DOCSLIB.ORG

A Multilevel Analysis of Data from Global Youth Tobacco Use Data (GYTS) 2014

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Multilevel Analysis of Data from Global Youth Tobacco Use Data (GYTS) 2014 J Glob Health Sci. 2019 Jun;1(1):e3 https://doi.org/10.35500/jghs.2019.1.e3 pISSN 2671-6925·eISSN 2671-6933 Original Article Smoking susceptibility among school children aged 13–15 in Vietnam: a multilevel analysis of data from Global Youth Tobacco Use data (GYTS) 2014 Van Minh Hoang ,1,* Juhwan Oh ,2,* Thi Tu Quyen Bui ,1 Thi Hoang Lan Vu ,1 Tu Hoang Le ,1 Thuy Linh Nguyen ,1 Bao Giang Kim ,3 Ngoc Minh Luu ,4 Quang Cuong Le ,5 Ngoc Hoat Luu 4 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam 2JW LEE Center for Global Medicine of Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 3Department of Health Education and Promotion, Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam Received: Mar 26, 2019 4Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Accepted: May 5, 2019 Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam 5Department of Neurology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam Correspondence to Van Minh Hoang Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center for Population Health Sciences, Hanoi ABSTRACT University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang Street, North Tu Liem, Hanoi 10119, Vietnam. Background: We aim to assess the prevalence of smoking susceptibility and identify factors E-mail: [email protected] at school and individual levels that are associated with individual susceptibility to smoking Juhwan Oh among school children aged 13–15 years in Vietnam. JW LEE Center for Global Medicine of Seoul Methods: Data came from Vietnam Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2014. A 2-stage National University College of Medicine, 71 sample design and proportion to population size (PPS) technique was employed to select a Ihwajang-gil, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03087, Korea. representative sample of study participants. Independent variables include both individual E-mail: [email protected] and school-level characteristics. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. *Van Minh Hoang and Juhwan Oh contributed Logistic multilevel models were constructed to analyze the association between independent equally to this paper. variables and smoking susceptibility status. © 2019 Korean Society of Global Health. Results: The overall percentage of smoking susceptibility status was 11.2%. Boys were more This is an Open Access article distributed susceptible to smoking than girls. The odds of smoking susceptibility were higher among under the terms of the Creative Commons students who had both of their parents smoking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.91; 95% Attribution Non-Commercial License (https:// confidence interval [CI], 2.17–7.05) and those whose best friends smoked (aOR, 4.79; 95% creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) CI, 2.40–9.54). Knowledge on harmfulness of smoking was associated with lower odds of which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any smoking susceptibility. Among school level factors, the schools with greater access to anti- medium, provided the original work is properly smoking media were associated with lower susceptibility to smoking among their students cited. (coefficient = −0.028; standard error = 0.011,P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of contextual exposure to anti-smoking ORCID iDs media among the children. With the availability of multilevel modeling as an analytical tool, Van Minh Hoang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4749-5536 further refinements in the understanding of contextual effects on smoking status are needed Juhwan Oh to facilitate the development of school level policy and interventions in addition to individual https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0983-4872 level approaches. Thi Tu Quyen Bui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5061-8488 Keywords: Tobacco smoking; Adolescent health; Statistics; Multilevel analysis; School health https://e-jghs.org 1/11 Smoking susceptibility of school children in Vietnam Thi Hoang Lan Vu INTRODUCTION https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-357X Tu Hoang Le Smoking is very common in Vietnam, especially among men. Data from the Vietnam Global https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-7914 Adult Tobacco Surveys (GATS) showed that the prevalence of tobacco smoking among Thuy Linh Nguyen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9233-1143 Vietnamese adults aged 15 years and over was 23.8% (47.4% among men and 1.4% among Bao Giang Kim women) in 20101 and 22.5% (45.3% among men and 1.1% among women) in 2015.2 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2290-0205 Ngoc Minh Luu Even though the prevalence of current smoking among adolescents in Vietnam seems to be https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6363-8894 low, i.e. 3.9% (5.9% among boys and 1.2% among girls) in 20073 and 3.5% (6.3% among Quang Cuong Le 4 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7363-398X boys and 0.9% among girls) in 2014, the problem of youth smoking in Vietnam should not Ngoc Hoat Luu be underestimated because tobacco industry has been trying to expand cigarette markets https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6911-5410 by promoting cigarettes to adolescents. Also, youth smokers are 3 times more likely to use alcohol, 8 times more likely to use marijuana, and 22 times more likely to use cocaine than Funding non-smokers. Smoking is associated with a host of other risky behaviors, such as fighting and This work was supported by Hanoi University 5 of Public Health and JW LEE Center for Global engaging in unprotected sex, etc. Medicine of Seoul National University College of Medicine through multi-level statistical Smoking uptake behavior among adolescents was shown to progress through a sequence method workshops in Hanoi. of developmental stages, including preparation, contemplation, trier, experimenter, and 6 Conflict of Interest regular and established smoker. Susceptibility to smoking is an important cognitive change The authors whose names are listed above during the preparation stage that leads to experimentation with cigarettes.7 Susceptibility certify that they have NO affiliations with or to smoking is defined as “lack of firm decision against smoking and usually starts in the involvement in any organization or entity perception and/or initiation stages of smoking behavior”.7 with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers' bureaus; membership, employment, Taking advantage of data from the Vietnam Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2014, which consultancies, stock ownership, or other was initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO), Tobacco Free Initiative, and the equity interest; and expert testimony Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Office on Smoking and Health,8,9 we aim or patent-licensing arrangements), or to assess the prevalence of susceptibility to smoking among school children aged 13–15 years non-financial interest (such as personal in Vietnam and to identify factors at school and individual levels that have associations with or professional relationships, affiliations, individual susceptibility to smoking. knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Author Contributions METHODS Conceptualization: Hoang VM, Oh J; Data curation: Hoang VM; Formal analysis: Bui TTQ; Investigation: Oh J; Methodology: Participants Hoang VM, Oh J, Bui TTQ, Kim BG; Project We used the data from Vietnam GYTS 2014. GYTS is an internationally standardized school- administration: Hoang VM; Supervision: based survey that has been conducted in more than 140 countries.10 The Vietnam GYTS Hoang VM, Oh J; Validation: Hoang VM, Oh 2014 was conducted among 3,549 school children aged 13 to 15 years from 40 schools in the J; Writing - original draft: Hoang VM, Oh J; country. A 2-stage sample design and proportion to population size (PPS) technique was Writing - review & editing: Hoang VM, Oh J, employed to select a representative sample of study children. The international version of Bui TTQ, Vu THL, Le TH, Nguyen TL, Kim BG, 11 Luu NM, Le QC, Luu NH. the original questionnaire was adapted to the Vietnamese context and used for the survey. Data collection was coordinated by the Hanoi Medical University and Vietnam Steering Committee on Smoking and Health (VINACOSH). CDC's guidance was applied in all procedures of data collection and management. The overall response rate of the Vietnam GYTS 2014 was 95.1%.9 Instruments The description of the study variables is presented in Table 1. Dependent variable is smoking susceptibility status among school children aged 13–15 years in Vietnam. Smoking susceptibility was assessed through the following questions and responses: https://e-jghs.org https://doi.org/10.35500/jghs.2019.1.e3 2/11 Smoking susceptibility of school children in Vietnam Table 1. Description of the study variables Variables Questions Original response options Definition used in this paper Dependent variables Smoking susceptibility If one of your best friends invited you a 1 = Definitely not, 2 = Probably not, Students who answered “definitely not” tobacco product, would you smoke it? 3 = Probably yes, 4 = Definitely yes to both questions were considered non- During the next 12 months, do you think 1 = Definitely not, 2 = Probably not, susceptible and all the other students you will smoke any form of tobacco 3 = Probably yes, 4 = Definitely yes were considered susceptible product? Independent variables Individual characteristics Gender 1 = Boy, 2 = Girl 1 = Boy, 2 = Girl Age How old are you? 1 = Aged 13, 2 = Aged 14, 3 = Aged 15 1 = Aged 13, 2 = Aged 14, 3 = Aged 15 Parental smoking Do your
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Governance and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Vietnam by Alfred John
    Governance and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Vietnam by Alfred John Montoya A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Aihwa Ong, Chair Professor Paul Rabinow Professor Peter Zinoman Spring 2010 Governance and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Vietnam © 2010 By Alfred John Montoya For Michael A. Montoya, Elizabeth Alonzo, and Mary Theresa Alonzo. i Acknowledgements First, I‘d like to express my endless gratitude to my family, always with me, in far-flung places. To them I owe more than I can say. This work would not have been possible without the warm mentorship and strong support of my excellent advisors, Aihwa Ong, Paul Rabinow and Peter Zinoman. Their guidance and encouragement made all the difference. I would also like to acknowledge the intellectual and personal generosity of David Spener, Alan Pred, and Nancy Scheper-Hughes who contributed so much to my training and growth. Additionally, this work and I benefitted greatly from the myriad commentators and co-laborers from seminars, conference panels and writing groups. I would specifically like to extend my gratitude to those from the Fall 2004 graduate student cohort in the Department of Anthropology at UC Berkeley, particularly Amelia Moore and Shana Harris, whose friendship and company made graduate school and graduate student life a pleasure. Also, my heartfelt thanks to Emily Carpenter, my friend, through the triumphs and travails of these six years and this project that consumed them. Many thanks to the participants in the Anthropology of the Contemporary Research Collaboratory, at UC Berkeley.
    [Show full text]
  • A Decision-Making Framework to Select a Public-Private Partnership Scheme for Infrastructure Development in Vietnam
    A DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK TO SELECT A PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP SCHEME FOR INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Minh Hang VU BConstEc, University of Transport and Communications, Vietnam MBA, La Trobe University, Australia School of Engineering College of Science, Engineering and Health RMIT University October 2019 DECLARATION I certify that, except where due acknowledgment has been made; the work is that of the author alone. The work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award. The content of the thesis is the result of work, which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program. Any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed. I acknowledge the support I have received for my research through the provision of an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. Date: 17/10/2019 Name: Minh Hang Vu ABSTRACT Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is recognised as a procurement strategy for governments to mobilise capital, skills and expertise of the private sector to deliver key infrastructures. A growing number of PPP schemes, as of a contract arrangement between public and private sectors such as Build- Operate-Transfer (BOT) and Design-Build-Operate-Maintain (DBOM), have been formed and used worldwide to deliver public services. Within the broad spectrum of PPP arrangements, several variations of PPP schemes have been developed and are on the increase. Every PPP scheme has its own pros and cons and application, however understanding of different PPP schemes varies.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Supply and Sanitation in Vietnam
    Service Delivery Assessment December 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized Water Supply Public Disclosure Authorized and Sanitation in Vietnam Turning Finance into Services for the Future Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized This report is the product of extensive collaboration and information sharing between many government agencies at national and provincial level, and development partners in Vietnam. A core team drawn from the Ministry of Construction and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development has been lead partners with the Water and Sanitation Program in this assessment sector. The authors acknowledge their valuable contribution as well as the information sharing and contributions during workshops by other sector stakeholders, including development partners. The Task Team Leader for the Service Delivery Assessment (SDA) in East Asia and the Pacific is Susanna Smets. The fol- lowing World Bank staff and consultants have provided valuable contributions to the service delivery assessment process and report: Jeremy Colin, U-Prime Rodriguez, Vinh Quang Nguyen, Iain Menzies, Hang Diem Nguyen, Almud Weitz, Sandra Giltner, Nguyen Trong Duong and Nguyen Danh Soan. The report was peer reviewed by the following World Bank staff and sector colleagues: Parameswaran Iyer, Lead Water and Sanitation Specialist, Lilian Pena Pereira Weiss, Sr. Water and Sani- tation Specialist, Sing Cho, Urban Specialist and Lalit Patra, Chief WASH section, UNICEF Vietnam. The SDA was carried out under the guidance of the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program and local partners. This re- gional work, implemented through a country-led process, draws on the experience of water and sanitation SDAs conducted in more than 40 countries in Africa, Latin America, and South Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • March GMR 2018.Pdf
    MARCH 201 8 Global Foot - and - Mouth Disease Situation March 201 8 Foot - and - Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report March 2018 Guest Editor: Donald King: WRLFMD, Pirbright # I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES - i) Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page. Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1 Global Foot - and - Mouth Disease Situation March 201 8 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 4 II. HEADLINE NEWS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 5 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 7 A. POOL 1 – Southeast Asia/Central Asia/East Asia ................................ ................................ ........................ 7 B. POOL 2 – South
    [Show full text]
  • Consequences of Urban Migration of Adult Children for the Elderly Left-Behind in Rural Vietnam
    John Curtin Institute of Public Policy - Curtin Business School Consequences of urban migration of adult children for the elderly left-behind in rural Vietnam Nguyen Thi Thu Hien This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University November 2019 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person, except where due acknowledgement has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Signed: Date: 12th October 2019. Thi Thu Hien Nguyen Perth, Australia i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I own a debt of gratitude to many people and institutions who have helped me in achieving the completion of this thesis. To my principal supervisor, Professor John Phillimore; without his support, mentoring, and patience since my first letter searching for a supervisor until the last page of my thesis, my dream of doing PhD would not have been possible. My sincere thanks to Dr Chris Birdsall Jones, for her intellectual guidance with my data collection during the fieldwork. It was invaluable. John and Chris, your kindness, sympathy, generosity and selfless help through both my education as well as personal journeys was touching and heartfelt, which personally completed me, and professionally my career ever changed for the better. Thank you to every staff member in the John Curtin Institute of Public Policy (JCIPP) who made it warm like our second family. A special thanks to Leza for your kind assistance as an administrator. The JCIPP family could not be better without your dedication.
    [Show full text]
  • Private Sector Adaptation in Southeast Asia
    www.sida.se January 2009 Making Climate Your Business Private Sector Adaptation in Southeast Asia WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................3 I. Introduction ............................................................................................6 II. Climate Change – What Does it Mean for Business in Southeast Asia? .........................9 III. Adaptation – State of Play ................................................................14 IV. Business Risks and Opportunities ....................................................21 V. Assessment and Action for Adaptation ............................................28 VI. Business Adaptation Case Studies .................................................39 Socially Responsible Entrepreneurship Drives Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation: Sunlabob, Lao PDR ...........................39 Micro-insurance Reducing Farmers’ Exposure to Weather Risk: an ICICI Lombard and BASIX Partnership ..................................41 Building Reputations, Securing Resources: Coca-Cola and WWF Team Up for Water Conservation ..............................................43 Rabobank Foundation: Expertise Reduces Climate Change Risks for Most Vulnerable in Jakarta ........................................................45 VII. Conclusions and Recommendations ..............................................47 VIII. Annexes ............................................................................................50
    [Show full text]
  • Establishing an Inclusive Business Private Equity Fund in Vietnam: a Market Scoping Study
    Establishing an Inclusive Business Private Equity Fund in Vietnam A Market Scoping Study April 2012 March 2012 Asian Development Bank Establishing an Inclusive Business Private Equity Fund in Vietnam: A Market Scoping Study Asian Development Bank in partnership with SNV - Netherlands Development Organization © 2012 Asian Development Bank and SNV Written by W. Robert de Jongh (team leader), Javier Ayala, Daniel Oporto, Sarah Howe, Manuel Fernandini, Maya P. Gorrez and Noah Beckwith. All rights reserved. Published 2012. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN XXX-XX-XXXX-XXX-X Publication Stock No. RPTXXXXXX Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank and SNV. Establishing an Inclusive Business Private Equity Fund in Vietnam: A Market Scoping Study Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2012. 1. Inclusive Business. 2. Vietnam. I. Asian Development Bank. II. SNV The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily re- flect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent or of SNV. ADB and SNV do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and ac- cept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of our reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB and SNV do not intend to make any judge- ments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB and SNV encourage printing or copying exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgement of ADB, SNV and the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Water Resources Management in Vietnam
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Waibel, Gabi Working Paper State management in transition: Understanding water resources management in Vietnam ZEF Working Paper Series, No. 55 Provided in Cooperation with: Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung / Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn Suggested Citation: Waibel, Gabi (2010) : State management in transition: Understanding water resources management in Vietnam, ZEF Working Paper Series, No. 55, University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/88390 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen
    [Show full text]
  • What Are the Determinants of FDI to Vietnam?
    What are the Determinants of FDI to Vietnam? Master Thesis For Supply Chain Management Program Author: Juan Du ANR: s908588 Defense date: March 31, 2011 Supervisor: Dr. M.A. Overboom Second reader: Dr. M. Stientsra Word count: 8373 1 Table of Content Abbreviations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Chapter 1 Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.1 Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.2 Problem Indication---------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.3 Problem Statement--------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 1.4 Research Questions--------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 1.5 Structure of the Thesis----------------------------------------------------------------------------7 Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework------------------------------------------------------------------8 2.1 Main Concepts and Definition of FDI----------------------------------------------------------8 2.2 Development of FDI Theories-------------------------------------------------------------------8 2.2.1 The Early Neoclassical Theory---------------------------------------------------------------8 2.2.2 The Product Life Cycle Theory---------------------------------------------------------------9 2.2.3 The Internalization Theory-------------------------------------------------------------------9
    [Show full text]
  • Rural Livelihoods and Constraints to Commercial Farming in Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Rural Livelihoods and Constraints to Commercial Farming in Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce (Agricultural) at Lincoln University by Shaun Cameron Snoxell Lincoln University 2018 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce (Agricultural) Rural Livelihoods and Constraints to Commercial Farming in Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar by Shaun Cameron Snoxell Myanmar is a country in rapid economic and political transition, with opportunities emerging for its smallholders to benefit from current economic growth. However many smallholders are trapped in semi-subsistence agriculture, disconnected from markets. Commercialisation can increase farm incomes, and - through the multiplier effect - lead to wider pro-poor growth in the rural economy. However, there are many constraints to commercialisation that prevent this process from occurring. While literature on constraints confronting smallholders abounds internationally there is a paucity of literature on the challenges confronting smallholders in Myanmar. This study investigates constraints to commercial farming in the townships (districts) of Myeik and Palaw in Myanmar’s Tanintharyi Region.
    [Show full text]
  • Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Interventions to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in Vietnam
    Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Health Policy and Planning 2011;26:210–222 ß The Author 2010; all rights reserved. Advance Access publication 15 September 2010 doi:10.1093/heapol/czq045 Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease in Vietnam Duc Anh Ha1,2* and Dan Chisholm3 1Ministry of Health, 138A Giangvo, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and 3Department of Health Systems and Financing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author. Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 11 June 2010 Background Vietnam is in the process of an epidemiological transition, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) now ranked as the leading cause of death. The burden of CVD will continue to rise unless effective interventions for addressing its underlying risk factors are put in place. Downloaded from Objectives To assess the costs, health effects and cost-effectiveness of a set of personal and non-personal prevention strategies to reduce CVD in Vietnam, including mass media campaigns for reducing consumption of salt and tobacco, drugs for heapol.oxfordjournals.org lowering blood pressure or cholesterol, and combined pharmacotherapy for people at varying levels of absolute risk of a cardiovascular event. Methods WHO-CHOICE methods and analytical models were employed, using local data to estimate the costs, effects and cost-effectiveness of 12 population and at World Health Organization on April 28, 2011 individual interventions implemented singly or in combination.
    [Show full text]
  • Forestry-Based Livelihoods in Central Vietnam: an Examination of the Acacia Commodity Chain: a Case from Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam
    Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2010 Forestry-Based Livelihoods in Central Vietnam: An Examination of the Acacia Commodity Chain: A Case from Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam Robert Pietrzak Wilfrid Laurier University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Human Geography Commons Recommended Citation Pietrzak, Robert, "Forestry-Based Livelihoods in Central Vietnam: An Examination of the Acacia Commodity Chain: A Case from Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam" (2010). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 963. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/963 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-64353-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-64353-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Nnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats.
    [Show full text]