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Hot Science, High Water Zink E Unique insights into the economy and politics of science, ren higher education and international development HOT SCIENCE, HIG SCIENCE, HOT Hot Science, High Water explores the work of different genera­ tions of Vietnamese scientists as they engage with local and international efforts to conserve nature, address climate change HOT SCIENCE, and carry out scientific research. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork in universities, government offices and foreign embassies, as well as the muddy intertidal zones of coastal HIGH WATER Vietnam, the study reveals scientists engaged in a politics of nature that is local and global, contemporary and historical, Assembling Nature, Society and Environmental and natural and social. Policy in Contemporary Vietnam The book challenges the notion that science and develop­ ment are best understood in terms of centres and peripheries, Eren Zink or simple hierarchies where power is stable and concentrated at the top. Rather, through a careful micro­level study, it shows how power ebbs and flows as networks are reconfigured and time passes. With varying degrees of success, Vietnamese H scientists strive to achieve their own ambitions through the WATER production of scientific knowledge and their engagement in science economies that are suffused with material, moral and symbolic values. Meanwhile, their engagements with inter­ national development agencies, Vietnamese government offices, colleagues and kin are facilitated by the mutual misunder­ standings that they, together with their partners, cultivate and maintain. The resulting networks and exchanges, in combina­ tion with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, constitute the world of climate change in Vietnam today. www.niaspress.dk Zink-cover.indd 1 14/06/2013 15:26 HOT SCIENCE, HIGH WATER Zink_book.indd 1 18/06/2013 18:13 NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series 100. Nordin Hussin: Trade and Society in the Straits of Melaka 101. Anna-Greta Nilsson Hoadley: Indonesian Literature vs New Order Orthodoxy 102. Wil O. Dijk: 17th-Century Burma and the Dutch East India Company 1634–1680 103. Judith Richell: Disease and Demography in Colonial Burma 104. Dagfinn Gatu: Village China at War 105. Marie Højlund Roesgaard: Japanese Education and the Cram School Business 106. Donald M. Seekins: Burma and Japan Since 1940 107. Vineeta Sinha: A New God in the Diaspora? 108. Mona Lilja: Power, Resistance and Women Politicians in Cambodia 109. Anders Poulsen: Childbirth and Tradition in Northeast Thailand 110. R. A. Cramb: Land and Longhouse 111. Deborah Sutton: Other Landscapes 112. Søren Ivarsson: Creating Laos 113. Johan Fischer: Proper Islamic Consumption 114. Sean Turnell: Fiery Dragons 115. Are Knudsen: Violence and Belonging 116. Noburu Ishikawa: Between Frontiers 117. Jan Ovesen and Ing-Britt Trankell: Cambodians and Their Doctors 118. Kirsten Endres: Performing the Divine 119. Gerhard Hoffstaedter: Modern Muslim Identities 120. Malcolm McKinnon: Asian Cities 121. David I. Steinberg and Hongwei Fan: Modern China–Myanmar Relations 122. Vibeke Børdahl: Wu Song Fights the Tiger 123. Hiromi Sasamoto-Collins: Power and Dissent in Imperial Japan 124. Eren Zink: Hot Science, High Water NIAS Press is the autonomous publishing arm of NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, a research institute located at the University of Copenhagen. NIAS is partially funded by the governments of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden via the Nordic Council of Ministers, and works to encourage and support Asian studies in the Nordic countries. In so doing, NIAS has been publishing books since 1969, with more than two hundred titles produced in the past few years. UniVERsiTY OF COPENHAGEN Nordic Council of Ministers Zink_book.indd 2 18/06/2013 18:13 HOT SCIENCE, HIGH WATER Assembling Nature, Society and Environmental Policy in Contemporary Vietnam ERen ZINK Zink_book.indd 3 18/06/2013 18:13 Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Monograph series, no. 124 First published in 2013 by NIAS Press NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark Tel: +45 3532 9501 • Fax: +45 3532 9549 E-mail: [email protected] • Online: www.niaspress.dk © Eren Zink 2013 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-87-7694-127-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-87-7694-128-4 (pbk) Typeset in Arno Pro 12/14.4 and Frutiger 11/13.2 Typesetting by NIAS Press Printed in Great Britain by Marston Book Services Limited, Oxfordshire Cover illustration: View of West Lake, Hanoi, taken in 2007 (© the author) Zink_book.indd 4 18/06/2013 18:13 Contents Preface vii Acknowledgements xvii Abbreviations xix 1. Introduction 1 Actor-networks • Slippery spaces 2. Science Histories 23 Confucian influences on the ‘pacified south’• Confucian education in an independent Vietnam • Colonial educations • Science and higher education in a divided country • The Socialist Republic of Vietnam, doi moi and beyond • Histories and their contemporaries 3. Science Economies 58 Dr. Ly’s gift • Unequal equivalencies and shifting power • Getting to know a shrimp pond • What’s in it for me? Cash economies • Observing the economy 4. Conserving Science and Composing Nature 83 Experiencing nature at Xuan Thuy National Park • Natural and human ac- tors • Scientists at work • Challenging natures • Instability and the movements of birds and trees • Normal natures 5. Making Climate Change 123 The Vietnamese climate • Crises, curves and prices • Climate change science and negotiations • Assembling the facts • Acting multilocally • Performing climate change: A workshop for the National Assembly • Tangled actor- networks • Delivering climate change to local government 6. The Circulations of Climate Change 172 Triggers or rockets? Budget support and climate change • The unpredictability of anti-politics machines • Back to the future: COP 15 and NTP–RCC • Circular ends 7. The Science of Coming Home 187 Young scientists • Re-entering Vietnam • Dr. Dzung and powerless money • Dr. Mai and the economy of success • Dr. Phuong and the fading of a promis- ing future • Dr. Hang and trials of a straight line • Dr. Thao returns home and catches a small case of the flu • Scientific returns v Zink_book.indd 5 18/06/2013 18:13 HOT SCIENCE, HIGH WATER 8. Conclusion 229 Fighting for nature • Means to different ends • Theory, economy and history • Constructing the social References 241 Index 265 List of Figures 2.1: Main entrance to the Temple of Literature in central Hanoi 28 2.2: Insignia for the University of Indochina 38 2.3: Scientific equipment stands unused 50 2.4: Number of tertiary-level Vietnamese students studying abroad 52 3.1: Our small group marches off to investigate an aquaculture pond 64 3.2: ODA and FDI amounts transferred have risen drastically 77 4.1: Headquarters of Xuan Thuy National Park 85 4.2: Boats used for fishing and collecting other marine resources 87 4.3: Men and women sifting for clams at high tide 113 4.4: A fisherman cleans his nets 115 4.5: Sign at one of the entries to Xuan Thuy National Park 121 5.1: Number of internationally supported climate change projects 129 5.2: Swedish Ambassador addresses climate change workshop 151 5.3: Swedish-sponsored bikers brave Hanoi’s dangerous traffic 157 5.4: Lunch break at the capacity-building workshop 167 6.1: Main entrance to the Embassy of Denmark in Hanoi 173 7.1: Rising Hanoi skyline 189 8.1: Dyke protecting against storm surges from the Gulf of Tonkin 231 List of Tables 2.1: Top 10 Vietnamese sources of international scientific journal articles 49 2.2: Top 15 international partner countries in the publication of international scientific journal articles 53 2.3: International institutions that collaborate with Vietnamese scientists in the publication of international scientific journal articles 54 vi Zink_book.indd 6 18/06/2013 18:13 Preface his is a study of what it means to be a scientist and to do sci- ence in Vietnam.1 It is also an anthropology of science and T development in a Southeast Asian country that grapples with global webs of knowledge production and international trends in development policy. As such it illustrates some general aspects of scientific organization and practice in developing countries in the early 21st century. Meanwhile, it is very specifically about Vietnam, a country that went from being one of the world’s poorest and most violent as recently as the 1970s to a place where more than two decades of strong economic growth has earned it a spot amongst the second wave of Asian tiger economies. This change takes place on the shoulders of continuity. Nearly 60 years after independence the country remains governed by a communist party, and histories of imperialism, colonialism and armed struggle still influence the collective and individual paths of Vietnamese people. In the ‘West’ there is a tendency to imagine developing countries as being at the periphery of international science. In places that are distant from industrialized metropoles, research infrastructures are fragile, internet connections are slow and even the electricity in the research lab is intermittent. At the fragile periphery biological samples spoil in their thawing freezers, sensitive equipment short circuits, draft research reports evaporate in rolling blackouts and research notes burn during periods of political strife. Researchers are isolated, their books and jour- nals are outdated and their work is generally published in local journals and local languages, not in international English-language journals that carry international rankings and impact factors. New technologies and new theoretical approaches arrive from temperate scientific metropoles 1. The country name is sometimes spelled “Viet Nam”. This is a hybrid of the common English and Vietnamese language spellings whereby the Vietnamese diacritics are removed but the letters, capitalization, and separating space are retained. vii Zink_book.indd 7 18/06/2013 18:13 HOT SCIENCE, HIGH WATER while local scientists look for ways to adapt them to their oftentimes more tropical circumstances.
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