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Cas Particulier De Cytisus Scoparius L. (Genisteae, Fabaceae) Et Des Espèces, Hybrides Et Cultivars Apparentés

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Cas Particulier De Cytisus Scoparius L. (Genisteae, Fabaceae) Et Des Espèces, Hybrides Et Cultivars Apparentés Les relations phylogénétiques au sein d’un système réticulé : cas particulier de Cytisus scoparius L. (Genisteae, Fabaceae) et des espèces, hybrides et cultivars apparentés. Gaëlle Auvray To cite this version: Gaëlle Auvray. Les relations phylogénétiques au sein d’un système réticulé : cas particulier de Cytisus scoparius L. (Genisteae, Fabaceae) et des espèces, hybrides et cultivars apparentés.. Biologie végétale. Université d’Angers, 2011. Français. tel-00975350 HAL Id: tel-00975350 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00975350 Submitted on 8 Apr 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Année 2011 N° d’ordre : 1177 Les relations phylogénétiques au sein d’un système réticulé : cas particulier de Cytisus scoparius L. (Genisteae, Fabaceae) et des espèces, hybrides et cultivars apparentés. THESE DE DOCTORAT Spécialité : Biologie des organismes ECOLE DOCTORALE VENAM Présentée et soutenue publiquement le : 21 octobre 2011 à : Agrocampus-Ouest, centre d’Angers par : Gaëlle AUVRAY Devant le jury ci-dessous : Mme Sophie NADOT (Rapporteur), Professeur, Université Paris Sud - Orsay M. Porter P. LOWRY II (Rapporteur), Curator (Professeur), Missouri Botanical Garden M. John DAVID (Examinateur), Chief scientist, Royal Horticultural Society M. Abdelkader AÏNOUCHE (Examinateur), Maître de conférences, Université de Rennes 1 M. Alain VIAN (Président), Professeur, Université d’Angers Directeur de thèse : Didier PELTIER Co-encadrant : Valéry MALECOT UMR 1259 Génétique et Horticulture (INRA – Agrocampus Ouest – Université d’Angers) Centre de recherche INRA Angers-Nantes, centre d’Angers 42, rue Georges Morel – BP 60057 – 49071 Beaucouzé cedex ED VENAM REMERCIEMENTS Puisqu’on n’atteint pas la ligne d’arrivée de cette course de fond qu’est une thèse sans le concours de nombreuses mains tendues, je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes qui m’ont accompagnée. Il y a tout d’abord toutes les personnes qui nous montrent la voie, la marche à suivre, ceux qui nous guident tout au long de ce parcours sinueux : en premier lieu, Valéry Malécot, mon encadrant et plus que ça, celui qui m’a offert ce sujet de thèse, qui me fait confiance depuis que ma route a croisé son chemin il y a près de 5 ans, qui éclaire mon parcours sans pour autant m’imposer ses choix. En bref, un puits de science sur piédestal dont j’essaie d’atteindre la hauteur, Didier Peltier, qui a accepté de nous accompagner en tant que directeur de thèse et qui a la confiance de nous laisser, Valéry et moi, mener cette thèse dans notre propre direction, Elisabeth Chevreau, qui m’a accueillie au sein de l’UMR GenHort, une directrice humaine et à l’écoute, Sophie Nadot et Porter Lowry qui ont accepté d’être les rapporteurs de ma thèse et de juger mon travail ainsi que John David et Abdelkader Aïnouche qui ont accepté d’être examinateurs, Jean-Yves Dubuisson et Abdelkader Aïnouche (de nouveau), les deux membres de mon (petit) comité de thèse qui ont suivi mon chemin tout au long de ces 3 ans, en ont ponctué le parcours de commentaires avisés et m’ont fait entrevoir de nouvelles pistes. Evidemment rien ne serait possible sans l’aide de nombreux sponsors : Le collectif Eurogéni, à l’origine du projet de sélection sur les genêts, qui a permis de constituer la collection de plantes et qui a financé une grande partie de la biologie moléculaire, L’UMR GenHort, qui a subvenu à mes besoins quotidiens au sein du laboratoire et m’a permis de participer au séminaire ‘Réflexives’ avec mon encadrant, Agrocampus-Ouest, qui a financé mes nombreuses visites d’herbier et mes déplacements à divers congrès, La région Pays de la Loire via le projet MODEMAVE, qui a permis de financer certains travaux et la reproduction du manuscrit, Et enfin les collectivités locales, en particulier le Conseil Général de Maine-et-Loire, à l’origine de ma bourse de thèse. Il y a également ceux qui nous tendent la main pour surmonter les obstacles du parcours, qui nous épaulent lors du passage des côtes : Agathe Le Gloanic, avec qui j’ai certainement le plus travaillé en duo au cours des 3 dernières années, pour ses connaissances aguerries des cultivars de la collection, son savoir-faire photographique, les heures passées à monter les standards, nos transformations en fleurs bleues (!) et cette volonté partagée de faire le ménage dans la généalogie des balais, Nadège Macquaire-Le Pocreau, ma marraine de BM, qui m’a confié tous ses secrets de cuisine moléculaire et m’a beaucoup appris au niveau technique, Raphaël Cournol et Julien Jeauffre, les super-héros du labo, nos Bio-Men à nous, prêts à endosser leur blouse et dégainer leurs pipettes pour voler au secours des doctorantes et qui évitent bien souvent que nos accidents ne se transforment en excédents de parcours, Maryline Lormeau, qui a fait passer ma technique de clonage à la vitesse supérieure, Christophe Vilfroy, sans qui on passerait des heures à recharger nos munitions avant de passer à l’attaque des clones, tous ceux qui ont partagé le labo de GenHort, qui m’ont permis à grand renfort de conseils et de sabotages involontaires de perfectionner mes manips de BM, Elisabeth Dineau, pour tous les protologues tous plus vieux les uns que les autres qu’elle a réussi à me dénicher, Françoise Le Tohic pour les articles reçus via Agrocampus Ouest, David Frodin pour une copie de sa thèse de MsC, Marie Long et Emma Antobam (NYBG) pour une page du Schedulae d’Heinrich M. Willkomm, Sylvain Gaillard, qui a sauvé la vie de mon ordinateur en m’aidant à me faire obéir de cet outil parfois récalcitrant et qui a aussi participé à la création d’une base de données pour les herbiers, Charlène Gouron, dont j’ai encadré le stage de M1 en 2010, pour son travail efficace et autonome qui a donné des résultats suffisamment intéressants pour faire l’objet d’une publication à part entière, Guillaume Giggot et Jean Olivier de la Fédération des Conservatoires Botaniques, qui ont déterminé et transmis le statut IUCN des taxons Cytisus ardoinoi subsp. ardoinoi et C. ardoinoi subsp. sauzeanus, Hachemi Benhassaini, Matthieu Chambouleyron, Paloma Cubas, Philippe Rabaute et Jean- Marc Tison, qui ont envoyé du matériel pour les analyses moléculaires, Toutes les personnes qui ont permis d’étoffer la collection de plantes de l’équipe : la Royal Horticultural Society, le jardin botanique de Lyon, Geoffrey Barrows, Rolland Douzet et Inigo Pulgar, Dominique Mansion et l’Institut pour le Développement Forester, éditeurs de la Flore Forestière Française, qui nous ont autorisé à utiliser les dessins de Cytisus ardoinoi subsp. ardoinoi et C. ardoinoi subsp. sauzeanus, Margaret Hop, pour toutes les données généalogiques des cultivars obtenus à la station expérimentale de Boskoop (Pays-Bas) et Ronald Houttman pour des publications et des archives de cette même société, Jalal El Oualidi et Hikmat Tahiri, pour les diverses informations sur les taxons marocains, Hiroyuki Iketani pour les recherches sur les cultivars japonais, Yann Petrucci lors de la mission ‘ardoinoi-sauzeanus’ et pour le prélèvement d’un échantillon de son jardin, Joël Mathez et Alain Daubignard, dont les points de vue (forgés par une expérience du terrain) ont appuyé ma vision taxinomique de Cytisus arboreus, les curateurs et le personnel des herbiers (ANG, B, BBF, BC, BM, BP, BR, C, E, FI, G, K, L, LINN, LISU, LY, MA, MAF, MANCH, MO, MPU, Mus. Sci. Laval, NCY, NHG, P, RHS, RNG, S, SALA, SEV, TLF, UPS, VAL) qui m’ont envoyé des échantillons en prêt ou qui m’ont accueillie lors des mes visites ainsi que Joël Mathez qui m’a prêté des échantillons de sa collection personnelle. Sont aussi importants ceux qui nous permettent de supporter ce rythme effréné : tous les membres de GenHort, pour leur accueil, leur bonne humeur, qui ont fait de ces bureaux un environnement familier, les personnes de feu l’essaim « genêts », pour la cohésion, la bonne entente et l’efficacité de notre équipe: Marie-Stéphanie, Fabienne, Nadège, Alain, Michel, Agathe et Joseph, dirigés par la reine des abeilles Véronique Kapusta, la nouvelle équipe « BRIO » : Elodie, Gersende, Lauriane, Lucie, Maxime, pour leur dynamisme et leur motivation toute fraîche (et contagieuse) à porter ce nouveau projet de sélection, le club des habitués de la cafét’ de GenHort : Bernard, Elisabeth D., Fabrice D., Joëlle, Patricia B. et R., Rémy, pour tous ces déjeuners partagés, Ian et Andrew, qui m’ont accueillie chaleureusement lors de mes fraîches excursions écossaises, ceux qui ont partagé mon bureau plus ou moins longtemps pendant les 3 dernières années : Elise, Paula, Nicolas et en particulier celles qui vivent la même épreuve et avec qui j’ai passé le plus clair de ces 3 ans : Didiana, Cindy et Marie. Enfin, il y a ceux qui nous soutiennent depuis longtemps et vers qui on a parfois besoin de se tourner pour trouver la force de continuer la route : les amis de longue date : Max, Charlène, Noë, Gerry, Arno, Amandine, Carole et Etienne, ma famille, tout particulièrement mes parents qui m’ont toujours soutenue, encouragée dans mes choix et m’ont poussée à donner le meilleur de moi-même en toutes circonstances, mais également Rémy, toujours prêt à rendre service, mon frère Robin toujours prêt à me dérider grâce à son humour décapant et enfin mon alter-ego, ma sœur Manon, qui me comprend mieux que quiconque (et aussi pour ses dessins !), and finally, Doug, for his contribution to the thesis but mostly for his support when I need it and for his love so great that he has been able to accept and endure those hard 3 years of long-distance relationship with me.
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