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Does Oral Stereotypy in Captive Giraffes Decrease by Feeding Them Evergreens and Barks in Winter?

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Does Oral Stereotypy in Captive Giraffes Decrease by Feeding Them Evergreens and Barks in Winter? ― Short Report ― Does oral stereotypy in captive giraffes decrease by feeding them evergreens and barks in winter? Kota OKABE1＊, Ayumi KAWAMURA1, Hiroki FUKUIZUMI1, Kotone ISHIUCHI2, Chihiro KASE2,3 1Kyoto City Zoo, Okazaki Koen, Okazaki Hoshojicho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8333, Japan 2Chiba Institute of Science, 3 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan 3Present address: Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan *Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] Summary Recently, several zoos have aimed to improve the welfare of captive animals by adopting certain feeding enrichments, particularly to address oral stereotypy in giraffes. Research has revealed that the utilization of certain feeding enrichments, such as browsing enrichment, is effective for preventing oral stereotypy. However, feeding of browsing enrichment may be difficult in winter, although its effect is not evident in this season based on previous studies. Therefore, the weight of tree feed foraged by the giraffes and their behavior, including oral stereotypy, was observed in all seasons of tree feeding. Three giraffes were observed in the Kyoto City Zoo. No significant change was observed in the weight of foraged tree feed throughout the seasons, with a similar weight of food intake observed in all seasons. Although all giraffes expressed oral stereotypy, the behavior increased significantly in winter. Furthermore, the oral stereotypy frequency was not significantly correlated with the weight of foraged tree feed, suggesting that some other factor strongly influenced the frequency, such as the climate differing from that of the giraffes’ original habitat. Therefore, further research is required to elucidate the factors that cause oral stereotypy. Keywords: giraffe, zoo, feeding enrichment, browsing, seasonal changes Animal Behaviour and Management, 55 (4): 165-173, 2019 （Received 28 February 2019; Accepted for publication 7 September 2019） Introduction (2016). Therefore, they must be bred according to a captive management plan, which requires Zoo animals require different stimuli under an appropriate environment to encourage stable captive conditions to prevent stereotypy exhibited captive reproduction. in poor environments (Mason & Latham, 2004). In the wild, giraffes eat trees and bushes of the In general, animals that exhibit stereotypy suffer Acacia spp; however, they forage for various other from lack of welfare. Therefore, zoo experts plants (Lamprey, 1963; Foster, 1966; Leuthold & and researchers are developing environmental Leuthold, 1972; Pellew, 1984a; Ciofolo & Pendu, enrichment, a new method to create more 2002; Parker & Bernard, 2005). A giraffe’s comfortable environments for zoo animals. The prime activity is foraging, which is necessary to method aims to increase behavioral variety, maintain its large body. For example, Leuthold improve the quality of rest, and reduce abnormal and Leuthold (1978) reported that on average, behaviors. eight males and four females foraged for 27% Giraffes are an endangered species native to and 53%, respectively, of each day in the Tsavo Africa declared as a vulnerable species by the East National Park, Kenya. According to Pellew International Union for Conservation of Nature (1984a; 1984b), giraffes forage for more than 165 Does oral stereotypy in captive giraffes decrease by feeding them evergreens and barks in winter? 10 hours and ruminate for more than 6 h a This study was conducted to acquire new day. Furthermore, they adapt to foraging for knowledge regarding giraffe husbandry by secondary branches with smaller leaves and barks evaluating feeding enrichment. Therefore, the (Berry, 1973; Dagg, 2014). Thus, giraffes are present study aimed to evaluate the following: (1) specialized in browsing. whether oral stereotypy in captive giraffes can In a zoo, a giraffe’s appetitive needs cannot be reduced by feeding them with evergreens and be easily fulfilled because it must consume an barks in winter and (2) the association between abundance of different types of leaves. As an oral stereotypy frequency and the weight of alternative to leaves, giraffes may eat food that leaves that a giraffe consumes. To answer these requires little time to consume, such as alfalfa, questions, the effect of feeding enrichment on grass hay, and low-fiber pellets (EAZA, 2006). seasonal change was observed. However, such feeding may increase their oral stereotypy. In a survey conducted in an American zoo, stereotypic behavior was observed in several Materials and Methods giraffes (Bashaw et al, 2001), prompting zoos to implement various environmental enrichments associated with feeding. For example, in the Animals and housing conditions Atlanta Zoo, nine types of enrichment feeders The giraffes at the mixed exhibit grounds of were constructed to slow down the giraffes’ the Kyoto City Zoo (Figure 1) were observed. intake of grain or alfalfa (Fernandez et al, The grounds have exhibited giraffes and 2008), aiming to reduce oral stereotypy. In Grévy's zebras (Equus grevyi) since 2013 and are Paignton Zoo, Baxter and Plowman (2001) surrounded by fences and a visitor area. There investigated the association between rumination is a visitor's passageway to the northeast of the and oral stereotypy in giraffes and showed that ground where visitors can observe at the same environmental enrichment by adding coarse hay height as the giraffes. The grounds have four to their existing diet changed their behaviors. Japanese Zelkova trees (Zelkova serrata) that The study reported that the time spent in oral provide shade and are surrounded by a fence. stereotypy was significantly reduced when the However, the giraffes can eat the leaves of these rumination time was increased. The feeding trees using their tongue. process of giraffes was investigated in Twycross The study subjects were two female (Mirai and Zoo, in the UK, which found that bundles of Mei) reticulated giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis mature hawthorn branches could increase their reticulata) and one male (Yoshida) reticulated feeding time compared with barks and leaves from giraffe (Table 1). Mirai and Yoshida are related, willow and cherry branches (Dagg, 2014). With whereas Mei is a nonrelative. Yoshida was born regard to seasonal changes, Schmucker et al. in Kyoto City Zoo. The giraffes were exhibited (2010) observed oral stereotypy in four giraffes outdoors from approximately 09:00 to 16:00 by video recording them in the Cologne Zoo h each day and then housed together for the in Germany and found that they exhibited oral remaining day. The feeding enrichment assessed stereotypy at frequencies varying from 4.6% to in this study had been used for approximately 30.7% per winter day. Such activities significantly 10 years at the zoo and incorporated into the decreased in summer when the animals were fed ordinary management of the animals; all three by browsing. This illustrates a major issue for giraffes have been under this feeding management giraffes in European zoos: the leaves that they plan for at least 6 months. usually consume cannot be obtained because of the change in season (EAZA, 2006). Procedure Japanese zoos are currently lagging behind The giraffes were observed for 5 days per with regard to the scientific evaluation of season from May 9 to December 9, 2017 (Table 2). environmental enrichment. However, there have The zoo was open to visitors on all observation been attempts to improve the captive environment days. for zoo animals, including giraffes. Leaves are fed Each period, the type of trees, and the weight to giraffes throughout the year, particularly in of the branches, leaves and barks that were fed some zoos that combine deciduous and evergreen to the animals were recorded (Table 3). The trees. trees utilized in this study were bamboo-leaf 166 OKABE, KAWAMURA, FUKUIZUMI, ISHIUCHI, KASE Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the mixed exhibit grounds of the Kyoto City Zoo. Table 1. Details of the three giraffes observed estimated from day 2 to day 5 according to the in this study. length of the observer’s stay. When the giraffes were placed outside enclosure, besides branches, they were freely fed dry Lucerne hay and restrictedly fed a hay cube; when placed inside enclosure, they were oak (Quercus myrsinifolia), locust tree (Robinia restrictedly fed dry Lucerne hay, hay cube, and pseudoacacia), cherry blossom (Prunus yedoensis), dry pellets (Mazuri® Wild Herbivore Diet Hi- lacebark elm (Ulmus parvifolia), red bayberry Fiber, St. Louis, Missouri, USA); however, hay (Morella rubra), and glossy privet (Ligustrum was never completely eaten at night. The forages lucidum). The tree species that were fed varied were distributed among several places and were according to the season. While none of the never occupied by any particular giraffe. Water trees flowered in all seasons, the locust tree was available ad libitum. bore no leaves in winter. Before the tree feed The observation times were 09:00–11:00, was presented to the giraffe, its weight was 11:30–13:30, and 14:00–16:00 h. The behaviors measured on a spring balance scale. All tree recorded (Table 4) are the result of direct feeds were divided into two halves for daytime visual scans of all giraffes at 3-min intervals. feeding outside enclosure and nighttime feeding Furthermore, the oral stereotypy at 1-min inside enclosure. The weights of branches were intervals was recorded by the 1/0 sampling measured again after feeding and the weight method. The proportion of each behavior and the of tree feed eaten in a day was calculated. The frequency of oral stereotypy were calculated per weight of tree feed foraged by the giraffes was day; the mean proportion and frequency for each Table 2. Details of the observation days periods. 167 Does oral stereotypy in captive giraffes decrease by feeding them evergreens and barks in winter? season were used as the mean proportions and oral stereotypy frequencies, respectively. Statistical analysis Significant changes in behavioral patterns, the oral stereotypy frequency per day and the percentage of foraged tree feed were evaluated by Steel–Dwass analysis.
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