Energy Policies of IEA Countries

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Energy Policies of IEA Countries This pdf-file is for the personal use of the purchaser only. The information contained in it is subject to copyright by the OECD/IEA. This material is for sale; therefore, the User may not copy, republish, lend, post on any server (unless a multi-user licence is purchased for use on the intranet, in which case the multi-user license terms apply), use on Web sites, transmit or redistribute to any mailing lists any part of the material for commercial purposes, for compensation of any kind or simple dissemination. 2005 Review INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous body which was established in November 1974 within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme. It carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among twenty-six of the OECD’s thirty member countries. The basic aims of the IEA are: • to maintain and improve systems for coping with oil supply disruptions; • to promote rational energy policies in a global context through co-operative relations with non-member countries, industry and international organisations; • to operate a permanent information system on the international oil market; • to improve the world’s energy supply and demand structure by developing alternative energy sources and increasing the efficiency of energy use; • to assist in the integration of environmental and energy policies. The IEA member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the IEA. ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of thirty democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. © OECD/IEA, 2005 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to: International Energy Agency (IEA), Head of Publications Service, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France. FOREWORD Reviewing the energy policies of member countries is a central activity of the International Energy Agency. For this purpose, the policies of individual member countries are periodically reviewed in depth by their peers. In intervening years, brief standard reviews update the main energy policy developments. These regular reviews have contributed substantially over the years to policy-making at the national level. In addition to the above country-specific reviews, a comprehensive overview of the energy-related developments across the countries that focuses on certain key themes is also essential for sound policy-making. The purpose of Energy Policies of the IEA Countries, the annual compendium, is to provide comprehensive information on these two fronts, namely, country-specific analysis and cross-country analysis on key themes. The Overview Part focuses on recent developments in the energy market and energy policies. It examines trends in energy markets, including an analysis of energy demand, energy supply, energy prices and energy-related CO2 emissions. It also highlights key policy trends across member countries on energy security, energy market reform, climate change mitigation, energy efficiency, renewable energies and energy R&D. Notable developments in major non-member countries, including major findings of the World Energy Outlook 2005 – Middle East and North Africa Insights are also presented. The years 2004-2005 can be characterised by important energy policy challenges, including high energy prices, volatile energy markets, an activation of the IEA’s co-ordinated stock draw after hurricane Katrina and coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol. The 2005 edition contains a chapter on “2005 IEA Ministerial Meeting and G8 Gleneagles Summit”, where energy security, climate change and clean energy future were intensively addressed. The new chapter, “Cross- Country Overview – Good Practices”, as a follow-up of the “In-depth Reviews in the Past Four Years” in the 2004 edition, for the first time, presents good practices in addressing common energy policy challenges from the in-depth reviews carried out over the past four years, covering all 26 countries. In this chapter, the IEA not only describes challenges but – as requested by its Ministers – also offers solutions, for both member and non-member countries. This book contains summaries of the reviews of Australia, the Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain and Turkey conducted from October 2004 to June 2005. Shorter standard reviews are also covering six other member countries: Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan and Switzerland. Key statistical information is also included. Claude Mandil Executive Director 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Much of the information in this report is drawn from in-depth reviews conducted by representatives of IEA member countries and members of the IEA Secretariat. The information contained in this publication is the best available as of September 2005 and is subject to change. The desk officer listed in each team was responsible for managing the review and was principal author of the report, which has also been published in a separate volume and appears in summary form here. The desk officers also wrote the shorter standard reviews included here. Jun Arima, Head of the Country Studies Division, supervised preparations for this book and wrote the sections of Cross-Country Overview – Good Practices (Chapter 3) and Market Trends (Chapter 4). Noé van Hulst, the Director of the Office of Long-Term Co-operation and Policy Analysis, provided support and encouragement throughout the project. Many members of the IEA staff contributed to this book. Major contributions came from Lawrence Eagles, Jeff Brown, David Fyfe, Harry Tchilinguirian (oil), Dan Simmons, Sylvie Cornot Gandolphe (natural gas), Brian Ricketts (coal), Ian Cronshaw, Doug Cooke, Ulrik Stridbaek (electricity), Kristine Kuolt, Jason Elliott (emergency response), Dunia Chalabi (producer-consumer dialogue), Julia Reinaud (climate change), Alan Meier, Paul Waide (energy efficiency), Peter Tulej (renewables), Mitsuhide Hoshino, Fridjof Unander (R&D), Jeffrey Logan (China), Dagmar Graczyk (India), Brett Jacobs (South-East Asia), Augusto Ruiz-Abensur (Latin America), Isabel Murray (Russia), Meredydd Evans (Ukraine), Emmanuel Bergasse (Central and South-Eastern Europe), Chirstof Van Agt (Caspian and Central Asia) and Fatih Birol (Middle East and North Africa). Karen Treanton and Ana Belen Padilla prepared Key Statistics and Indicators, Monica Petit prepared the figures and Marilyn Ferris provided administrative assistance for the project. 2004–2005 IN-DEPTH REVIEWS Australia Team Leader: Bo Diczfalusy (Sweden). Team Members: Vidar Christensen (Norway), Philippe Geiger (France), Masahide Kokubun (Japan), Noé van Hulst (IEA), Rick Bradley (IEA), Sylvie Cornot (IEA), Mitsuhide Hoshino (IEA), Jonathan Coony (IEA). Belgium Although the in-depth review for Belgium was conducted in the 2004-2005 review cycle, the timing of its publication meant that the summary and conclusions were unable to appear in this volume. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Energy Policies of IEA Countries Team Leader: Erik Johnsen (Norway). Team Members: Cecilia Kellberg (Sweden), Antti Paananen (Finland), Helen Donoghue (EC), Robert-Rush Price (OECD), Daniel Simmons (IEA), Jun Arima (IEA), Jolanka Fisher (IEA). Czech Republic Team Leader: Loraine Dawson (United Kingdom). Team Members: Marc Deprez (Belgium), Mats Nilsson (Sweden), Sonya Kumar (Australia), Jean-Claude Schwartz (EC), Pál Kovács (OECD NEA), Jun Arima (IEA), Jonathan Coony (IEA). Luxembourg Although the in-depth review for Luxembourg was conducted in the 2003-2004 review cycle, the timing of its publication meant that the summary and conclusions were unable to appear in Energy Policies of IEA Countries – 2004 Review. Team Leader: Marc Deprez (Belgium). Team Members: Helen Donoghue (EC), Thomas Levander (Sweden), Jun Arima (IEA), Pierre Audinet (IEA). Norway Team Leader: Aad van Bohemen (Netherlands). Team Members: Hans-Christoph Pape (Germany), Carolyn Barton (Australia), Kim Smith (Canada), Noé van Hulst (IEA), Doug Cooke (IEA), Andreas Biermann (IEA). Spain Team Leader: Martin Renggli (Switzerland). Team Members: David Molho (France), Uwe Schröder-Selbach (Germany), Manfred Decker

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