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DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES OF THE UNION WORKING PAPER The Precautionary Principle in the Information Society - Effects of Pervasive Computing on health and environment This study was drawn up on the instructions of TA Swiss and translated by STOA into English. STOA gratefully acknowledges the chance to make it available for discussion in the European Parliament. All rights in this publication continue to be held by TA SWISS. Scientific and Technological Options Assessment Series __________STOA 125 EN __________ THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 2 PE 338.694 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES OF THE UNION WORKING PAPER The Precautionary Principle in the Information Society - Effects of Pervasive Computing on health and environment Lorenz Hilty, Siegfried Behrendt, Mathias Binswanger, Arend Brunink, Lorenz Erdmann, Jürg Fröhlich, Andreas Köhler, Niels Kuster, Claudia Som, Felix Württemberger Scientific and Technological Options Assessment Series __________STOA 125 EN __________ 08/2003 3 PE 338.694 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY This study was originally drawn up for TA SWISS and was published in August 2003 (Reference "Das Vorsorgeprinzip in der Informationsgesellschaft - Auswirkungen des Pervasive Computing auf Gesundheit und Umwelt"). Authors: Prof. Dr. Lorenz M. Hilty (Project leader) Andreas Köhler Claudia Som Dr. Arend Brunink (all EMPA, St. Gallen) Siegfried Behrendt Lorenz Erdmann Felix Württemberger (all Institut für Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung, Berlin) Prof. Dr. Mathias Binswanger (Fachhochschule Solothurn Nordwestschweiz, Olten) Prof. Dr. Niels Kuster Dr. Jürg Fröhlich (Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zürich) Responsible Official: Roger-Marie DUBOIS Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union Directorate A - Economic and Scientific Policy STOA Secretariat Tel: ++32 (0)2 28-43356 Fax: ++32 (0)2 28-44980 E-mail: [email protected] Manuscript completed in August 2004. Luxembourg, European Parliament, 2004 The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. © European Communities, 2004 4 PE 338.694 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY Table of contents ZUSAMMENFASSUNG............................................................................................................................7 RESUMÉ...................................................................................................................................................12 SUMMARY ..............................................................................................................................................18 1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................23 1.1 INITIAL SITUATION : PERVASIVE COMPUTING AS TECHNOLOGICAL VISION .....................................24 1.2 OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY OF THIS STUDY ..........................................................................27 1.3 DEFINITION OF THE OBJECT OF THE STUDY .....................................................................................28 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THIS TA STUDY ......................................................................................................30 2 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE, SUSTAINABILITY AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY..........................................................................................................31 2.1 PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE ...........................................................................................................31 2.2 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE AND THE INFORMATION SOCIETY ................................................36 2.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................38 2.4 SUSTAINABILITY AND THE INFORMATION SOCIETY .........................................................................42 2.5 OTHER ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY ..............................................................43 2.6 CONCLUSION : A NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THIS TA STUDY ....................................................47 3 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS.....................................................................................48 3.1 MICROELECTRONICS : MORE POWERFUL , SMALLER AND CHEAPER ..................................................48 3.2 NETWORKING OF DEVICES AND OBJECTS ........................................................................................50 3.3 USER INTERFACES ..........................................................................................................................60 3.4 IDENTIFICATION , LOCATION AND CONTEXT SENSITIVITY ................................................................62 3.5 SOFTWARE AGENTS ........................................................................................................................64 3.6 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................65 3.7 CONCLUSION : WHAT IS NEW IN PERVASIVE COMPUTING ? .............................................................67 4 DEVELOPMENTS IN SELECTED FIELDS OF APPLICATION AND TECHNOLOGY....69 4.1 HOUSING ........................................................................................................................................72 4.2 TRANSPORT ....................................................................................................................................77 4.3 WORK ............................................................................................................................................85 4.4 HEALTH .........................................................................................................................................91 4.5 WEARABLES ...................................................................................................................................96 4.6 DIGITAL INFORMATION AND HOME ENTERTAINMENT MEDIA ........................................................103 4.7 SMART LABELS AND OTHER AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS .............................................108 4.8 INTERIM CONCLUSION : THE PERVASIVE COMPUTING TREND .......................................................113 4.9 THREE SCENARIOS FOR PERVASIVE COMPUTING ..........................................................................115 5 EFFICIENCY AND REBOUND EFFECTS...............................................................................122 5.1 INFORMATION , COMMUNICATION AND EFFICIENCY ......................................................................122 5.2 EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY ..................................................................................................123 5.3 EFFICIENCY VS . SUFFICIENCY .......................................................................................................124 5.4 THE REBOUND EFFECT ..................................................................................................................124 5.5 THE NOTION OF ‘UTILITY ’ ............................................................................................................126 5.6 THE CONCEPT OF HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION FUNCTION ................................................................127 5.7 OBSERVATIONS ON THE REBOUND EFFECT ...................................................................................128 5.8 DATA ON THE ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR OF PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS .................................................131 5.9 ASSESSMENT OF REBOUND EFFECTS IN THE FOUR FIELDS OF APPLICATION ...................................134 5.10 CONCLUSION : REBOUND EFFECTS IN THE FIELDS OF TRANSPORT AND WORK ...........................136 6 EFFECTS ON HEALTH ..............................................................................................................138 6.1 OPPORTUNITIES OF PERVASIVE COMPUTING FOR HEALTH ............................................................139 6.2 HEALTH RISKS FROM DIRECT CONTACT WITH ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ....................................142 5 PE 338.694 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 6.3 EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS : BASIC PRINCIPLES .........................................................144 6.4 HEALTH RISKS FROM HIGH-FREQUENCY RADIATION .....................................................................153 6.5 FACTORS DETERMINING RADIATION EXPOSURE FROM PERVASIVE COMPUTING ...........................171 6.6 CONCLUSIONS ..............................................................................................................................178 7 EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT.......................................................................................181 7.1 PRIMARY EFFECTS ........................................................................................................................182 7.2 SECONDARY AND TERTIARY EFFECTS ...........................................................................................221 8 SUMMARY OF THE OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS OF
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