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Toward a Critical-Reflexive Sociology

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Toward a Critical-Reflexive Sociology University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-2011 Mediating Justice: Toward A Critical-Reflexive Sociology George Christopher Gondo [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Inequality and Stratification Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Theory, Knowledge and Science Commons Recommended Citation Gondo, George Christopher, "Mediating Justice: Toward A Critical-Reflexive Sociology. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2011. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1069 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by George Christopher Gondo entitled "Mediating Justice: Toward A Critical-Reflexive Sociology." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Sociology. Harry F. Dahms, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Stephen P. Dandaneau, R. Scott Frey Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Mediating Justice: Toward a Critical-reflexive Sociology A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville George Christopher Gondo December 2011 Copyright © 2011 by George C. Gondo All rights reserved. Dedication To Charlie, may your head rest on warm keyboards for eternity. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members, R. Scott Frey, Steven Dandaneau, and Harry Dahms for their patience and encouragement to complete this project. Special thanks to the faculty and staff in the Sociology Department at the University of Tennessee. I am forever in your debt. Much of this work benefitted from conversations with Jeremy Honeycutt, Dima Sarbo, Cory Blad, John Bradford, and Sean Huss. I am indebted to your insights and suggestions. Earlier versions of this work were presented at the 8 th Annual International Social Theory Consortium, the Third Biennial Conference of the International Herbert Marcuse Society, and 73 rd Annual Meeting of the Southern Sociological Society. To Kiley, I could not have done this without your love and support. Thank you for everything you have done. iii ABSTRACT Today, an increasing number of sociologists incorporate the theme of social justice within their work and strive to contribute to efforts to improve existing social conditions. In their view, sociological work that actively engages in issues related to social justice exemplifies ‘the promise’ of sociology and represents a means of refocusing and reinvigorating the discipline at a time of perceived crisis. Yet, a growing body of evidence questions whether previous efforts to use sociology as a mechanism of improving social conditions have been successful. In this thesis, I rely on the works of Alvin W. Gouldner to examine the relationship between sociology and the pursuit of social justice. Specifically, I contend that Gouldner’s works reflect an awareness of the problematic nature of such projects while attempting to reconstruct the practice of sociology in a manner that addresses its shortcomings. Thus, Gouldner’s body of work deepens our understanding of the problematic nature of using existing social scientific paradigms to pursue particular conceptions of social justice while attempting to formulate a vision for a new kind of social science more suitable for such a task. iv Table of Contents Chapter One – Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Sociology and Social Justice ........................................................................................... 4 Method .......................................................................................................................... 10 Structure ........................................................................................................................ 11 Chapter Two – A Brief Examination of the Relationship Between Sociology and Social Justice ................................................................................................................................ 16 The Birth of Modern Society and the Conceptual Shift in Social Justice .................... 18 Social Justice and Post-World War II American Society ............................................. 20 Social Justice at the Twilight of the Welfare State ....................................................... 24 Quantitative Sociology and Contextual Social Justice ............................................. 24 Social Justice as Social Transformation: Counter-systemic Approaches to Social Justice ........................................................................................................................ 26 Mind the Gap: Critiques of the Social Sciences and the (Im)Possibility of a Social Justice-Themed Sociology ............................................................................................ 28 Chapter Three – Alvin W. Gouldner and Social Justice: Exploring the Tragedy of the Social Sciences.................................................................................................................. 34 The (mis)perception of Gouldner’s relationship with social-justice themed sociology 35 Gouldner’s Critique of Social Justice-themed Sociological Research ......................... 38 Critique of Sociology and the Problem of Theory and Practice ............................... 42 Gouldner On Subject and Object .............................................................................. 44 The Concept of Mediation in Gouldner’s Works ..................................................... 45 Reconstructing Sociology as a Way of Transforming Society ................................. 46 Chapter Four – Reflexive Sociology and the Emancipatory Potentiality of Sociology ... 50 Similarities and Dissimilarities between Adorno, Manneheim and Gouldner ............. 51 Gouldner’s Vision of a Reflexive Sociology and the Pursuit of Social Justice ............ 55 Exploring the Dark Side of the Dialectic ...................................................................... 59 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 64 List of References ............................................................................................................. 70 Vita .................................................................................................................................... 79 v Chapter One – Introduction “Ich habe meine Gründe vergessen.” – Nietzsche, quoted in Mannheim Ideology and Utopia (1985: 20) Through-out the world today, we are witnessing an increase in groups, movements, and protests calling for social change. In the last year, the so-called ‘Arab Spring’, consisting of widespread protests and social upheaval demanding social, political, and economic reforms, toppled authoritarian regimes across Northern Africa and the Middle East. Today, within the United States and many European nations, a variety of groups and movements have risen in response to the prolonged recession following the 2008 financial crisis calling attention to a diversity of issues ranging from the role of corporate power within society, rising inequality and forced austerity measures which further erode an already weakened social safety net, to increasing government intrusion in our daily lives. These movements and groups represent a cross section of society, both in terms of their political ideology and the issues promoted. Yet, what is common to all is a sense of injustice that motivates them. These movements attest to the continued relevance of social justice within contemporary society, as well as highlight its contested nature and the communal desire to improve social conditions through human activity. The idea to improve social conditions is a powerful and omnipotent feature of modern society. Such 1 motivations are evident in the advertising slogans of commercial products and the companies that make them 1, the non-profit and charitable organizations that we volunteer for or donate to, our political institutions and economic and financial institutions. On a societal level these desires are often codified into conceptions of social justice which seek to offer coherent explanations for the particular arrangement and structure of advantages and disadvantages within society – whether these be conceived of as the distribution of goods and bads in society or political and cultural recognition within the institutions of society. While the contested nature of social justice may lead some to question the continued relevance of the topic, theories and conceptions of social justice play a vital role in defining social issues that need to be addressed and what steps are to be taken to address them. In this sense to is important to develop a theory of justice that conforms to what we as a society think of ourselves
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