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William James Psychology and Ontology of Continuity Michela Bella William James psychology and ontology of continuity Michela Bella To cite this version: Michela Bella. William James psychology and ontology of continuity. Philosophy. Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2015. English. NNT : 2015ENSL1006. tel-01203158 HAL Id: tel-01203158 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01203158 Submitted on 22 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Co-Tutrice WILLIAM JAMES : PSYCHOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY OF CONTINUITY (Michela Bella) La thèse William James : Psychology and Ontology of Continuity aborde la question de la continuité de la conscience chez William James, en vue de ses possibles actualisations. En particulier, la tentative est de délimiter, de façon critique, les réflexions et les influences principales qui caractérisent le discours de James. Dans le courant de la théorie de l'évolution de Darwin, les réflexions de James émergèrent dans le champ de la psychologie physiologique de la fin du 19ème siècle, où il développa de plus en plus intensément l'exigence d'une épistémologie renouvelée et d'un nouveau cadre métaphysique pour comprendre les théories et les découvertes scientifiques les plus intéressantes sur l'esprit humain. L'analyse du thème de la continuité permet de saisir, tant d'un point de vue historique que théorique, l'importance du passage graduel de James des observations de la psychologie expérimentale sur la continuité de la pensée vers une perspective ontologique selon laquelle la continuité constitue une caractéristique de la réalité. En outre, une telle analyse permet de clarifier la position de James par rapport à son contexte historique, et en même temps, de mettre en évidence les résultats les plus originaux de son travail. L'aspect de la continuité, bien que reconnu par les critiques de James, n'a jamais été proprement analysé jusqu'à présent. Cela est dû, d'une part, à la grande attention que les commentateurs ont communément prêté à la dimension individuelle chez James, et donc, à l'aspect tychistique et variant de la réalité ; d'autre part, il est important de garder à l'esprit que le principal courant interprétatif a réduit la confrontation entre James et Charles S. Peirce à une polarisation paradigmatique, où James était considéré comme un philosophe nominaliste et individualiste, alors que Peirce était étiqueté comme le réaliste à la recherche d'un continuum mathématique qui soit compatible avec sa théorie de la sémiose infinie. Toutefois, James fut immédiatement intrigué par la contradictoire unité synthétique des états mentaux, qu'il avait pu dériver de sa description de la continuité des états de conscience, où ceux-là préservaient à la fois une réelle continuité et une réelle divisibilité. Le vague aspect de l'expérience n'était pas pleinement reproductible en termes conceptuels, et en termes logiques il constituait une contradiction. L'élaboration d'une telle problématique de la part de James doit être considérée au sein du changement de paradigme de l'époque qui eut lieu dans la première moitié du 20ème siècle. Un tel changement influença l'élaboration de James, particulièrement à travers les progrès théoriques et méthodologiques réalisés dans le champ de la physiologie et de la biologie. La formulation d'une continuité capable de conserver à la fois pouvoir synthétique et d'individualisation devint un thème décisif pour James. En développant ses arguments philosophiques, il se persuada que l'approche dualiste n'était pas satisfaisante pour définir une ontologie descriptive. Un nouveau paradigme scientifique, qu'il contribuerait à critiquer et changer de l'intérieur, était nécessaire pour établir une amélioration graduelle de son travail de recherche. WILLIAM JAMES PSYCHOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY OF CONTINUITY Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... 0 Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 2 I. Psychology of Continuity Introduction ....................................................................................................... 8 I.1 The Naturalistic Activity of Mind ............................................................... 11 I.2 Scope, Methods and Classifications in The Principles of Psychology (1890) (PP I, VII,VIII) ……….. ........................................................................................... 25 I.3 The Stream of Thought and The Consciousness of Self (PP IX-X) ............... 43 I.3.1 Substantive and Transitive Parts of the Steam of Thought…. ................ 53 I.3.2 Feelings of Tendency…. ..................................................................... 56 I.4 The Perception of Time and Space (PP XV, XX) .................................... ….81 I.5 Considerations .......................................................................................... 93 Notes ............................................................................................................. 94 II. The Philosophical and Scientific Context of James’s Elaboration of Ontological Continuity Introduction ................................................................................................... 100 II.1 Peirce on Continuity II.1.1 Peirce and James ............................................................................ 103 II.1.2 Peirce‘s Review of James‘s Principles of Psychology ........................ 105 II.1.3 Peirce‘s Questions on James‘s Principles of Psychology ................... 115 II.1.4 Peirce‘s Theory of Continuity .......................................................... 121 II.1.4.1 The Architecture of Theories .............................................. 122 II.1.4.2 The Doctrine of Necessity Examined ................................... 127 II.1.4.3 The Law of Mind ................................................................ 133 II.1.4.4 Man‘s Glassy Essence ......................................................... 142 II.1.4.5 Evolutionary Love .............................................................. 148 II.1.4.6 CP 6.164-184 and The Logic of Continuity (8th Cambridge Conferences «Reasoning and the Logic of Things» (1898)) ................ 153 II.1.4.7 CP7: Science and Philosophy. Book 3: Philosophy of Mind. Chapter 4: Consciousness (c.1900) and CP 8.270-305 correspondence...163 II.2 Bergson on Continuity II.2.1 Bergson and James .......................................................................... 170 II.2.2 Bergson Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience (DI) ....... 171 II.2.3 La perception du changement (PM) ................................................. 190 II.2.4 La durée réelle (MM – EC) ............................................................. 198 II.2.5 Sur le Pragmatisme de William James. Vérité et Réalité (PM) ........... 207 II.3 Mach on Continuity II.3.1 Mach and James .............................................................................. 213 II.3.2 Mach on Sensations ......................................................................... 216 II.3.3 Mach on Space Perception ............................................................... 223 II.4 Considerations ........................................................................................ 230 Notes ............................................................................................................ 238 III. Epistemology and Ontology of Continuity Introduction .................................................................................................... 251 III.1 Ontology of Continuity: James‘s «Synechistic Pluralism» ........................ 256 III.2 Some Problems of Philosophy : Ontology and Epistemology ................... 259 III.2.2.1 Rationalists and Empiricists ........................................................ 265 III.2.2.2 Percepts and Concepts ................................................................. 267 III.2.2.2.1 Some Corollaries to the Percept-Concept Distinction ........... 280 III.2.2.3 The One and The Many ............................................................... 283 III.2.2.4 Monism or Pluralism: Unreal or Real Novelty? ............................ 289 III.1.2.5 Novelty and Continuity ............................................................... 291 III.2.2.6 Faith and the Right to Believe ...................................................... 303 III.3 A Pluralistic Universe ............................................................................ 306 III.3.1 The Compounding of Consciousness............................................... 310 III.4 P, MT, ERE: Epistemology and Ontology .............................................. 319 III.4.1 Rationalism, Empiricism and Pragmatism ...................................... 322 III.4.2 What James‘s Pragmatism Means .................................................. 331 III.4.3 The Cognitive Meaning of Truth ...................................................
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