Buddhism and Taoism During the Koryo Dynasty and Confucianism
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Professor Park, Kwangsoo Wonkwang University, Korea The lecture is designed to know 1) Historical background of Koryŏ and invasion of Mongolians 2) Buddhism in Korea The cultural heritage of Koryŏ Tripitaka at the Haein-sa temple and others Foundation of Koryŏ 1) Wang Kon as the founder of Koryo In 935 the Unified Silla monarchy was supplanted by the newly risen Koryo dynasty (918-1392). And, Buddhism once again prospered under royal patronage. 2) Invasion of Mongolians and Influence to Koryo: ① Koryo was often disrupted by invaders from Manchuria, first Khitan, then Juchen, and finally by the Mongols. ② In 1232 the Koryo court fled to Kanghwa Island off the west coast of Korea, leaving the country to Mongol devastation and control. Kingdom of Goryeo (고려국, 高麗國) Goryeo in 1374 Koryo Dynasty dynasty that ruled the Korean peninsula as the Koryo kingdom from 918 to 1392. During this period the country began to form its own cultural tradition distinct from the rest of East Asia, and it is from the name Koryo that the Western word ‘Korea’ is derived. <= Corea => Korea Wang Kŏn Founder of Koryo The dynasty that ruled Koryo was formed by General Wang Kŏn, who in 918 overthrew the state of Later Koguryo, established in north-central Korea by the monk Kungye. Changing the name of the state to Koryo, he established his capital at Songak, present-day Kaesong. With the surrender of the kingdoms of Silla, in 935, and of Later Paekche, in 936, Wang Kŏn established a unified kingdom on the peninsula. During the Mongol invasion led by Jalairtai in 1254, the number of captives the Mongols took back with them reached more than 200,000 people, while the corpses of the dead were too many to be counted. The population thus declined and whole villages fell into ruin. Military regime Despite the practical needs for national defense, military officials were generally poorly treated, and this led eventually to a coup d'état in 1170. Amid the subsequent disorder, one of the generals, Ch'oe Ch'ung-hon, was able to establish a military regime of his own that lasted from 1197 to 1258. The Ch'oe family, however, was content to rule behind the scenes, and it never actually usurped the throne. Hence, the dynasty continued to exist. Fall of Koryo In the 13th century Koryo suffered from a series of invasions by the Mongols. King Kongmin (1352–74) attempted a set of reforms to drive out the invaders and eliminate their influence from the court, but without success. Finally, in 1392, the newly emerged Confucian scholar General Yi Song-gye overthrew the shaky dynasty and founded the Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910). The Goryeo Dynasty or Koryŏ(918-1392) was a sovereign state established in 918 by King Taejo. It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392. Goryeo expanded its borders to present-day Wonsan in the north-east (936~943) and the Amnok River (993) and finally almost the whole of the Korean peninsula (1374). Two of this period's most notable products are Goryeo celadon pottery and the Tripitaka Koreana — the Buddhist scriptures (Tripitaka) carved onto roughly 80,000 woodblocks and stored, and still in, Haeinsa. Goryeo also created the world's first metal-based movable type printing press in 1234 and the oldest surviving movable metal type book, the Jikji, was made in 1377. Buddhism in Korea Koguryo and three other Kingdoms (5th century) Introducing three religious Thoughts The Three Kingdoms developed highly sophisticated cultures. Each compiled its own history, apparently to consolidate the authority of the state. Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism were adopted by the three kingdoms. (*현묘지도: Mysterious Way in the Nakrang-biseo Also noteworthy was the introduction of Buddhism, which was regarded at the time as the state religion for the protection and welfare of the state. 불교란? 불교는 기원전 4-5세기 경, 인도에서 고타마 싣달타(Gautama Siddhata) 에 의해 성립된 종교. • religion and philosophy that developed from the teachings of the Buddha (Sanskrit: “awakened one”) • a teacher who lived in northern India between the mid-6th and the mid-4th centuries BCE (before the Common Era). Buddhism arose in northeastern India sometime between the late 6th century and the early 4th century BCE, a period of great social change and intense religious activity. There is disagreement among scholars about the dates of the Buddha's birth and death. Many modern scholars believe that the historical Buddha lived from about 563 to about 483 BCE. 인 도 지 도 Suffering? Buddha’s Practice to overcome ‘suffering’ Buddhism in India Sacred Land of Buddhism(룸비니, 부다가야) Buddha Statue Three Jewels (삼보) In the case of Buddhism, this pattern is reflected in the Triratna. The “Three Jewels” of Buddha (the teacher), dharma (the teaching), and sangha (the community). 붓다의 열반 인도-날바다 사원 왕들의 붓다사리 쟁탈전 During the Three Kingdoms period there were three political and cultural centers: P'yongyang, the capital of Koguryo, in the northwest; the Kongju-Puyo+Iksan region, the Paekche heartland, in the southwest; and Kyongju, the capital of Silla, in the southeast. Silla and Paekche, along with the minor state of Kaya (also known as Kara or Karak; Japanese: Mimana) in the south, maintained close cultural contacts with Japan, and it was at this time that the significant Korean influence on Japanese art began. The Paekche kingdom first introduced Buddhism and Chinese writing to Japan. South Korean immigrants to Japan founded important centres of learning and the arts. The Sue pottery of the Tumulus, or Kofun, period (also known as the Great Burial Period) was the Japanese version of the Silla pottery of Korea. Buddhism in Koguryo The widely used date for the initial acceptance of Buddhism is the year 372, when the monk Sundo came to Koguryo from the Earlier Ch’in state then in control of northeastern China and transmitted images of the Buddha and Buddhat sutras. Buddhism in Paekche In 384, the monk Malananda brought Buddhism to Paekche from the Eastern Chin state in the Yantze river valley. Development of Metriya Buddha Faith Future Buddha Buddha Land Faith Sitting Bodhisattva (Metriya) Buddha statue Metriya temple of Paekche Metriya temple of Paekche Metriya temple of Paekche Buddhism in Silla Buddhism was first introduced by the monk Ado (Mukhoja) during the mid-fifth century. It ended in failure when it met with local hostility. Buddhism was brought to the Silla royal house by Ich’don’s martyrdom in 527. Sacred Bell of King Songdok(Emeeleh bell) Sacred Bell of King Songdok (Emeeleh bell of Pongdŏk-sa) Flying angel- Buddha Lotus flower motifs and sounding system – the bell weights 300ton Bulguk (Buddha Land) temple – Avatamsaka (F Bulguk (Buddha Land) temple- entrance Bulguk temple-stupas Tabo-stupa Tabo-stupa Shakya-stupa *stupa – 살탑 파Saltapa=> tapa => tap (Sanskrit) Later Three Kingdoms (Koryo, Later Paekche, Silla) (901 - 935 AD) In the 9th century the Unified Silla kingdom itself began to decline. In 935 the Unified Silla monarchy was supplanted by the newly risen Koryo dynasty (918–1392). Buddhism once again prospered under royal patronage. Development of Sŏn(Zen, Ch’an) Schools of Korean Buddhism During the early years of Silla Buddhism, the spiritual ties between the rulers and the ruled owed much to a belief in Maitreya, the Buddha of the Future. This utopian vision satisfied the popular longing for a land of happiness, free of suffering. At the same time, it encouraged ordinary people to identify their own monarch or national hero with a Buddhist deity. Buddhism during Koryo Dynasty Buddhism once again prospered under royal patronage. The Buddhist Tripitaka The Tripitaka is a complete collection of Buddhist scripture consisting of 1) Sutra (Buddha’s teaching) 2) Vinaya (Precepts) 3) Sastra (Commentaries) Koryo Tripitaka at the Haein-sa temple the major artistic achievement of the Koryo period. ① The famous engraved edition of the entire Tripitaka, along Buddhist canonical text, was done in Kanghwa Island in the mid-13th century as a commission of the government in exile. ② More than 80,000 engraved word blocks were used to print this edition. Koryo Tripitaka More than 80,000 engraved wood blocks were used to print this edition. (The major artistic achievement of the Koryo period was the production of porcelain with a celadon glaze. ) It becomes the primary textual source of East Asian Buddhist Scriptures. Koryo Tripitaka 불교경전 at Hain-sa temple (고려대장경 목판) Koryo Tripitaka 불교경전 at Hain-sa temple Chinul (1158-1210) Chinul, also known as the National Preceptor Pojo, stayed at the present Songgwang-sa monastery to revive Son(Zen) Buddhism. “sudden enlightenment gradual-cultivation” “Sudden enlightenment” connotes the awakening to the fact that the human mind is none other than the Buddha-mind, while “gradual-cultivation” means that even after the awakening is achieved there must be unremitting cultivation of the mind. twofold training in quiescence and knowing This path of sudden-enlightenment and gradual- cultivation requires “twofold training in quiescence and knowing”(chonghye ssangsu) Quiescence - samadhi (& vipassana) Knowing - prajna During the Three Kingdoms period there were three political and cultural centres: P'yongyang, the capital of Koguryo, in the northwest; the Kongju-Puyo+Iksan region, the Paekche heartland, in the southwest; and Kyongju, the capital of Silla, in the southeast. Silla and Paekche, along with the minor state of Kaya (also known as Kara or Karak; Japanese: Mimana) in the south, maintained close cultural contacts with Japan, and it was at this time that the significant Korean influence on Japanese art began. The Paekche kingdom first introduced Buddhism and Chinese writing to Japan.