Hibernia College Referencing Guide

Introduction ...... 7 Purpose of this guide ...... 7 About this guide ...... 7 Plagiarism ...... 7 Examples of plagiarism ...... 7 Plagiarism – key points ...... 8 Definitions ...... 9 In-text citation ...... 9 Reference list ...... 9 What do I not need to reference? ...... 9 Bibliography ...... 10 Artistic materials and performances ...... 10 Concerts ...... 10 Classical...... 10 Groups or bands ...... 10 Dance ...... 10 Line of a poem from an anthology ...... 10 Liner notes ...... 11 Musical scores ...... 11 Plays ...... 11 Lines from a play ...... 12 Song lyrics ...... 12 Author citing another author’s work ...... 12 Books and e-books ...... 13 Book with one author ...... 13 Book with three authors or fewer ...... 13 Book with more than three authors...... 13 Book with an editor...... 13 Chapters or excerpts from edited books ...... 14 Illustrations, diagrams or tables from a book ...... 14 Multiple works in the same year by the same author ...... 14 Multi-volume works ...... 15 Specific volume of a work ...... 15 Book with no author ...... 15

Types of books ...... 15 Bibliographies ...... 15 Collected works (anthologies) ...... 16 Reference books ...... 16 Reprinted books ...... 16 Religious books ...... 16 Translated books ...... 17 Electronic sources ...... 17 E-books ...... 17 E-journal articles from library collections like EBSCO ...... 17 Journal articles from the Internet (e-journals) ...... 18 Open access journal articles (e-journals) ...... 18 Web pages ...... 18 Web pages with an author ...... 18 Web pages from an organisation ...... 19 Web pages without an author ...... 19 Webinars ...... 19 Wikis ...... 19 Ephemera ...... 20 Exhibition catalogues ...... 20 Leaflets ...... 20 Pamphlets ...... 20 Postcards ...... 21 Posters ...... 21 Exhibition poster ...... 21 Government and legal information ...... 21 Irish court cases ...... 21 Irish Acts (also called statutes) ...... 22 Section of an Act ...... 22 Irish statutory instruments ...... 22 UK Bills (House of Commons or House of Lords) ...... 22 Command papers including Green and White Papers ...... 22 UK and Irish Departmental publications ...... 23 Online example ...... 23

UK House of Commons and House of Lords Papers ...... 23 UK statutes (Acts of Parliament) ...... 24 UK Statutory Instruments ...... 25 Historical and genealogical sources ...... 25 Atlases ...... 25 Birth, marriage or death certificates ...... 25 Census returns ...... 25 Online example ...... 26 Collection of manuscripts ...... 26 Maps ...... 26 Printed ...... 26 Online example ...... 26 Microfiche and microfilm resources ...... 27 Photographs ...... 27 Online example ...... 27 Historical collections online ...... 27 Group methods of communication ...... 28 Blogs ...... 28 Full conference proceedings ...... 28 Individual conference proceedings ...... 28 Personal communications ...... 29 Minutes of meetings ...... 29 Author identified ...... 29 Group name ...... 30 RSS feeds ...... 30 Social networking sites (for example, Facebook, LinkedIn, Bebo, Twitter) ...... 30 Journals and theses ...... 30 Journal articles ...... 30 Print journal and e-journal articles ...... 30 Theses ...... 30 Printed theses ...... 30 Theses available on the Internet ...... 31 Unpublished theses ...... 31 Media communications ...... 31

Advertisements ...... 31 Interviews ...... 32 Interview available on the Internet ...... 32 Newspaper interview ...... 32 Television interview ...... 32 Newspaper articles...... 32 Articles from Internet newspapers ...... 32 Journal or newspaper articles from CD-ROM databases ...... 33 Printed newspapers ...... 33 Article with an author ...... 33 Article without an identified author ...... 33 Press releases or statements ...... 33 Online example ...... 34 Reviews ...... 34 Book reviews ...... 34 Drama reviews ...... 34 Magazine reviews ...... 34 Internet reviews ...... 34 Reviews of musical performances ...... 35 Multimedia resources ...... 35 Cartoons ...... 35 CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs ...... 35 Computer programs ...... 35 Films or movies...... 36 Films or movies ...... 36 Films on DVDs ...... 36 Director commentaries on DVDs ...... 36 Films on video cassettes ...... 37 Films on YouTube ...... 37 Internet download (audio or video format) ...... 37 Music or audio books ...... 37 Phonecasts ...... 38 Podcasts ...... 38 Radio ...... 38

Radio programmes ...... 38 Online example ...... 38 Television ...... 39 Episodes ...... 39 Television programmes ...... 39 DVD format for television programmes ...... 39 TV programme on the Internet ...... 39 Videocasts ...... 40 Quotations ...... 40 Short quotations (20-25 words) ...... 40 Longer quotations (more than 25 words)...... 40 Reports and publications – companies, organisations and institutions ...... 41 Curriculum documents (Ireland) ...... 41 European Union publications ...... 42 International organisations’ publications ...... 42 Online example ...... 42 Reports ...... 42 Company annual reports ...... 42 Financial reports ...... 43 Market research reports ...... 43 Research reports ...... 43 Scientific and technical information ...... 43 British standards ...... 43 Online example ...... 43 Graphs ...... 44 VLE/Course materials ...... 44 Author or tutor notes/presentations ...... 44 Discussion groups, forums or message/bulletin boards...... 44 FAQs ...... 45 Reference list ...... 47

Introduction Since the invention of printing in the fifteenth century and the beginning of mass publication, authors have sought recognition for their works. This manifested itself, for example, in the form of the first copyright act in the world, Statute of Anne in 1710. The origins of referencing, according to Grafton (1999), can be traced back to Roman jurists concerning ‘legal treatises'. Although like the issue of copyright, referencing, in some format, started to become necessary, especially after the fifteenth century. There is a basic guide to copyright for students available on the main library page in MyHELMS.

Purpose of this guide The purpose of this guide is to explain and illustrate the Harvard referencing system as used by Hibernia College. The guide aims to ensure that faculty and students are aware of the correct method of referencing all kinds of materials for the purposes of their research and writing. Proper and consistent referencing is an important tool for avoiding plagiarism.

There are several different types of referencing systems available, each with their own variations. In relation to punctuation, even within the Harvard system, there are slight variations used by different educational institutions – hence the need for a comprehensive guide that illustrates the style used by Hibernia College.

Referencing and bibliographic software management options are now increasingly available to students – in many cases, on a subscription basis. There are some useful free software options available also, namely Zotero, Mendelay and EndNote. Further information is provided in the Academic Writing Toolkit, which is available on MyHELMS. However, it is still the responsibility of students to ensure that if they use any of these tools, the finished bibliography conforms to the College’s standards.

About this guide The guide begins by defining the principal terms that students need to understand when referencing.

The examples in this guide have been chosen for their relevance to the students of Hibernia College. For the most part, they are working examples taken from reading lists, the online library resources or from other recommended online sources.

Each example is laid out as follows:

• Full citation order • Reference list example (based on the above order) • In-text citation example

Plagiarism

Examples of plagiarism The Cambridge advanced learner’s dictionary (2010) defines the verb ‘plagiarise’ as ‘to use another person’s idea or a part of their work and pretend that it is your own’. If you use anything that is authored by somebody else, you must acknowledge this fully. This, at its most basic, means direct quotes (words, sentences or paragraphs) taken from a piece of

work, regardless of whether they are in print format or have been taken from a source on the Internet. However, it also applies to illustrations like images, diagrams, graphs and statistical data and facts.

The next less obvious form of plagiarism is if you change some words around in an extract, perhaps add some words yourself but still maintain the basic sentence structure of the original work. Similar to this, would be summarising a piece of work and not crediting the original author(s). This links in with the concept of ‘paraphrasing’ – when ‘you express someone else’s writing in your own words, usually to achieve greater clarity’ (Pears, 2010, p.16). Pears acknowledges that this is a very useful skill for students to acquire because it allows them great control over their individual style of writing and helps to incorporate the material being used into their argument more effectively, often strengthening it.

Most literature on this concept emphasises the importance of not leaving out anything that you read, use or refer to for the purposes of your writing. However, another example of plagiarism is to include a reference to something that you have not consulted or used, during the course of your research, reading and writing. Similarly, beware of self-plagiarising. If you have written a piece of work in the past and you use this material in another piece of work, acknowledge this fact.

Plagiarism is regarded as undermining academic integrity and, as such, is extremely serious. Always bear in mind the amount of work you put into researching, reading, preparing, drafting and writing a piece of work and now imagine how you would feel if somebody took it and tried to pass it off as their own.

With the increasing availability of material on the Internet, plagiarism has become an even bigger issue. There are several software packages available to combat the problem and Hibernia College uses Turnitin. It is the responsibility of students to ensure that all materials they use, in whatever format, are fully and correctly referenced. This is vital as a mechanism for avoiding plagiarism.

Plagiarism – key points Any work used, copied or quoted in writing that is not properly credited can be considered to be plagiarised.

Always ensure the works used are fully credited using the Harvard referencing system.

Include quotation marks when making a direct quote. Limit your quote to 20-25 words.

In a reference list, do not include works that have not been used in the writing.

Avoid paraphrasing, summarising or quoting unless the original work is referenced.

When starting research for any written work, compile a reference list and, as you find materials, add them to the list with full details. This makes it very easy to compile a reference list at the end. There are several tools available from the online library resources to assist in the compilation and preparation of references. Ebrary and EBSCO provide options for exporting references directly when used with referencing software. The references may need to be edited to comply with the Harvard style.

Remember that just because the information you have found is freely available on the Internet does not mean it can be treated any differently to a printed book from a library for example. It must still be referenced as comprehensively as possible.

Be careful with confidential information. Examples would be medical or legal information. If you have any doubt about information, it is always better to contact the owner or compiler of the information to seek their permission to use and reference it.

Definitions

In-text citation If you refer to or quote from a piece of work, you must provide basic details for the work within the text of your work.

Author and date – you include the page number if quoting directly from the work

Reference list A reference list is included at the end of a piece of work to indicate to the reader all materials ‘referred’ to by the author during that work. The list is presented in alphabetic order according to the authors’ surnames (if there is no author, use the title).

Reasons for referencing • Referencing is a standard procedure for academic writing. • It is vital for avoiding plagiarism and to comply with copyright laws by acknowledging fully the use of somebody else’s work. (Hibernia College also has a student copyright guide.) • References can be located and checked by the reader. • Referencing demonstrates how much research has been undertaken and helps to strengthen the writer’s argument.

What do I not need to reference? You don’t need to reference material that is considered to be common knowledge. This is information that is already widely available from a number of sources and is known by the vast majority of people. Examples include famous historical dates, landmark events and some breaking-news stories, such as the following:

John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963.

There are 7 days in a week and 365 days in a year.

Generally, the information is factual, often beyond dispute. As a useful tip, even if you weren’t aware of the information before, you will be able to find it easily in a reference book, like a dictionary or an encyclopaedia.

Note: If there is any doubt as to whether something is common knowledge or not, it is best practice to reference it.

Bibliography A bibliography is presented in the same format as a reference list. However, as well as including the materials ‘referred’ to during the writing, any material used in preparation for the writing – although not used directly – must also be included. Do not include materials that you haven’t used or consulted in the reference list and/or the bibliography.

All students are required to include a reference list at the end of their work. A bibliography is optional except for students completing their thesis who must include both a reference list and the bibliography.

Artistic materials and performances

Concerts Composer Year Title Performer and conductor’s name(s) (‘Performed by’ followed by full name or ‘Conducted by’ followed by full name) Location and date seen

Classical Feldman, M. (2010) Words and Music. Performed by the Crash Ensemble. [IMMA, Dublin, 30 May].

An eclectic mix (Feldman, 2010)...

Groups or bands The Antlers (2010) [The Academy, 31 May].

The Antlers (2010) did not disappoint...

Dance Composer or choreographer Year (of premiere) Title Location and date seen

Whelan, B. (1994) Riverdance [Gaiety Theatre, Dublin, 22 June 2010].

‘Irish dance has been revitalised’ (Whelan, 1994).

Line of a poem from an anthology Poem author Year (when the work was published) Poem title ’in’ (followed by the author or editor of the anthology) Anthology title Publisher details (place and publisher)

Page reference

Kavanagh, P. (2005) ‘Stony grey soil’, in Quinn, A. (ed.) Collected poems. London: Penguin.

‘Oh stony grey soil of Monaghan

The laugh from my love you thieved’ (Kavanagh, 2005, p.24).

Liner notes Author (of the liner notes, if available) Year Title (liner notes text) ‘in’ (add in the title of the recording) Medium [CD liner notes] Distribution details (place and distribution company)

Norris, G. (1993) ‘Peter and the wolf’, in Peter and the wolf. Carnival of the animals. [CD liner notes]. Alabama: Quicksliva.

...both useful for teaching children about the instruments of the orchestra (Norris, 1993).

Musical scores Composer Year (when the score was published) Title Notes (any additional information given) Publication details (place and publisher)

Lloyd Webber, A. (1985) Requiem. London: The Really Useful Group Limited.

The solo soprano piece in Pie Jesu (Lloyd Webber, 1985).

Plays Title ‘by’ (indicate the author here – full name) Year (when the work was performed) ‘Directed by’ (indicate the full name of the director) Location and date seen

Philadelphia here I come by Brian Friel (1964) Directed by Dominic Dromgoole. [Abbey Theatre, Dublin, 17 March 2010].

Contradiction is at the heart of the play (Philadelphia here I come, 1964).

Lines from a play Author of the play Year (when the work was published) Title ’Edited by’ (followed by the editor of the play, surname, initials) Publication details (place and publisher) Act: Scene: Line

Shakespeare, W. (2007) Macbeth. Edited by Lander, J.M. New York: Barnes & Noble. 1.4.7- 8.

‘Nothing in his life became him like the leaving of it’ (Shakespeare, 2007, 1.4.7-8).

Song lyrics Lyricist Year (when distributed) Song title Distribution details (place and distribution company)

Kammeraad, K. (2000) Alphabet rain. Michigan: Cooperfly Books.

...in learning the alphabet (Kammeraad, 2000).

Author citing another author’s work This is an example of a reference in an article by P. Hogan to the work of Pierre Hadot.

Hogan, P. (2003) ‘Teaching and learning as a way of life’, Journal of Philosophy of Education, 37(2), pp.207-223.

Hadot, 1995 (cited in Hogan, 2003, p.212), describes the ‘distinction between philosophy as a professional theoretical endeavour and philosophy as a way of life’.

Books and e-books This section covers standard books and e-books and how to reference the different numbers of authors, chapters and excerpts. This is followed by some types of publication.

Book with one author Author or editor Year (when the work was published) Title Edition (no need to add this if title is a first edition) Publication details (place and publisher) Series and volume number (if applicable)

Tapscott, D. (2009) Grown up digital: how the net generation is changing your world. London: McGraw-Hill.

Tapscott (2009) suggests...

‘...and perhaps even the new, networked society’ (Tapscott, 2009, p.8).

The above example can also be used for e-book titles. Some referencing software, like Zotero, add in the online location for the e-book after the publication details – this is not required.

Book with three authors or fewer Note: The citation order is as for the previous example except you must include all authors or editors.

Share, P., Tovey, H. and Corcoran, M.P. (2007) A sociology of Ireland. 10th edn. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.

Share, Tovey and Corcoran (2007, p.10) refer to…

Book with more than three authors Note: The citation order is as for the above example except you must include all authors or editors. For the in-text citation, ‘et al.’ is sufficient to indicate additional authors.

Allhoff, F., Lin, P., Moor, J. and Weckert, J. (2007) Nanoethics: the ethical and social implications of nanotechnology. London: WileyBlackwell.

This was proved by Allhoff et al. (2007).

Book with an editor Editor(s) Year Title Edition (no need to add this if title is a first edition) Publication details (place and publisher) Series and volume number (if this is applicable)

Musgrove, P. (ed.) (2004) Health economics in development. Washington DC: The World Bank.

...thus proving the point (Musgrove, 2004).

Chapters or excerpts from edited books Chapter author(s) or editor(s) Year (when the work was published) Chapter title ’in’ (followed by the author or editor of the book, surname and initials) Book title Edition (no need to add this if title is a first edition) Publication details (place and publisher) Page numbers of the chapter or section (pp.)

Stevens, R. (2000) ‘Who counts what as math? Emergent and assigned mathematics problems in a project-based classroom’, in Boaler, J. (ed.) Multiple perspectives on mathematics teaching & learning. London: Ablex, pp.123-150.

...defined as mathematics (Stevens, 2000).

Illustrations, diagrams or tables from a book Author (book author) Year Book title Publication details (place and publication) Page number of the item Indicate the medium

Ohler, J. (2008) Digital storytelling in the classroom: new media pathways to literacy, learning and creativity. California: Corwin Press, p.79, fig.

‘...using a simplified storyboard’ (Ohler, 2008, p.79).

Multiple works in the same year by the same author Author(s) Year (when the work was published; use an ‘a’ after the year to denote the earlier publication) Title Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition) Publication details (place and publisher) Series and volume number (if this is applicable)

Ferriter, D. (2005a) Radical politics in modern Ireland: the history of the Irish Socialist Republican Party, 1896-1904. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.

Ferriter, D. (2005b) The transformation of Ireland 1900-2000. London: Profile Books.

In discussions about Ireland (Ferriter, 2005a, 2005b)...

Multi-volume works Author(s)/editor(s) Year (when the work was published) Title Volumes (indicate how many volumes in the work) Publication details (place and publisher)

Kelleher, M. and O’Leary, P. (ed.) (2006) The Cambridge history of Irish literature. (2 vols.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kelleher and O’Leary’s (2006) work refers to...

Specific volume of a work Author(s) or editor (s) Year (when the work was published) Specific volume title used Publication details (place and publisher)

Kelleher, M. and O’Leary, P. (eds.) (2006) The Cambridge history of Irish literature. Volume 1: to 1890. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Volume 1 of Kelleher and O’Leary’s work (2006) indicates...

Book with no author Title Year (when the work was published) Edition (no need to add this if title is a first edition) Publication details (place and publisher)

W.B. Yeats & the Irish renaissance (1990) Stanford: Stanford University Libraries.

'...as it happened' (W.B. Yeats & the Irish renaissance, 1990, p.12).

Types of books

Bibliographies Author(s) or editor(s) Year (when the work was published) Title Publication details (place and publisher)

Gilbert, V.F. (1979) Theses and dissertations on the history of education, presented at British and Irish universities between 1900 and 1976. Lancaster: History of Education Society.

Gilbert (1979) lists the theses...

Collected works (anthologies) Editor or compiler Year (when the work was published) Title Publication details (place and publisher)

Philip, N. (ed.) (1996) The new Oxford book of children’s verse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

In the collection of children’s verse, Philip (1996) includes...

Reference books Editor(s) Year (when the work was published) Title Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition) Publication details (place and publisher) Series and volume (if this is applicable)

Soanes, C. and Stevenson, A. (eds.) (2004) Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2004, p.456) defines language as '....'.

Reprinted books Author(s)/editor(s) Year (original publication) Title ’Reprint’ to indicate same Publication details (place and publisher) Year of reprint

Freire, P. (1968) Pedagogy of the oppressed. Reprint, London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2001.

...in this work (Freire, 1968).

Religious books The Bible

Book of the bible Chapter and verse Indicate the version of the Bible used

Colossians 3:1-4, King James Version.

...taken from the Colossians (3:1-4).

The Qur’an

Qur’an Chapter and verse* Surah can mean verse either

Qur’an 107:144.

'And two of camels and two of cows' (Qur’an 107:144).

The Torah

Torah Book Chapter and verse

Torah. Devarim 32:7.

'Consider the days of old, the years of the many generations' (Devarim 32:7).

Translated books Author Year (when the original work was published) Title ’Translated by’ (followed by the full name of the translator – forename, surname) Full publication details of the reprint including the year (translation)

Mankell, H. (2008) The pyramid: the Kurt Wallander stories. Translated by Ebba Segerberg and Laurie Thompson. Reprint, London: Vintage, 2009.

...compilation of stories (Mankell, 2008).

Electronic sources

E-books Refer to the Books and e-books section.

E-journal articles

E-journal articles from library collections like EBSCO Refer to the Print journal and e-journal articles section.

Journal articles from the Internet (e-journals) (Journals that are published on the Internet only)

Author (author of the article) Year (when the article was published) Title (article title) Journal title Journal details (volume, issue or month/season) Medium [Online] URL and date accessed

Thomas A. and Rothery, A. (2005) 'Online repositories for learning materials: the user perspective', Ariadne, 45, October. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue45/thomas-rothery/ (Accessed: 29 May 2007).

Thomas and Rothery (2005) discuss online repositories...

Open access journal articles (e-journals) This relates to online journals, usually published by their producer – not a commercial publisher.

Note: It is important to check whether these are peer reviewed.

Author (person who wrote the article) Year (when the article was published online) Title Journal title Journal details (volume, issue and the page numbers if possible) Open access database details (name) Medium [Online] URL and date accessed

Paulchamy, C. (2010) 'Pharmacological perspectives of snake venoms from Viperidae family', The Internet Journal of Pharmacology, 8(2), Internet Scientific Publications. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_pharmacology/volume_8_number_2_1 9/article/pharmacological-perspectives-of-snake-venoms-from-viperidae-family.html (Accessed: 11 February 2010).

Studies by Paulchamy (2010)...

Web pages

Web pages with an author Author (person who authored the page) Year (when the site was published or updated – whichever is available) Internet site name URL and date accessed

Nolan, M. (2010) Expad.ie. Available at: http://expad.ie (Accessed: 1 June 2010).

Nolan (2010) discusses...

Web pages from an organisation Author (the organisation) Year (when the site was published or updated, whichever is available) Internet site name URL and the date accessed

Trócaire (2010) Resources. Available at: http://www.trocaire.org/resources (Accessed: 1 June 2010).

...on the education resources page (Trócaire, 2010).

Web pages without an author Internet site name Year (when the site was published or updated, whichever is available) URL and the date accessed

Constructivism-philosophy of education (2010) Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_education (Accessed: 8 June 2010).

...social environment (Constructivism-philosophy of education, 2010).

Webinars Author or speaker Year Title Medium (lecture, webinar, etc.) Date (day and month)

Dracup, T. (2010) Global perspectives on gifted education. [Webinar]. 21 August.

Dracup (2010) discusses...

Wikis Author (this information might not be given) Title (article name on the site) Year (when the site was published or updated, whichever is available) Web site name URL and date accessed

‘Constructivism’ (2010) Edutech wiki. Available at: http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Constructivism (Accessed: 2 June 2010).

...so that students play a larger role in judging their own progress (‘Constructivism’, 2010).

Ephemera

Exhibition catalogues Author Year (when the work was published) Exhibition title Exhibition details (location and date) Medium, in this case [Exhibition catalogue]

Cadden, M. and Jensen, M.A. (1995) Oscar Wilde: a writer for the nineties. Catalogue of an exhibition held at Princeton University Library, Princeton, 30 April-1 September 1995. [Exhibition catalogue].

'...Wilde’s life' (Cadden and Jensen, 1995, p.12).

Leaflets Author (will often be a corporate author) Date Title Medium and where it was sourced [Leaflet obtained...] Date (when sourced)

Irish Water Safety (2009) Wise up to water safety. [Leaflet obtained in Wicklow Swimming Club], 12 July 2009.

Irish Water Safety (2009) advises on how to stay safe close to water.

Pamphlets Author(s)/editor(s) Year (when the pamphlet was produced) Title Publication details (place and publisher)

Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (2000) The bill of rights: social & economic rights. Belfast: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission.

...impinging human rights (Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission’s pamphlet, 2000).

Postcards Artist Date Title Medium [Postcard] Publication details (place and publisher)

Hinde, J. (no date) The harbour and pier walks, Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin, Ireland. [Postcard]. Bray: John Hinde Limited.

John Hinde (no date) used several images of the local area....

Posters

Exhibition poster Artist Year Title Medium [Poster] Exhibition details (‘Exhibited at’ followed by the location and date) Dimensions (if possible)

Helzel, F.B. and Battat, E. (1989) Witnesses to history: the Jewish Poster 1770-1985. [Poster]. Exhibited at the Judah L. Magnes Museum. 26 February-11 June 1989.

...providing a social history of the Jewish people (Helzel and Battat, 1989).

Government and legal information

Irish court cases Basic details (name of the case and the year) Volume title (abbreviated) Page number of the case

James Sinnott, (a person of unsound mind not so found suing by his mother and next friend Kathryn Sinnott), Plaintiff, v The Minister for Education, Ireland and the Attorney General, Defendants, and Kathryn Sinnott, Plaintiff, v The Minister for Education, Ireland and the Attorney General, Defendants (2001) 2 IR 545.

In the Sinnott case (James Sinnott, (a person of unsound mind not so found suing by his mother and next friend Kathryn Sinnott), Plaintiff, v The Minister for Education, Ireland and the Attorney General, Defendants, and Kathryn Sinnott, Plaintiff, v The Minister for Education, Ireland and the Attorney General, Defendants 2001)...

Note: The Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations (www.legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk, 2007) provides more information about abbreviations.

Irish Acts (also called statutes) Basic details (title and year) Section number(s) (if relevant) Publication details (place and publisher)

(Key words in capital letters)

Education for Persons with Special Educational Needs Act 2004, No. 30, Dublin: The Stationery Office.

The Act (Education for Persons with Special Educational Needs Act 2004) set out…

Section of an Act Education for Persons with Special Educational Needs Act 2004, No. 30, s. 2, Dublin: The Stationery Office.

Reference is also made to children educated alongside special needs children (Education for Persons with Special Educational Needs Act 2004).

Irish statutory instruments Basic details (title and year) SI (indicates the medium; add No. of year also) Publication details (place and publisher)

(Key words in capital letters)

Guardianship of Children 1998, SI No. 3 of 1998. Dublin: The Stationery Office. The provisions of the SI (Guardianship of Children 1998)… UK Bills (House of Commons or House of Lords) Great Britain (indicate the country of origin of the material) Parliamentary information (Parliament, House of Lords or House of Commons) Year (when the material was published) Title Publication details (place and publisher) Bill number

(Key words in capital letters)

Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (2009) The Children, Schools and Families Bill. London: The Stationery Office. (Bills 2009-2010 8). The Children, Schools and Families Bill (Parliament, 2009) is of interest to a wide cross- section of the population.

Command papers including Green and White Papers Great Britain or Ireland Name (Committee or Royal Commission) Year (when the publication was published) Title of the publication

Publication details (place and publisher) Paper number

(Key words in capital letters)

Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and Families (2010) Government response to the Children, Schools and Families Committee report on Early Years Single Funding Formula. London: The Stationery Office. (Cm7871).

The latest opinion on early years’ funding (Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2010)...

UK and Irish Departmental publications Country (country of origin of the publication) Name (government department responsible) Year (when the publication was published) Title Publication details (place and publisher) Series (if this is relevant) For online versions, add the following to the above information: Medium [Online] URL and date accessed

Ireland. Department of Education and Science. Inspectorate (2005) Beginning to teach: newly qualified teachers in Irish primary schools. Dublin: Stationery Office.

...in the report (Ireland.Department of Education and Science, 2005).

Online example Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and Families (2009) The children’s plan two years on: a progress report. [Online]. Available at: http://publications.dcsf.gov.uk/eOrderingDownload/01162-2009-Final.pdf (Accessed: 1 January 2010). Ireland. Department of Health and Children, Health Service Executive (2009) The national guidelines on physical activity for Ireland. [Online]. Available at: http://www.dohc.ie/publications/pdf/active_guidelines.pdf?direct=1 (Accessed: 1 January 2010).

Physical activity is recommended in Britain (Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2009) and Ireland (Department of Health and Children, Health Service Executive, 2009).

UK House of Commons and House of Lords Papers Great Britain (indicate the country of origin of the material) Parliament, House of Lords or House of Commons Year (when the material was published) Title Publication details (place and publisher)

Paper number – use a bracket for the number; also, differentiate between House of Lords (HL) and House of Commons (HC) papers

Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. (2010) From Baker to Balls: the foundations of the education system, Session 2010-2011. London: The Stationery Office. (HC 2010-2011 347).

Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. (2010) Setting priorities for publicly funded research, Session 2010-2011. London: The Stationery Office. (HL 2010-2011 (104-I)).

Parliamentary reports for 2010 included the foundation of the education system (Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, 2010) and publicly funded research (Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords, 2010).

UK statutes (Acts of Parliament) Before 1963

Short title details (title and year of the Act) Regnal year (number of years since the accession of the monarch) Sovereign’s name Number of chapter

(Key words in capital letters)

Act of Union 1800 (40 Geo.3, c. 38)

The Act of Union 1800 (40 Geo.3, c. 38) added to the decline of Dublin.

After 1963

Great Britain (indicate the country of origin of the material) Short title details (title and year of the Act) Sovereign’s name Chapter number Publication details (place and publisher)

Great Britain. Children, Schools and Families Act 2010: Elizabeth II. Chapter 26. London: The Stationery Office.

The statute (Great Britain. Children, Schools and Families Act 2010) listed...

Section of an Act

Great Britain. Children, Schools and Families Act 2010: Elizabeth II. Chapter 36. London: The Stationery Office.

An appeal as defined in s.1.(2)(3) of the Act (Great Britain. Children, Schools and Families Act 2010)...

UK Statutory Instruments Basic details (title and year) SI year and number (include brackets here)

(Key words in capital letters)

The Pharmacy Order 2010 (SI 2010/299). The Pharmacy Order 2010...

Historical and genealogical sources

Atlases Title Year (when the work was published) Publication details (place and publisher)

Collins atlas of world history (2004) London: Collins.

‘...the paintings of the Renaissance’ (Collins atlas of world history, 2004, p.45).

Birth, marriage or death certificates Name (person on the certificate) Year (when the event occurred) Indicate type of document (Certified copy of ______certificate for) and give the full name of the person Date (day, month and year of the event) Certificate’s application number Register office details (name and location)

'William Henning Beckett' (1857) Certified copy of birth certificate for William Henning Beckett, 19 October 1857. Application number X/1740A/1/1. National Archives, London, England.

William Henning Beckett was born in Portsea ('William Henning Beckett', 1857)...

Census returns Name (person listed in the census record) Year (when the census was carried out) Location (indicate this using the phrase ‘Census return for’ followed by street, place and county Registration sub-district Public Record Office Piece number, folio number, page number For the online version, add the following information also: Web site name Year (last updated) Indicate URL and date accessed

‘Alfred Prosser’ (1901) Census return for New Invention, Kentchurch sub-district, Hereford. Public Record Office: PRO RG13/2484, folio 33a, p.3.

Alfred Prosser was a railway platelayer and farmer (‘Alfred Prosser’, 1901).

Online example 'Susan Devers' (1901) Census return for 12 Garden Street, Ballina Urban, County Mayo. National Archives: nai001057869. National Archives (2010). Available at: http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1901/Mayo/Ballina_Urban/Garden_Street/1571 805/ (Accessed: 7 June 2010).

Susan Devers lived in Garden Street in 1901 ('Susan Devers', 1901).

Collection of manuscripts Location (where the manuscript is housed) Collection name followed by MS, which indicates the item is a manuscript

Edward Worth Library, Ussher MS.

There are plans to publish the letters of Ussher (Edward Worth Library, Ussher MS) shortly...

Maps

Printed

Ordnance survey maps Ordnance Survey Ireland Year Title Map statistics (sheet number and scale) Publication details (place and publisher) Map series

Ordnance Survey Ireland (2007) Dublin, Kildare, Meath, Wicklow, sheet 50, 1:50,000. Dublin: Ordnance Survey Ireland (Discovery series).

...depicting the parish church (Ordnance Survey, 2007).

Online example Publisher Year Map section title Map statistics (sheet number and scale) Title of online collection Medium [Online] URL and date accessed

Ordnance Survey (2009) ‘Great Britain coastline and administrative boundaries’, 1:10,000. Outline maps of Great Britain, Ordnance Survey. [Online]. Available at:

http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/images/userImages/misc/outlinemaps/outlineb. pdf (Accessed: 2 June 2010).

...running along the coast (Ordnance Survey, 2009).

Microfiche and microfilm resources Author Year (when the microform was published) Title Medium [Microfiche] or [Microfilm] Publication details (place and publisher)

Friends' Library (no date) Anti-slavery collection. [Microfiche]. US: Society of Friends.

...illustrated with material from the collection (Friends’ Library, no date).

Photographs Photographer Year Title Medium [Photograph] Publication details (place and publisher) For online version, omit the publication details and add the following information: Medium [Online] URL and date accessed

Independent Newspapers PLC (c. 1921) Michael Collins arriving at Earlsfort Terrace. [Photograph]. Dublin: Independent Newspapers PLC.

Michael Collins pictured arriving at Earlsfort Terrace (Irish Independent, c. 1921)...

Online example Geraghty, A. (2006) Brennanstown dolmen. [Online]. Available at: http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/environment-geography/physical- landscape/man-and-the-landscape-in/dun-laoghaire-rathdown-ea/megalithic-monuments-1/ (Accessed: 3 June 2010).

...depicting megalithic monuments (Geraghty, 2006).

Historical collections online Photographer Year Title Online collection title Medium [Online] URL and date accessed

Clarke, J.J. (1890-1910) Two men in car on St. Stephen’s Green. National Library of Ireland Digital Photographs. [Online]. Available at: http://digital.nli.ie/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/glassplates&CISOPTR=33980&CIS OBOX=1&REC=12 (Accessed: 3 June 2010).

This photograph (Clarke, 1890-1910) depicts...

Group methods of communication

Blogs Author (who wrote the message on the blog site) Year (when the site was set up or last updated – whichever is available) Title Internet site name Further details (day or month the message was posted, URL and date accessed)

Jones, H. (2010) ‘ISS crew land safely in Kazakhstan’, The Frog Blog, 2 June. Available at: http://blog.sccscience.com/ (Accessed: 2 June 2010).

Humphrey Jones (2010) reports on the crew of the International Space Station.

Full conference proceedings Author/editor Year (when the conference proceedings were published) Conference title and subtitle Further conference details (location and date) Publication details (place and publisher)

Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (2010) E-LEARN 2010 - World conference on e-learning in corporate, government, healthcare & higher education. Orlando, Florida, 18-22 October. Virginia: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.

The conference (Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, 2010)...

Individual conference proceedings Author of individual paper Year (when the paper was published) Title of paper Conference title and subtitle Further conference details (location and date) Publication details (place and publisher) Page references for the paper

Jansen, S., Kreijns, K., Bastiaens, T. and Stijnen, S. (2010) 'The influence of guidance on the quality of professional development plans', Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference. Nashville, 7-11 March 2010. Chesapeake, VA: Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education, pp.98-105.

Kreijns et al. (2010) discussed…

Personal communications Author (could be the sender [e-mails, forums, posts] or speaker also) Year (when the communication was sent) Medium Receiver of communication (who was the communication intended for) Timeframe (day and month it was received)

Murphy, S. (2010) Conversation with Michael Kelly, 11 October.

Murphy, S. (2009) Letter to Michael Kelly, 15 December.

Murphy, S. (2010) E-mail to Michael Kelly, 5 March.

Murphy, S. (2009) Telephone conversation with Michael Kelly, 8 December.

Murphy, S. (2010) Text message to Michael Kelly, 23 March.

Murphy, S. (2010) Fax to Michael Kelly, 30 March.

[Podcast]. 14 February. Available at: http://www.iteach.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 12 May 2010).

This was questioned by Murphy (2010).

Minutes of meetings Author (individual or group) Year (when the meeting was held) Specific item reference Meeting details (title and date) Organisation Meeting location

Author identified Horgan, L. (2009) 'Item 4: Committee reports', Minutes of the 13th Meeting of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland 29 September 2009. An Bord Altranais, Carysfort Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.

Ms Horgan (2009) indicated that...the following areas have been considered by the Committee.

Group name The Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland (2009) 'Appendix K: Update on ICT', Minutes of the 13th Meeting of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland 29 September 2009. An Bord Altranais, Carysfort Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.

The Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland (2009) agreed an upgrade to internal ICT infrastructure.

RSS feeds Note: For RSS feeds, reference the original source as opposed to the RSS feed itself.

Social networking sites (for example, Facebook, LinkedIn, Bebo, Twitter) Author (who wrote the material) Year (when the site was published or last updated – whichever is available ) Title (name of the page) Internet site name Internet site details (day or month the material was posted and indicate the URL and date you accessed it)

Irish National Teachers’ Organisation (2010) ‘An INTO delegation’, Facebook, 2 June. Available at: http://www.facebook.com/ (Accessed: 2 June 2010).

...to discuss the future of education (INTO, 2010).

Journals and theses

Journal articles

Print journal and e-journal articles Author Year (when the article was published) Title Journal title Journal details (volume, issue, month or season – depending on what is given) Page number(s) (p. or pp.)

Zeigler, D.J. (2007) 'Teaching Geography in an interconnected world', Independent School, 66(3), pp.94-97.

…whilst teaching geography (Zeigler, 2007, p.2).

Theses

Printed theses Author Year (when the thesis was submitted) Title Medium - PhD thesis Awarding body

McPhillips, T. (2007) Dyslexia in primary school: an evaluation of the effectiveness of three models of special provision. PhD thesis. Trinity College Dublin.

...witnessed in primary schools (McPhillips, 2007).

Theses available on the Internet Author Year of submission Thesis title Degree information (statement and awarding body) URL and date accessed

Chambers, J. C. (2009) Irish physical education teacher education students and their professional learning: The teaching practice experience. PhD thesis. Loughborough University. [Online]. Available at: http://ethos.bl.uk:8080/OrderDetails.do?did=2&uin=uk.bl.ethos.506193 (Accessed: 25 June 2009).

A recent paper (Chambers, 2009)…

Unpublished theses As above but indicate Unpublished PhD thesis after the title

Smith, R.G. (2000) Gender and special education: what makes boys so special? Unpublished PhD thesis. Goldsmiths College (University of London).

Smith (2000) suggests...

Media communications

Advertisements Name (company responsible) Year Title Medium [Advertisement], [Newspaper advertisement], [Billboard]... Date (when the advertisement was seen) For online version, add the following to the above information: URL and date accessed

J.C. Decaux (2010) J.C. Decaux promo campaign Ireland. [Billboard at Parnell Street, Dublin]. 13 March.

Meteor (2010) Your social network. [Advertisement]. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CJSOb_fksM (Accessed: 7 June 2010).

Advertisement campaigns new to Ireland by Avon (2009), de Veres (2010), Meteor (2010) and J.C. Decaux (2010)...

Interviews Name (person interviewed) Year (when the interview was carried out) Title (if the interview has a title) Indicate the people involved in the interview by adding ‘Interview with’ followed by the full name of the interviewee and ‘Interviewed by’ together with the full name of the interviewer Name (depending on the medium – indicate the name of the publication or broadcast where the interview is carried) Further details (indicate the day and month of the interview) For online version, add the following to the above information: Medium [Online] URL and the date accessed

Interview available on the Internet McAleese, M. (2010) Interview with Mary McAleese. Interviewed by Anne Cassin for Capital D, 27 May. [Online]. Available at: http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0527/capitald_av.html (Accessed: 28 May 2010).

The President praised the Gaisce scheme for young people (McAleese, 2010).

Newspaper interview Ferriter, D. (2010) 'A scholar with passion on his mind'. Interview with Diarmuid Ferriter. Interviewed by Roisin Ingle for The Irish Times, 28 May, p.15.

Ferriter (2010, p.15) discusses the idea of revolution being 'an opportunity to think about new ways of doing things'.

Television interview Cowan, B. (2010) Interviewed by Richard Crowley for Prime Time, RTÉ Television, 6 May.

The Taoiseach discussed the cuts in education (Cowen, 2010).

Newspaper articles

Articles from Internet newspapers Often, newspapers also produce an Internet version, for example, The Irish Times and www.irishtimes.ie.

Author (person who wrote the article) Year (when the article was published) Title Date (include the day and month – if available) Medium [Online] URL and the date accessed

Wayman, S. (2010) 'On course for better parenting', Irish Times Health Plus, 25 May. [Online]. Available at: http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/health/2010/0525/1224271071248.html (Accessed: 26 May 2010). The article (Wayman, 2010) outlines the options available to parents.

Journal or newspaper articles from CD-ROM databases Author Year (when the articles was distributed) Title Journal or newspaper title Further details (volume, date [day and month] and page references Medium [CD-ROM] Producer (who produced the database) Distribution details (publisher or distributor)

Hill, H. (2010) 'My iPhone has revolutionised my reading', Guardian Educational Supplement, 6 April, p.12. [CD-ROM]. Guardian. Available: Chadwyck Healey.

‘... suggested that using an iPhone can significantly improve reading skills’ (Hill, 2010, p.12).

Printed newspapers

Article with an author Author Year (when the article was published) Title Newspaper title Edition (may not be necessary) Specific title details (day, month and page number)

O'Connell, D. (2010) 'Religious education an ideal conduit for child spirituality', The Irish Times, 25 May, p.12.

O'Connell maintains that children are, by their nature, spiritual (O'Connell, 2010).

Article without an identified author Newspaper title Year (when the article was published) Article title Specific title details (day, month and page number)

If citing several articles published in the same year, use a, b, c and so on after the year. For example, The Irish Times (2010a)...

Press releases or statements Author, company or organisation Year (when the material was issued) Title Medium [Press release] Date (day and month of the material) For online version, add the following to the above information: URL and date accessed

Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government (2009) ‘Minister Gormley launches the new ENFO Environmental Information Service and Ask About Ireland website’. [Press release]. 8 September.

The Minister praised the digitisation of local history materials for the new web site (Gormley, 2009).

Online example Department of Education (2010) 65 inspection reports published on Department's website. [Press release]. 7 May. Available at: http://www.ippn.ie/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5245:65-inspection- reports-published-on-departments-website-educationie&catid=50:education-news (Accessed: 15 June 2010).

The Department of Education (2010) inspected 65 schools...

Reviews Name (the reviewer – if this information is available) Year (when the review was published) Title Indicate the work being reviewed (Review of...) Author, editor or director of the work under review Publication details For online version, include the online publication or collection details as well as the following information: URL and date accessed

Book reviews Burke, D. (2010) 'Prime suspects? The children of Lir'. Review of Requiems for the departed: Irish crime, Irish myths, edited by Gerard Brennan and Mike Stone. The Irish Times, 26 May, p.18.

Burke (2010) drew parallels between mythology and crime…

Drama reviews Crawley, P. (2010) 'A balance of witty dispassion and emotional warmth'. Review of Arcadia, by Tom Stoppard. Gate Theatre, Dublin. The Irish Times, 27 May, p.18.

In a recent review of Arcadia (Crawley, 2010, p.18)...

Magazine reviews Foreman, D. (2005) 'Pavee Lackeen - the traveller girl'. Review of Pavee Lackeen, directed by Perry Ogden. (Synkronized USA LLC). Film Ireland, November/December, p.13.

Foreman (2005) was impressed by the editing of Pavee Lackeen.

Internet reviews French, P. (2010) 'The happiest girl in the world'. Review of The happiest girl in the world, directed by Radu Jude. (Maker) The Guardian Online. Available at:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/may/30/philip-french-review-happiest-girl-in-the-world (Accessed: 30 May 2010).

French (2010) felt the film succeeded...

Reviews of musical performances Dervan, M. (2010) 'Lyric Opera Chorus and Orchestra/Sheil'. Review of Lucia di Lammermoor, by Donizetti. National Concert Hall, Dublin. The Irish Times, 25 May, p.16.

Dervan (2010, p.16) thought there were ‘redeeming features’.

Multimedia resources

Cartoons Artist Date (may not always be given) Title Medium [Cartoon] Publication title Publication details (day and month) Medium [Online] Indicate URL and date accessed

Asquith, R. (2010) ‘Mysteries of literacy’. [Cartoon]. The Guardian, 9 March. [Online]. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/cartoon/2010/mar/09/primary-schools- schools (Accessed: 2 June 2010).

Ros Asquith (2010) on boys’ taste in reading suggests...

CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs Title Year (when the item was produced) Medium [CD-ROM] or [DVD-ROM] Producer (if this information is available) Indicate where the item is available from (publisher and distributor)

4D pharma: pipeline, products, performance, potential (2007) [CD-ROM]. MDIS. Available: Espicom Business Intelligence.

One source, known as 4D Pharma (4D pharma: pipeline, products, performance, potential, 2007)...

Computer programs Author (if known) Date (if known) Title of program Version Medium [Computer program] Availability (i.e. distributor, address, order number if known)

URL and date accessed if downloaded from the Internet (this would replace the availability information)

Amazon.com (2010) Kindle for PC. [Computer program]. Available at: http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html/ref=kcp_pc_mkt_lnd?docId=1000426311 (Accessed: 30 April 2010).

The Kindle for PC software can be used to view books suitable for Kindles (Amazon, 2010).

Films or movies

Films or movies Film title Year (when the film was released) ‘Directed by’ (full name of the director, forename, surname) Medium [Film] Distribution details (place and company)

Benjamin Button (2008) Directed by David Fincher. [Film]. Burbank, California: Warner Bros.

Our concept of the aging process is challenged (Benjamin Button, 2008).

Films on DVDs Film title Year (when the DVD was released) ‘Directed by’ (full name of the director, forename and surname) Medium [DVD] Distribution details (place and company)

School of Rock (2004) Directed by R. Linklater. [DVD]. Hollywood: Paramount.

Music is what draws students to the teacher in School of Rock (2004).

Director commentaries on DVDs Name of commentator Year (when the commentary was made) ‘Director’s commentary’ to indicate same Film title Director’s name, indicated with Directed by and the full name Medium [DVD] Distribution details (place and company)

Johnson, C. (2005) 'Director's commentary', The Wire. Directed by C. Johnson. [DVD]. Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc.

The director tried something new (Johnson, 2005)…

Films on video cassettes Film title Year (when the film was distributed) Director’s name (indicated by Directed by, followed by the full name) Medium [Video cassette] Distribution details (place and company)

Alf Bicknell's personal Beatles diary (1996) Directed by Jack Edwards. [Video cassette]. New York: IMC.

Alf Bicknell chronicles that era of the band's history (Alf Bicknell's personal Beatles diary, 1996)...

Films on YouTube Name (person who posted the video) Year (when the video was posted) Year video posted (in round brackets) Film or programme title URL and date accessed from the Internet

Salman, P. (2007) Basic addition. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy#p/c/301908982CBFE20D/0/AuX7nPBqDts (Accessed: 19 June 2007).

Addition can be taught in a fun manner (Salman, 2007)...

Internet download (audio or video format) Artist or title (depending on the information available) Year (when distributed) Title Web site name (where the download was taken from) Medium [Download] URL and date accessed

Fitzgerald Kennedy, J. (1961) John F. Kennedy inaugural speech. iTunes. [Download]. Available at: http://www.apple.com/itunes/affiliates/download/?id=257679103 (Accessed: 4 June 2010).

...the torch has been passed to a new generation’ (John F. Kennedy inaugural speech, 1961).

Music or audio books Artist Year (when the recording was distributed) Title Medium [CD] Distribution details (place and distribution company)

Mozart, W.A. (2006) Mozart Effect for Children, Vol. 1 – Tune Up Your Mind. [CD]. Dublin: Mozart Effect/Cosmic Sounds.

...this calming effect on children (Mozart, 2006).

Phonecasts Title Year Web site name URL and the date accessed

'Phonecast back to base on school trips’ (2010) Ipadio. Available at: http://blog.ipadio.com/04/phonecast-back-to-base-on-school-trips/ (Accessed: 1 April 2010).

Parents like to keep in touch with their children ('Phonecast back to base on school trips', 2010).

Podcasts Author Year (when the site was published or last updated – whichever is available) Podcast title Web site name Medium [Podcast] Timeframe (day and month the podcast was posted) URL and date accessed

Clay, J. (2012) ‘E-learning stuff’, iTunes. [Podcast]. 29 April. Available at: http://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/elearning-stuff/id294259336 (Accessed: 18 September 2012).

Radio

Radio programmes Programme title Year (when the programme was broadcast) Channel name Broadcast date (day and month format) For online version, add the following to the above information: Indicate URL and date accessed

A history of the world in 100 objects (2010) BBC Radio 4, 3 June.

...development (A history of the world in 100 objects, 2010).

Online example Poetry please (2010) BBC Radio 4, 30 May. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/programmes/genres/factual (Accessed: 3 June 2010).

The poem was described (Poetry please, 2010) as...

Television

Episodes Episode title Year (when the programme was broadcast) Programme title Series and episode numbers Channel name Broadcast date (day and month format)

‘A pirate captain worries about an early bedtime, and the four King Georges form a boy band’ (2010) Horrible histories, Series 1, Episode 1. CBBC Television, 31 May.

...it was time for bed’ (‘A pirate captain worries about an early bedtime, and the four King Georges form a boy band’, 2010).

Television programmes Programme title Year (when the programme was broadcast) Channel name Broadcast date (day and month format)

Arts lives programme 1 (2010) RTÉ One, 2 June.

...contemporary culture (Arts lives programme, 2010).

DVD format for television programmes Episode title Year (when the programme or series was broadcast) Programme or series title Series and episode numbers Director and writer of the original broadcast if this information is available Broadcast date for the original if this information is available Medium [DVD] Distribution information (usually the place and name of the distribution company)

‘The modernisation of Ireland’ (2006) Seven Ages – Ireland from the 1920s to the 1980s, Episode 5. Directed by Seán O’Mórdha. Written by RTÉ. First broadcast 2000. [DVD]. Dublin: RTÉ DVD.

...helping to mould modern Ireland (‘The modernisation of Ireland’, 2006).

TV programme on the Internet Episode title or programme title, depending on which is known Year (when the programme or series was broadcast) Programme or series title Series and episode numbers Channel name

Broadcast date (day and month format) Medium [Online] URL and date accessed

‘Every child matters’ (2006) Careerwise, Teachers TV, 28 April. [Online]. Available at: http://www.teachers.tv/videos/every-child-matters-1 (Accessed: 4 June 2010).

This is an extremely helpful broadcast on this important report (‘Every child matters’, 2006).

Videocasts Author Year (when the site was published or last updated) Title Internet site name URL and date accessed

Brown, Mr (2010) 'Playground perimeter'. Videocast. Available at: http://videocast.com/episode/19309551/ (Accessed: 24 March 2010).

There is as much to learn outside the classroom as within (Mr Brown, 2010).

Quotations

Short quotations (20-25 words) Short quotations can be included in the main body of the text.

Mishra and Koehler (2006, p.1026) describe content knowledge as ‘knowledge about the actual subject matter that is to be learned or taught’.

Longer quotations (more than 25 words) Longer quotations should be indented as follows:

Dunne (2006, p.7) observed:

That citizenship is a modern creation perhaps seems obvious enough. We easily think that people used to live as subjects of a monarch or despot and that this subjection ended only with the French Revolution and its Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. There is something right about this linking of citizenship with modernity.

Reports and publications – companies, organisations and institutions

Curriculum documents (Ireland) Author Date Title Publication details (Include this for printed versions of the documents only.) [Online] (Include this for online versions only and the next entry) Available at: URL Date accessed:

Examples from the PME Primary programme

Ireland. (1999) English: curriculum. [Online]. Available at: http://www.curriculumonline.ie/Primary/Curriculum-Areas/Language-%281%29/English (Accessed: 23 December 2015).

Ireland. (1999) English: teacher guidelines. [Online]. Available at: http://www.curriculumonline.ie/Primary/Curriculum-Areas/Language-%281%29/English (Accessed: 23 December 2015).

In-text citation

…..as mentioned in the English curriculum (Ireland, 1999).

Examples from the PME Post-Primary programme

Ireland. (1989) Junior Certificate English syllabus. [Online]. Available at: http://www.curriculumonline.ie/Junior-cycle/Junior-Cycle-Subjects/English?lang=en-GB (Accessed: 17 June 2016).

Ireland. (1998) Junior Certificate English: guidelines for teachers. [Online]. Available at: http://www.curriculumonline.ie/Junior-cycle/Junior-Cycle-Subjects/English (Accessed: 17 June 2016).

Ireland. (1999) Leaving Certificate English syllabus. [Online]. Available at: http://www.curriculumonline.ie/Senior-cycle/Subjects/English (Accessed: 17 June 2016).

Ireland. (1999) Leaving Certificate English: guidelines for teachers. [Online]. Available at: http://www.curriculumonline.ie/Senior-cycle/Subjects/English (Accessed: 17 June 2016).

When studying the English curriculum (Ireland, 1999)...

European Union publications Name of EU institution Year of publication Title Publication details (place and publisher)

European Commission (2010) Education and training for social inclusion: European success stories. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Social inclusion is paramount (European Commission, 2010)…

International organisations’ publications Institution or organisation name Year Title Publication details (place and publisher) For online version, omit the publication details and add the following information: Medium [Online] URL and date accessed

World Health Organization (1988) Development of health education in South-East Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia.

The report by the World Health Organization (1988)...

Online example World Health Organization (1985) The Child survival and development revolution and the health education challenge. World Health Organization. [Online]. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1985-86/WHO_UNICEF_HED_85.7.pdf (Accessed: 12 March 2007).

A report by the World Health Organization (1985)...

Reports Author (will often be a company or organisation) Year (when the report was published) Title Publication details (place and publisher) For online version, omit the publication details and add the following information: Title of the database or online collection Medium [Online] URL and date accessed

Company annual reports Aer Lingus Group plc (2010) Annual information update. [Online]. Available at: http://www.aerlingus.com/media/aerlinguscom/AnnualInformationUpdate2010FINAL.pdf (Accessed: 9 June 2010).

The company targeted the younger traveller (Aer Lingus Group plc, 2010)...

Financial reports Eircom (2008) 'Eircom quarterly report', Finfacts. [Online]. Available at: http://www.finfacts.com (Accessed: 4 January 2009).

‘Eircom reported 2% fall in quarterly earnings’ (Eircom, 2008).

Market research reports Mintel (2007) 'Marketing to children: children's eating habits', Mintel Ireland International Reports. [Online]. Available at: http://reports.mintel.com/sinatra/reports/view&name=reports_subs/&levels=50163,51169,50 0154/display/id=232184&anchor=a232184 (Accessed: 7 June 2010).

Mintel (2007) analysed the marketing of food to children in Ireland.

Research reports NCTE (2008) Investing effectively in information and communications technology in schools 2008-2013. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncte.ie/media/Final%20ICT%20Strategy_group_report.pdf (Accessed: 7 May 2009).

Access to Broadband should be improved (NCTE, 2008, p.22).

Scientific and technical information

British standards Name (organisation that authored the information) Year Standard details (number and title) Publication details (place and publisher) For online version, omit the publication details and add the following information: URL and date accessed

British Standards Institute (2009) BS EN 16001:2009: Energy management systems. Requirements with guidance for use. London: British Standards Institute.

Many systems and processes are necessary in order to improve energy efficiency (British Standards Institute, 2009).

Online example British Standards Institute (2009) BS 8902:2009: Responsible sourcing sector certification schemes for construction products. Specification. StandardsUK.com [Online]. Available at: http://shop.bsigroup.com (Accessed: 12 December 2009).

The importance of green procurement strategies in the building and construction sectors is ever-growing (British Standards Institute, 2009).

Graphs Author Year Book title (from where the extract was taken) Publication details (place and publisher) Details of graph (page number or figure) Medium, in this case [Graph]

Upitis, R, Phillips, E. and Higginson, W. (1997) Creative mathematics. London: Routledge, p.15, [Graph].

Children created their own graphs (Upitis, Phillips and Higginson, 1997, p.15)...

VLE/Course materials

Author or tutor notes/presentations Author Year Title Module/subject and programme title Medium [Online] URL and date accessed

Whitaker, T. (2014) ‘Sociology and education’, Sociology of Education and Development Education for Masters in Teaching and Learning. [Online]. Available at: http://matl.hiberniacollege.net/ (Accessed: 23 July 2014).

‘Sociology is the scientific study of society’ (Whitaker, 2014).

Discussion groups, forums or message/bulletin boards Author Year (when the item was posted) Subject of the item Name of forum/group Date (Day and month when posted) [Online] Contact e-mail

Simkin, J. (2011) ‘TES resources’, The Education Forum, E-learning, 30 March. [Online]. [email protected] .

...when discussing e-learning (Simkin, 2011).

FAQs Authors

If there are more than three authors, editors or contributors listed on the title page, how many do I include in the reference list?

All authors, editors or contributors to the work listed on the title page must be included in the reference list.

What if there is an organisation listed instead of an author?

Organisations and other corporate bodies can be referenced as authors.

Can I use ‘anonymous’ in the reference list if there is no author?

No. Use the title of the work instead and continue with the citation order as listed.

What if an editor instead of an author is listed?

Credit the editor(s) by using (ed.) or (eds.) after their name(s).

Date

What happens if there is no date given for the material being referenced?

Indicate this using (no date).

Title

Where do I take the title from?

Take the information from the title page of the work, if applicable, or from whichever original source is being used.

What words are capitalised when referencing a title?

All proper nouns are capitalised and the first letter of the first word in the title. This is regardless of how the work is capitalised on the title page. Some publications like Acts, Statutory Instruments and journal titles have the key words in the title capitalised also. See the examples.

Are all titles to be written in italics?

No. Book and journal titles are in italics. You need to check other examples as some titles are written in single quotation marks.

Edition

Where does the information about the edition go? When and how do I include this?

The edition number is included when the work is not a first edition. It is added after the title information and the following abbreviation is used (edn.), for example, 4th edn.

Publication details

Do I always include the publication details (place and publisher)?

Yes. Always include publication details for books.

Page numbers

When do I include page numbers?

If you quote directly from a work, you must include the page number(s).

URLs

What URL do I include?

For a web page or other online source, include the full URL where possible so that the reader can locate the material if they wish to.

Reference list Cambridge advanced learner’s dictionary (2010) [Online]. Available at: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/plagiarize (Accessed: 17 June 2010).

Creme, P. and Lea, M.R. (2008) Writing at university: a guide for students. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Elton-Chalcraft, S., Hansen, A. and Twiselton, S. (2008) Doing classroom research: a step- by-step guide for student teachers. Berkshire: Open University Press.

Grafton, A. (1999) The footnote: a curious history. Harvard University Press.

Irish Patents Office (2010) Student zone overview. Available at: http://www.patentsoffice.ie/en/student.aspx (Accessed: 18 June 2010).

Neville, C. (2007) Complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism.

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Trinity College (2010) Trinity College Library Dublin catalogue. [Online]. Available at: http://library.catalogue.tcd.ie/ (Accessed: 15 October 2010).