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Keanekaragaman Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera) Di Sekitar Pinggiran Sungai Maslete Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara

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Keanekaragaman Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera) Di Sekitar Pinggiran Sungai Maslete Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara BIOEDU, Vol. 4, No. 2, Agustus 2019: (49-55) Keanekaragaman Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera) di Sekitar Pinggiran Sungai Maslete Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara Maria Mathilda Nino Prodi Pendidikan Biologi Universitas Timor Kefamenanu, TTU-NTT, 85613 Email: [email protected] Abstrak Penelitian tentang keanekaragaman kupu-kupu sudah banyak dilakukan khususnya di pulau Jawa, namun belum semua wilayah di Indonesia diperoleh data tentang keanekaragaman kupu-kupu. Salah satu di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara masih belum banyak dilakukan, khususnya di sekitar pinggiran sungai Maslete, Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis kupu-kupu, untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman kupu-kupu, untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi kehidupan kupu-kupu di sekitar pinggiran sungai Maslete Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara serta untuk mengetahui implementasi hasil penelitian dalam pembelajaran biologi di sekolah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode jelajah. Penentuan lokasi pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan mengikuti garis transek sepanjang 500m, Pada garis transek dibuat substransek. Jarak antar subtransek yaitu 250m. Pada masing-masing subtransek dibuat 2 buah plot berukuran 5x5 m2. Kupu-kupu ditangkap menggunakan jaring dan identifikasi berdasarkan cirri morfologi kupu-kupu. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis keanekaragamannya menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-wienner. Hasil penelitian di sekitar pinggiran sungai maslete ditemukan 7 jenis kupu- kupu yang tergolong dalam 3 famili yaitu Pieridae dengan 3 jenis, Nymphalidae dengan 2 jenis dan Papilionidae dengan 2 jenis. Indeks keanekaragaman kupu-kupu di sekitar pinggiran sungai maslete tergolong rendah dengan nilai H’ 0,9884. Hasil pengukuran parameter lingkungan di sekitar pinggiran sungai Maslete menunjukkan bahwa suhu udara berkisar antara 34,37-34,67o C dan kelembaban udara berkisar antara 57-59%. Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman, kupu-kupu, sungai Indonesia merupakan negara yang suatu wilayah dipengaruhi oleh faktor memiliki keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan biotik dan abiotik dari suatu lingkungan. maupun hewan yang sangat tinggi, Jumlah kupu-kupu terbanyak ditemukan sehingga Indonesia sering disebut sebagai di hutan lindung, hutan yang sudah diolah, salah satu pusat megabiodiversity dunia. dan padang rumput (Sundufu, et al. 2008). Indonesia merupakan negara ke dua yang Sepanjang aliran sungai akan ditemukan memiliki jenis kupu-kupu terbanyak di jenis-jenis kupu-kupu karena kupu-kupu dunia, dengan jumlah jenis lebih dari 2000 mengisap air mineral dari pasir/ batu. jenis yang tersebar di seluruh nusantara Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara (TTU) (Amir, et al. 2008). merupakan daerah daratan dengan luas Kupu-kupu merupakan bagian dari 2.669,70 km2 dari luas daratan Provinsi keanekaragaman hayati yang harus dijaga Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). kelestariannya dari kepunahan maupun Sungai Maslete adalah salah satu sungai penurunan keanekaragaman jenis. Secara yang berada di Kabupaten TTU. Sungai ekologis kupu-kupu mempertahankan Maslete terletak di Kecamatan Kota keseimbangan ekosistem dan memperkaya Kefamenanu. Sekitar pinggiran sungai keanekaragaman hayati di alam (Rizal, Maslete terdapat tumbuh-tumbuhan yang 2007). Saat ini kupu-kupu menghadapi merupakan pakan kupu-kupu sehingga ancaman kepunahan yang disebabkan oleh tempat ini menjadi salah satu habitat kupu- alih fungsi lahan dihabitatnya (Soehartono, kupu. et al. 2003). Jumlah kupu-kupu secara Penelitian tentang keanekaragaman umum tergantung pada pengelolaan suatu kupu-kupu sudah banyak dilakukan lahan. Menurut Handayani,et al., (2012) khususnya di pulau Jawa, namun belum keanekaragaman jenis kupu-kupu yang semua wilayah di Indonesia diperoleh data tinggi dan penyebaran kupu-kupu dalam tentang keanekaragaman kupu-kupu. Salah 49 BIOEDU, Vol. 4, No. 2, Agustus 2019: (49-55) satudi Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara d. Meteran digunakan untuk mengukur masih belum banyak dilakukan, khususnya luas areal penelitian. di sekitar pinggiran sungai Maslete, e. Gunting digunakan untuk menggunting Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam Berdasarkan uraian diatas, maka penelitian. peneliti termotivasi untuk melakukan f. Jarum suntik digunakan untuk penelitian dengan judul: menyuntikkan alkohol pada jenis kupu- “Keanekaragaman Kupu-Kupu kupu yang ditemukan untuk (Lepidoptera) di Sekitar Pinggiran pengawetan spesimen. Sungai Maslete Kabupaten Timor g. Papan perentang digunakan untuk Tengah Utara“. merentangkan sayap kupu-kupu. h. Jarum pentul digunakan untuk mengatur METODE posisi sayap saat direntangkan diatas Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian papan perentang. i. Alat tulis digunakan sebagai pencatatan Penelitian meliputi beberapa tahapan data penelitian. yaitu penangkapan kupu-kupu dilakukan di j. Thermohigrometer digunakan sebagai sekitar pinggiran sungai Maslete, pengukuran suhu dan kelembaban Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara, udara. identifikasi dan pengawetan kupu-kupu k. Oven digunakan untuk mengeringkan dilakukan di Laboratorium Pendidikan kupu-kupu. Biologi, Universitas Timor. Penelitian l. Gabus digunakan untuk meletakkan telah dilakukan pada tanggal 26 Februari spesimen yang telah diawetkan. 2019 sampai dengan tanggal 29 Maret 2019. Bahan Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian Rancangan Penelitian ini adalah: a. Kupu-kupu hasil koleksi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian b. Alkohol 70%. eksploratif dengan menggunakan metode c. Buku panduan identifikasi kupu-kupu. jelajah, dengan tahapan penelitian sebagai berikut: 1.) Mengadakan observasi ke Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian lokasi penelitian. 2.) Persiapan awal 1. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian. 3.) Penentuan batas daerah semua jenis kupu-kupu yang ada di penelitian. 4.) Pengukuran suhu udara dan sekitar pinggiran sungai Maslete, kelembaban udara lokasi penelitian. 5.) Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. Penangkapan kupu-kupu. 6.) Proses 2. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis identifikasi. 7.) Pengawetan kupu-kupu. kupu-kupu yang didapatkan di jalur Alat dan Bahan Penelitian pengamatan yang telah ditentukan sepanjang 500m di sekitar pinggiran Alat sungai Maslete, Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. Alat-alat yang digunakan dalam Metode Pengumpulan Data penelitian ini adalah : a. Jaring kupu-kupu digunakan sebagai alat a. Penentuan lokasi pengambilan sampel. penangkap kupu-kupu. Penentuan lokasi pengambilan sampel b.Amplop digunakan sebagai tempat dilakukan dengan metode purposive spesimen. sampling. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan c. Kamera digunakan sebagai dengan mengikuti garis transek sepanjang pendokumentasian. 500m. Pada garis transek dibuat 50 BIOEDU, Vol. 4, No. 2, Agustus 2019: (49-55) subtransek. Jarak antar subtransek 250 m. Tabel 3.1 Pada masing-masing subtransek dibuat 2 Jenis kupu-kupu yang ditemukan di buah plot berukuran 5x5 m2. sekitar pinggiran sungai Maslete. b. Pengukuran suhu udara dan kelembaban udara. Juml Pengukuran suhu udara dan kelembaban No Family Jenis ah udara menggunakan thermohigrometer. Indivi c. Pengumpulan sampel kupu-kupu . du Pengumpulan spesimen kupu-kupu menggunakan metode jelajah dan 1. Catopsilia 91 penangkapan dilakukan dengan Pieridae pomona menggunakan jaring. 2. Eurema 28 hecabe Teknik Analisis Data 3. Catopsilia 4 scylla Untuk menentukan nilai keanekaragaman 4. Agraulis 100 jenis, dihitung dengan menggunakan Nymphal vanillae indeks keanekaragaman Shannon Wiener – 5. idae Danaus 6 (Syahputra, 2015), sebagai berikut: chrysippus Hꞌ = - ∑ Pi Ln Pi 6. Graphium 2 Dengan Pi = ni / N Papilioni Agamemnon Untuk mengetahui keberadaan nilai 7. dae Papilio 1 keanekaragaman, maka indeks polytes keanekaragaman Shannon–Wiener dikategorikan kedalam tiga kriteria, yaitu: Jumlah 232 Hꞌ<1 =indeks keanekaragaman dikategorikan rendah. Hꞌ 1-3 = indeks keanekaragaman Berdasarkan tabel 3.1, menunjukkan dikategorikan sedang. bahwa pada lokasi penelitian di temukan Hꞌ >3 =indeks keanekaragaman kupu-kupu sebanyak 232 individu, yang dikategorikan tinggi. terdiri dari 3 family dan 7 jenis, yang memiliki jumlah individu kupu-kupu Hasil dan Pembahasan mulai dari yang tertinggi sampai yang terendah adalah sebagai berikut: Jenis-jenis kupu-kupu yang ditemukan di sekitar pinggiran sungai Maslete Agraulis vanillae adalah jenis yang paling banyak ditemukan di lokasi penelitian Berdasarkan data hasil penelitian di dengan jumlah individu sebanyak 100 sekitar pinggiran sungai Maslete individu. Kemudian di ikuti oleh ditemukan 7 jenis kupu-kupu. Jumlah jenis Catopsilia pomona dengan jumlah kupu-kupu yang ditemukan dapat dilihat individu sebanyak 91 individu. Eurema pada tabel 3.1. hecabe dengan jumlah individu sebanyak 28 individu. Danaus chrysippus dengan jumlah individu sebanyak 6 individu. Catopsilia scylla dengan jumlah individu sebanyak 4 individu. Graphium agamemnon dengan jumlah individu sebanyak 2 individu. Papilio polytes merupakan jenis yang paling sedikit ditemukan dengan jumlah individu 1. 51 BIOEDU, Vol. 4, No. 2, Agustus 2019: (49-55) Jenis kupu-kupu di sekitar pinggiran chrysippus; e.) Catopsilia scylla; sungai Maslete didominasi oleh Agraulis f.)Graphium agamemnon; g.) vanillae dari family Nymphalidae, dengan Papilio polytes. jumlah individu sebanyak 100 individu. Tingginya populasi jenis Agraulis vanillae Keanekaragaman Jenis Kupu-Kupu karena daerahnya terbuka dan adanya Berdasarkan Indeks Shannon–Wiener. vegetasi yang sesuai untuk keberlangsungan hidup kupu-kupu Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan analisis tersebut. Tanaman
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