, 3?, 4?

According to Kill Eagle, Red Bear was a member of Two Heart’s band. A Sihasapa by this name is recorded in Sitting Crow’s band in the Dec. 1876 census and in John Grass’ band in 1881, but it is uncertain whether this the same family.

Family 20 Mato Yatapika Bear King husband M 38 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Shiyukan Ankle wife F 35 unidentified boy son? M ? unidentified girl daughter? F ? unidentified infant ? ? ?

According to Kill Eagle, Bear King (also translated as Chief of Bear) was a member of Medicine Man’s band. In 1877, he transferred to John Grass’ band and by 1881, he had moved to Sitting Crow’s band.

Family 21 Taopi cik’ala Little Wounded husband M ? 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 Sahun win Cheyenne Woman wife F 39 Matohna Growling Bear son M 14 Ispawahacanka Elbow Shield son M 9 Wapesa win Red Head daughter F 4 unidentified boy son? M ? unidentified boy son? M ? Pehinsan win White Hair mother F 64

A minor headman in Kill Eagle’s band, Little Wound died some time between 1879 and 1881. His widow later turned in a claim for the ponies seized by the army.

Family 22 Sunka Dog husband M 42 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Ptan Luta win Red Otter wife F 31 Itancan Kte win One Who Kills a Chief daughter F 7 unidentified boy son? M ? Isto Nuga Lump on the Arm son M infant

According to Kill Eagle, Dog was a Hunkpapa from Running Antelope’s band. In 1877, after being released as a prisoner of war, he moved to Red Horse’s band.

Family 23 Shin Zi Yellow Fat husband M 46 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 Shkeluta Oriole wife F 35 Kahpe win Knocks Down daughter F 14 Kicieconla Rivaling son M 8 Aku win One Who Brings daughter F 5 unidentified girl daughter? F ? Cik’a Wicakte Small Killer son M 1 Mahpiya Tanin Appearing Clouds mother F 63

After his release as a prisoner of war in 1877, he remained in Kill Eagle’s band.

Family 24 Ta Mina We Bloody Knife husband M 32 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 Icaske Scarf wife F 38 Wasu Ska win White Hail wife? F 25 Hingi win Yellow Hair daughter F 13 Ota win Plenty daughter F ? Owoza win Mixed Up daughter F 3 Cante Wanica No Heart son M 1

Bloody Knife initially remained in Kill Eagle’s band after their release in 1877, but by 1881, he was living in the band of John Grass.

Family 25 Wanbli Luta Red Eagle husband M 44 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Wanbli Sape win Black Eagle wife F 45 unidentified woman ? F ? Kaglipi win One For Whom They Bring daughter F 7

Kill Eagle noted that Red Eagle was from Sitting Crow’s band. Following his release as a prisoner of war, he transferred back to this band. He had two sons, Killed in the Lodge (age 13) and One They Snapped Gun At (age 10) who were listed in later records but not in 1876-77, suggesting that they may have initially remained with relatives in the northern camp.

Family 26 Mahpiya To Blue Cloud husband M 26 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 Cano win Shooting Wood wife F 24 unidentified woman ? F ? unidentified boy son? M ? Taji Luta win Red Calf Woman daughter F 7 Wankicunla Uses His Arrows son M infant

According to Kill Eagle, Blue Cloud was a Hunkpapa from Gall’s band. After his release as a prisoner, he transferred to Wounded Head’s band. A Hunkpapa by this name is listed in Sitting Bull’s band in 1881, assumed here to be the same family.

Family 27 Susu Opi Wounded Testicles husband M ? 1, 3, 4 unidentified woman wife? F ? unidentified girl daughter? F ?

Listed in the December 1876 census as Wounded Stone, he and his family transferred to Cross Bear’s band (Upper Yanktonai) the following year. Further record of the family however could not be found.

Family 28 Wanbli Wicasa Eagle Man husband M 46 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 unidentified woman wife? F ? Tawacin win Her Thoughts daughter F 11 unidentified girl daughter? F ? unidentified infant ? ? ?

Kill Eagle noted that Eagle Man was a member of Wounded Head’s band. He transferred to Long Feather’s band in 1877 and was in Fire Heart’s band by 1881.

Family 29 Wakinyan Luta Red Thunder husband M 48 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Wanbli Sun Eagle Feather wife F 43 Winyan Waste la Pretty Woman daughter F 15 Wanbli Ape win Shooting Eagle daughter F 8 unidentified girl daughter? F ?

According to Kill Eagle, Scarlet Thunder was a Hunkpapa from Iron Horn’s band. Assuming this is the correct family, he had two sons that were not reported in the Dec. 1876 census – One Who Kills An Enemy (age 18) and Black Bird (age 11) – who may have remained in the northern village. Red Thunder was a brother of the Hunkpapa headman Bear Face to whose band he transferred in 1877.

Family 30 Hoka Badger size of family unknown 1

This name appears on the military list in a different handwriting, suggesting that it was added later. He is not listed in the December 1876 census, though he may be the eldest son of Bow, listed in the next family.

Family 31 Itazipa Bow husband M ? 1, 3, 4, 6? Sinakinyan Flying Blanket wife F 33 unidentified woman ? F ? ? ? son M 15 Catka win Left Hand daughter F 10 Tokeya Mani win First Walker daughter F 2

This family is probably the one listed in Fire Heart’s band in 1881, with Flying Blanket as a widow.

Names not included in the army’s “List of Indian Prisoners”: Kill Eagle mentioned a Sihasapa named Strong, a member of Two Heart’s band, but he was not recorded in the army’s surrender list. In addition, the December 1876 census includes several families not found on the army’s list, including a widow named Pretty Eagle as well as Cross Bear, Running Horse, and Kinnikinnick. They may be members of Kill Eagle’s band who surrendered in the days or weeks following the rest of the band.

ENDNOTES

1 This table is part of the author’s ongoing attempt to create a roster of all persons present in the Indian village at the Little Bighorn on June 25, including men, women and children. A reconstruction of the Soreback band () is presented in: Dickson, “Reconstructing the Indian Village on the Little Bighorn: The Cankahuhan or Soreback Band, Oglala,” Greasy Grass, vol. 22 (May 2006) pp. 2-14. 2 Fort Yates, LR, NA. 3 Graham, Custer Myth, 48. 4 Whitney to Post Adjutant, Dec. 21, 1876, Fort Yates, LR. Census ledger book, pp. 197, NA-CPR. 5 Census ledger book, pp. 223, NA-CPR. 6 Ephriam Dickson, Sitting Bull Surrender Census: The Lakotas at Standing Rock Agency, 1881 ( Historical Society Press, 2011). 7 Interview with Walter Campbell, undated (ca. 1930), Campbell Collection, Box 105 Notebook 35; interview with Alfred B. Welch, Nov. 19, 1930, Welch Collection, Standing Rock Reservation Archives, “Survivors of the

Little Big Horn Speak Manuscript,” p. 45; interview with Edward A. Milligan, 1937, published in: Milligan, High Noon on the Greasy Grass: The Story of the Little Bighorn by Indians Who Were There (Bottineau, ND: Bottineau Courant Print, 1972) pp. 22-23.