Unities in Energy Intensive Industries & Other Establishments • to Lay Down Minimum Energy Consumption Standards and Labelling for Identified Appliance/ Equipments
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Energy Sources and Power Generation • At the end of this class, students will be able to- • Define Energy. • Will know the Statistics related to Rate at which energy consumed (electric, crude oil, coal and natural gas) • Explain per capital power generation and its relation with leaving standards. • Identify common forms of energy. • Able to classify the energy sources. PES University 1 What is energy ? “Energy” - ability to do work, capacity to do work. Energy – Greek word “en-ergon” - “in –work” energeia – ancient Greek word - activity, operation. • Energy – conserved quantity, scalar quantity. • Any physical activity in the world whether by man or by nature, Is cause due to flow of energy in form or other. • Any kind of work – need energy. • Steam engine –James watt – industrial revolution, invention of IC engines added momentum, induction motor new electrical age. • Energy – life-blood for continual progress of human civilization . With is consumption rate also accelerated. PES University 2 ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION • China – 5683 TWh, US- 3808 TWh, Bharata (India) -1156 TWh (3rd place ). • Source: https://yearbook.enerdata.net/ PES University 3 Crude Oil Consumption §As on 2017 world oil consumption is 97909000 barrels/ day. §US- 19,880,000 bbl/d §European Union - 15,000,000 bbl/d §China - 13,226,000 bbl/d §Bharata (India) - 4,690,000 bbl/d §Proven reserves. (as on 2017) §Venezuela - 300,878 MMbbl § Saudi Arabia - 266,455 MMbbl §Canada - 169,709 MMbbl §Bharata - 4,600 MMbbl (24th rank) 267MMbbl/year – 17 years. §WORLD - 1,726,685 MMbbl – 29427 MMbbl/year – 59 years. PES University 4 Coal Consumption PES University 5 Consumption of Natural Gas PES University 6 Electricity consumption PES University 7 LIMITATIONS OF TIDAL ENERGY PES University 8 ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT -2011 • Energy – backbone of present day civilization. • As on 2013, 5.67 × 1020 joules • Just one hour power failure- feel highly inconvenience. • 14th December – World Energy day internationally and National Energy Conservation day- awareness. • Cope up with demand • Production – long term plan • Conservation – cost effective and immediate solution. PES University 9 ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT -2011 • Energy Conservation – reduction in consumption without making sacrifice in quality and quantity of production. • Or increasing the production from given amount of energy input (losses and wastages) and maximizing the efficiency. PES University 10 • Considering the vast potential of energy saving and benefits of energy saving. Govt. of India enacted the energy conservation act 2001 (29th Sep 2001). • Objective of providing necessary legal framework for promoting energy conservation measures in the country. • Regulatory mechanism between state and central govt. PES University 11 SALIENT FEATURES • Establishment of BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) in place of EMC (energy management centre). • Declaration of user or class of user of energy as a designated consumer. • Aluminum, Cement, Fertilizer, Iron & Steel, Paper & Pulp, Railways, Thermal Power and Textile have been notified as Designated Consumers. The Government has notified the mandatory Energy Audit for the Designated Consumers to help in identifying various energy saving opportunities in energy intensive industries & other establishments • To lay down minimum energy consumption standards and labelling for identified appliance/ equipments. PES University 12 • Formation of energy consumption codes. • prepare guidelines on ECBC . To provide minimum requirements for the energy efficient design and construction of buildings. Mandatory for commercial buildings having connected load of >=500KW or contract demand of >= 600 KVA. Also applicable for air conditioned area of >=1000 sq.mt. Including existing buildings. • Dissemination of information and best practices. • Establishment of energy conservation funds. • To set up Energy Conservation Fund for providing : Promotion of Energy Service Companies. Research & Development, Demonstration, Creation of testing facilities, Awareness Creation. • Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) is a company that offers energy services, usually design, retrofitting and implementation of energy efficiency projects after identifying energy saving opportunities through energy audit of existing facilities. PES University 13 • BEE to act as facilitator for the evolution of a self regulatory system and organizations to regulate on their own with a view of save energy. PES University 14 SOLAR RADIATION PES University 15 SOLAR RADIATION • Its a clean, inexhaustible, abundantly , universally available. • Radiant energy in the form of electromagnetic waves from sun referred solar radiations • The dia of sun is 1.39 X 109 m, while earth has 1.27 X 107 m, The mean distance between the two is 1.466 1011 m. • Axis of Earth is inclined about 23.5O. • The subtend angle is about 0.53O at the earth’s surface • because of large distance, the beam radiation from the sun on earth is almost parallel. PES University 16 SOLAR RADIATION • Solar energy is created at the core of the sun when hydrogen nuclei are converted to helium nuclei through a number of intermediates. • For each second of the solar nuclear fusion process, 700 million tons of hydrogen is converted into the heavier atom helium. • The solar nuclear process creates immense heat that causes atoms to discharge photons. Temperatures at the core are about 15 million degrees Kelvin PES University 17 SOLAR RADIATION • Sun surface temperature is 5,778 K • 3.8×1026 J, total energy output of the Sun each second, • 5.5×1024 J, (1.74 X 10 17 j/s)total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each year. PES University 18 Extra-Terrestrial radiation • Solar radiation incident outside the earth's atmosphere is called extraterrestrial radiation. • The distance between sun and earth varies a little through the year. Because of this variation, extra terrestrial flux also varies. • 30% reflected back to space, 23% is consumed for hydrological cycle. 47% is absorbed by atmosphere. PES University 19 Extra-Terrestrial radiation PES University 20 Extra-Terrestrial radiation • I sc = solar constant = 1367 W/m2 PES University 21 Solar constant • The solar constant, a measure of flux density, is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area that would be incident on a plane perpendicular to the rays, at a distance of one astronomical unit (AU) (roughly the mean distance from the Sun to Earth, 149,597,890 km ). • The "solar constant" includes all types of solar radiation, not just the visible light. Its average value was thought to be approximately 1.370 kW/m² PES University 22 SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF ETR PES University 23 SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF ETR • Radiant energy from sun is in electromagnetic nature. • 99% have wave length in range of 0.2 to 4.0 micrometer. • Solar energy reaching the top of the earth atmosphere consist of about 6.5% of UV (short wave length, less than 0.39µm) • 48% visible light (0.39µm to 0.78µm) • 45.6% of infrared radiation (wave length more than 0.78µm) PES University 24 SOLAR RADIATION AT THE EARTH’S SURFACE • Radiation received on earth surface is different from above atmosphere. • Differs in amount and character. • In view point of harnessing solar energy, energy received at earth surface is more important than above atmosphere. • Radiation form received at surface of earth is referred “solar radiation at the earth’s surface/ terrestrial radiation.” • Atmosphere contains : ozone, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water vapour, water droplet and dust. PES University 25 SOLAR RADIATION AT THE EARTH’S SURFACE ABSORPTION- Selective absorption of various wavelength radiation. vLess than 0.29 µm and greater than 2.3 µm absorbed in atmosphere. Between these two significant for terrestrial application vOzone :- significant amount of UV v Nitrogen, oxygen and other atmospheric gases:- X ray, extreme UV. vWater vapour and carbon dioxide :- λ › 2.3 µm (almost completely) vDust particles : - irrespective of wavelength. The absorbing of radiation increases the energy of molecules and hence rise in temperature. PES University 26 SOLAR RADIATION AT THE EARTH’S SURFACE • Scattering • Scattering by dust particles and air molecules. • part of the radiating penetrating in to atmosphere get reflected back to space especially by clouds. • Another part is absorbed by clouds, • Earth reflects about 30% of radiation falling on it. (albedo) PES University 27 • Direct radiation: the radiation not been absorbed or scattered and reaches the ground directly from sun. (also called Beam radiation) • This radiation produces shadow. • Diffuse radiation : radiation received after scattering and reflection. • Diffuse radiation comes from all the parts of the sky. • Insolation/ global radiation: sum of direct and diffuse radiation PES University 28 PES University 29 Solar Energy Conversion • Heliochemical process: Photosynthesis • Helioelectrical process: photovoltaic cell • Heliothermal process: solar water heater, solar pond etc... PES University 30 SOLAR COLLECTORS PES University 31 FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR PES University 32 PES University 33 PES University 34 COMPARISON Concentrating Non concentrating • Only beam radiation. • Both diffuse and beam radiation. • Tracking mechanism required. • Tracking mechanism not required. • More maintenance • Less maintenance • Can attain high temperature, due to • Cannot attain high temperature as concentration of solar radiation and radiations are not concentrated and less loss