*(The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences) Putting it all together Yields Revolutionary Results… Creating Revolutionary Scientific Revolutionary Results from AFOSR Breakthroughs for the Warfighter The United States Air Force and Putting it All Together Yields Revolutionary Results... the Significance of Basic Research Air Force Office of Scientific Research funding has played a key role in many discoveries of critical importance to the United States Air Force, the scientific community and the whole world. The Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), a part of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), manages the United The many advantages held by the United States Air Force investment in basic research. AFOSR accomplishes Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize in Chemistry Nobel Prize in Medicine Nobel Prize in Economics* States Air Force on the battlefields of today Polykarp Kusch and Willis Lamb made discoveries that resulted in a Subramanyan Chandrasekhar and William Fowler’s work in the this task through strong, productive alliances with a wide array of and tomorrow are due, in large part, to the reshaping of the theory of quantum electrodynamics. development of models of nucleosynthesis, thermonuclear and fusion reactions, government agencies, the university research community, industry was critical in the development of the U.S. thermonuclear arsenal, and insight into Dr. Steven Chu Dr. Ahmed Zewail Dr. Paul Greengard Dr. Daniel Kahneman technological innovations developed by the John Bardeen was the co-inventor of the transistor. He laid the foundation for the “Big Bang” origin of the universe. laboratories and worldwide research establishments. the electronics revolution of the last half of the 20th century. a 1997 Nobel Prize winner in the 1999 Nobel Prize winner in shared the Nobel Prize for shared the Nobel Prize for extraordinary efforts of countless scientists and Dudley Herschbach and John Polanyi opened a new area of research in Physics, was one of three Chemistry, pioneered “femtochemistry,” Medicine in 2000 for discoveries Economics in 2002. AFOSR engineers. Willard Libby developed carbon-14 dating which allows accurate chemistry-reaction dynamics, which was pivotal in the development of the first AFOSR funding is distributed among approximately 1,200 grants determination of the age of artifacts. physicists sharing the prize for a branch of study in chemistry that regarding “signal transduction in funded Dr. Kahneman’s ground- chemical lasers. and contracts provided to more that 225 academic institutions, 150 Robert Hofstadter pioneered studies in electron scattering of atomic nuclei "development of methods to cool allows scientists to understand the nervous system.” First funded breaking research on human The Air Force Office of Scientific Research Daniel Tsui discovered a new form of quantum fluid that led to miniaturized, commercial firms and more than 240 internal Air Force research and opened new explorations into the nature of fundamental particles and allowed high-performance millimeter wave components used extensively in surveillance and and trap atoms with laser light." chemical reactions at the most by AFOSR in 1984, Greengard’s perception, attention and (AFOSR) sponsors the work of exceptional for new mechanisms for hardening systems against harmful radiation. There are few programs that demonstrate the significant impact of basic efforts performed within AFRL’s nine technology directorates. communications systems. Funded by AFOSR since 1988, fundamental level and at the speed research demonstrated the means decision-making beginning in individuals who provide basic research; the invented the maser, which was the basis for its successor, the research on an Air Force weapons system like the Airborne Laser (ABL). Additionally, AFOSR manages a portion of the basic research Charles Townes Herbert Kroemer developed semiconductor heterostructures which resulted in Chu's research provides the at which they occur. Future Air by which chemicals known as 1971. Along with psychologist foundation that underpins the dramatic evolution laser. He transformed communications, navigation, astronomy, radar, atomic the High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT), critical to today’s high-speed The fields of basic research that ultimately contributed to the realization investments of the Department of the Defense, the Defense clocks, surgery and numerous industrial procedures. foundation for atom interferometers, Force applications include: neurotransmitters carry signals Amos Twersky, Kahneman of Air Force technology. These scientists develop electronics. He also assisted in the creation of the heterostructure laser crucial to of the ABL include physics, chemistry, electronics, materials, theoretical Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Missile Defense the development of fiber-optic communications. atom lasers and more precise Greater understanding and control of between nerve cells. Under AFOSR studied the determinants of the revolutionary scientific breakthroughs that Hans Bethe was a pioneer in the theory of nuclear reactions--especially his mathematics, and of course, laser research. Seven AFOSR supported Agency. discoveries in concerning the energy production in stars. His work is used to frequency standards, the basis for the release of energy in chemical sponsorship, Greengard experi- human choice in risky situations. keep America’s Air Force the best in the world. Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit. His microchip laid the conceptual and researchers received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work in lasers, assess survivability from radiation for every Air Force satellite in orbit today. technical foundation for the entire field of modern electronics. ultra-precise clocks. The Air Force mented with large nerve cells to Kahneman and Twersky showed reactions in systems such as novel including the development of the theoretical foundation for the laser itself: AFOSR is organized into three scientific directorates: Aerospace, George Porter invented novel means to study extremely fast chemical will benefit from Chu's research in understand the molecular activity that a person’s decisions depend reactions. His work contributed to understanding processes related to solar energy John Fenn received the Nobel Prize for his development of methods for rocket propellants, chemical lasers, and Charles Townes, (known as the father of the laser); Arthur Schawlow; Chemical and Material Sciences; Mathematics, Information and Among these AFOSR-sponsored scientists and of synapse transmission. This conversion and radiation damage control in biological systems. identification and structure analysis of biological macromolecules. the following areas: on how the decision problem is engineers are a select group of 56 researchers the interactions of aerospace vehicles Nicolas Bloembergen; Dudley Herschbach; John Polanyi; Steven Chu; Life Sciences; and Physics and Electronics. These directorates knowledge has led to a better framed or described, and this Murray Gell-Mann, along with George Zweig, advanced the“quark” theory. This Navigation, guidance and control systems who have earned worldwide recognition for John Hall refined the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, which with their environments. and Herbert Kroemer. manage programs supporting nearly 40 major research areas. classification of elementary particles and their interactions brought order to the understanding of the brain’s dependence results in decisions receiving the prestigious Nobel Prize for their ultimately led to even greater accuracy in defining the quantum structure of matter. (using atom interferometers for chaos created by the discovery of some 100 particles in the atom’s nucleus. Increased understanding and control of function in perception, coginition that deviate in predictable ways While the laser is the cornerstone of the ABL, the research in physics and research contributions in physics, chemistry, Robert Grubbs achieved the first well-defined catalysts for practical laboratory accelerometers and rotation sensors). AFOSR also has two foreign offices: the European Office of Ulf von Euler discovered the neural key to what controls the human body’s radar signatures from aircraft and and action. from the rational choice. electronics by Nobel winners John Bardeen, Jack Kilby, Brian Josephson, application, which have found very broad use in the chemical industry with the medicine and economics. This brochure recognizes response to stress and exertion. This research is used to help determine the Smaller electronic circuits with greater Philip Anderson, John Van Vleck and Herbert Kroemer provided revolutionary Aerospace Research and Development in London, United Kingdom development of new plastics, herbicides, drugs, and synthetic pheromones. rockets; processes that affect chemical This research benefits the Air these outstanding Nobel Prize winning research effectiveness of an individual during sustained operations. This research directly supports and the Asian Office of Aerospace Research and Development in density (using atom lasers). Force by providing a solid advances in electronic computing capability and communications. Paul scientists. Brian Josephson invented the Josephson Junction. This superconductivity Roy Glauber’s work in the field of quantum optics led to the formulation that erosion in space and the drag placed on DoD goals for advancement in Tokyo, Japan. In addition, AFOSR maintains the Air Force Covert