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Home , Amathusia (butterfly), Antigonon leptopus, Appias libythea, Butterfly, Catopsilia, Catopsilia pomona

Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (3) : 2018; pp. (1009-1017) Copyright@ EM International ISSN 0971–765X

Diversity and Abundance of ( rhopalocera) in the City Garden of Banda Aceh,

Suwarno1*, Irla Hanum1, Yekki Yasmin1, Saida Rasnovi1 and Dahelmi2

1 Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia 2 Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia

(Recieved 25 January, 2018; accepted 10 April, 2018)

ABSTRACT are generally regarded as one of the best taxonomically studied group of . Butterfly populations can show large natural fluctuations. Butterfly distribution and abundance depends on variations in weather for the short-term as well as alterations and disturbances in habitat quality and availability for the long term. In this study the diversity of butterflies in the City Garden Banda Aceh was studied. This study aimed to identify biodiversity and composition of butterfly, abundance of butterflies correlate to photoperiodic and correlation abiotic factors (temperature and humidity) and butterfly abundance in this garden. The exploratory survey method was performed in the study. The sampling was conducted three times a day on 8.00am – 10.00am (morning), 11.00am – 1.00pm (noon) and 3.00pm - 5.00pm (afternoon) for 15 days. Butterflies were collected using the net (40 cm in diameter and 200 cm in stalk), followed the track which existing in the garden. The study was conducted in March to May 2017. A total of 523 individual of butterflies belong to 30 and seven families, namely; Amanthusidae, Danaidae, , , Papilionidae, , and Satyridae. The Nymphalidae has the highest number of species (9 species) followed by Pieridae (6 species) and Papilionidae (5 species). While, Amantusidae has the lowest number of species and individual, 1 species and 19 individual, respectively. In addition, the higher number species and individual of butterfly were in the morning, it was significantly different to two other sampling periods (noon and afternoon). The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) of butterflies in Banda Aceh city garden was 2.805. There were significantly correlation between temperature and number of species and 2 2 individual (F2, 44; p<0.0001 and F2, 44; p<0.0001) but very weak correlation R = 0.332 and R = 0.367, respectively.

Key words: Butterflies, Diversity, City garden, Banda Aceh

Introduction 2010). Indonesia has about 2200 species, distributed from the lowland to the mountain area and found Butterflies are generally regarded as one of the best both in dry and rainy seasons (Pegie, 2008). Further- taxonomically studied group of insects. Worldwide, more, diversity and abundance of butterflies have almost 20,000 species of butterflies have been de- been done in some location of Aceh, such as at scribed (Kristensen et al., 2007) and roughly 90% Leupung. A number of 70 species of butterflies were percent found in tropical regions (Bonebrake et al., recorded in that area (Suwarno et al., 2013; 2016).

*Corresponding author’s email : [email protected] 1010 Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (3) : 2018

Butterflies enable sustenance of ecosystem ser- Seasonal fluctuations of butterflies covering a par- vices through their role in and serving as ticular area are influenced by environmental factors important food chain components. Being potential viz., temperature, photoperiod, rainfall, humidity pollinating agents of their as well as and availability of food resources, types of vegeta- indicators of the health and quality of their host tions viz., herbs, shrubs and trees (Anu et al., 2009, plants and the ecosystem as a whole, exploration of Shanthi et al., 2009 and Tiple et al., 2007). butterfly fauna thus becomes important in identify- In this study the diversity of butterflies in the ing and preserving potential habitats under threat City Park Banda Aceh was studied. This study (Kunte, 1997). Butterflies are an important aspect of aimed to identify biodiversity and composition of ecosystems for they interact with plants as pollina- butterfly, abundance of butterflies correlate to pho- tors and (Tiple et al., 2006). Butterflies are toperiodic and correlation abiotic factors (tempera- also good indicators of environmental changes as ture and humidity) and butterfly abundance in this they are sensitive to habitat degradation and climate garden. changes (Kunte, 2000). Butterflies are conspicuous components of open habitats and indicators of habi- Materials and Methods tat quality. Some patterns in their distribution and abundance are well known. Study area Butterfly distribution and abundance depend on variations in weather for the short-term as well as The city garden of Banda Aceh which spread over alterations and disturbances in habitat quality and an area of 6,15 acres is located at Tibang village, availability for the long term (Kocher and Williams, Syiah Kuala about 5-6 km northern of Banda Aceh 2000). Butterflies are important umbrella species (05o34’56.2" LU and 95o20’47.5" BT) and an elevation group for ecological evaluations on local, regional of 1 m above the Mean Sea Level (MSL) and. There and interregional scales (Pollard and Yates, 1993; are 147 species of plants and more than 3660 trees Wettstein and Schmid, 1999). These insects are rela- inside this garden, such as grasses, shrubs, riparian, tively sensitive bio–indicators due to their highly mangrove, ornament, flowering and fruits plants. complex life cycles (Van Dyck et al., 2000; Hanski, North side of this city garden remain as fishpond 2001). The distribution of many species is rather re- area with mangrove trees replanted after tsunamis stricted (Van Swaay, 2002; Kudrna, 2002) and some victim (Yayasan Bustanussalatin, 2011). In this gar- butterfly species are hardly found outside protected den also planted the endemics and exotic plants areas. Many species of butterflies are strictly sea- (Hidayat, 2013). At this garden, 26 species of birds sonal, preferring only a particular set of habitats. belong to 16 families were found. Some of them are Butterflies have been studied for their numerous protected birds and migratory birds (Fithri, 2012). aspects, such as biodiversity, abundance, food pref- There were some ecotourism facilities in this area erences, population dynamic, distribution and bio- such as walk trail around the garden, ramp canopy indicators of environmental health, managed and trail, mangrove boardwalk, and water reservoir. degraded ecosystems, also used in monitoring pro- Butterflies Collection grams (Sawchick et al., 2003; Suwarno, 2010; 2012; Suwarno et al., 2010a,b; Suwarno et al., 2012; Nganso Butterflies sampling was carried out in March to et al., 2012). They are well-studied, easily observed, June 2017 using the timed, directed, fixed distance sensitive to changes in vegetation and management transect method in the garden (Pollard, 1977; Caldas practices, and they are tightly intertwined with eco- and Robbins, 2003). Samplings were done every logical systems as both primary consumers (herbi- week under sunny condition and divided into three vores) and as food items (Nganso et al., 2012). period times 8.00am-10.00am (morning), 11.00am- Butterfly populations can show large natural 01.00pm (noon) and 3.00pm-5.00pm (afternoon) a fluctuations. These are mainly due to environmen- day and 100 minutes were spent in each time pe- tal features, especially weather conditions. Long- riod. Transects (in this case were walk trails) were term changes in abundance and distribution have 500 m in length and stretched every week along the been linked to a range of factors including habitat established walk trail. While walking along transect, loss and fragmentation, land use changes, and cli- butterflies seen across 5 m distance from either side mate change (Schulze et al., 2004; Suwarno, 2010). of the mid-line were collected. Butterflies were col- SUWARNO ET AL 1011 lected using an insect net and they were brought to butterfly abundances and the number of species of laboratory for specimen preparation. butterflies between three periods of times. Polyno- mial correlation between the temperature and mois- Species handling and identification ture with the number of species and number of indi- Standard field handling of specimens were done. vidual of butterfly also analysed. All tests were con- Butterflies were captured with the insect net then ducted using SPSS v17.0. squeezed the thorax to disable the specimens. The specimens were placed in glassine envelopes and Results and Discussion stored in plastic box 40x25x12 cm for subsequent laboratory processing comprising identification, Species diversity and abundance drying, spreading, pinning, photographing and la- The City Garden of Banda Aceh is the open area lo- belling (Nganso et al., 2012). Each processed speci- cated in sub urban area, 5-6 km northern of Banda men was labelled with certain code that described Aceh. This garden previously is the wetland area the time, date, and location of collection. The col- which was then in 2010, converted into a garden lected butterflies were identified to the species level and local ecotourism area. Based on variation of using the morphology characters of the specimen plants were replanted in the city garden area, there such as body size, wing venation and colour on each are many suitable hosts and food plants for diverse part of the wing and other specific characters (Fig. butterfly populations including some rare and sen- 1). Identification of specimen was also using a vari- sitive species. The good source of nectar, food plants ety of taxonomic treatises, including Fleming (1975); suitable for laying, open sunny space and with- Tsukada (1982a, 1982b, 1985, 1991); Seki et al., out pesticides application has resulted in varied (1991); Corbet and Pendlebury (1992) and Salmah et species diversity of butterflies in the area. In this city al. (2002). park is found 523 butterlies belongs to 30 species, 21 genera and 7 families namely; Amanthusidae, Danaidae, Lycaeindae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae and Satiridae. Nymphalidae has the highest number of species (9 species), or equal to 30% from the total of butterflies species in that area, followed by Pieridae dan Papilionidae 6 species (20%) and 5 species (16.67%), respectively. Mean- while, the lowest species richness was Amanthusidae (1 species). Nymphalidae was a pre- dominant family in the of Lepidoptera and they were distributed in many types of habitat (Suwarno et al., 2012; Widhiono, 2015). Several stud- Fig. 1. Parts of fore and hind wing butterfly were used on ies have conducted to examine the diversity and identification. A (); B (Discal); C (Sub Mar- abundance worldwide, for instant Dahelmi et al., ginal); D (Marginal); E (Costal); F (Apical); G (Sub (2009) reported the species richness and abundance Apical); H (Tornus); I (Dorsal); d (length of wing). of the butterflies in western part of Sumatera, Indo- (Dickson cit. Salmah et al., 2002). nesia, Widhiono (2004) and Dendang (2009), re- ported the biodiversity of butterflies at different for- Data analysis est types, in Central Java and West Java, respec- Data from 15 weeks were pooled to obtain total but- tively; Koh and Sodhi (2004) at three types of habi- terfly diversity and per time period of sampling tat (forest reserves, fragments area and urban park) (morning, noon and afternoon). The Shannon- in , Vu and Vu (2011) at different type Weiner diversity indices and Simpson species rich- habitat in , and Raut and Pendharkar (2010) ness were computed for the total butterfly diversity. butterflies in Maharashtra Nature Park, Mumbai, Since the data were normally distributed Maharashtra, . These reports indicate that (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; Sig. > 0,05), the ANOVA Nymphalidae had the highest number of species test was used to test the significant variation in total compared than the other families in almost all types 1012 Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (3) : 2018 of habitat. Contrary, the lowest species richness and Nymphalidae (27.34%), followed by Papilionidae individuals was Amanthusidae. Probably this is (24.46%) and Pieridae (15.83%). due to Amanthusidae as the small family of order Furthermore, the number of individual of butter- Lepidptera, limited host plants and restrictedly in this city garden was dominated by family found in certain habitat and condition. Maryatul et Danaidae (31%), particularly chrysippus (144 al. (2010) reported that family Amanthusidae only individuals) followed by Pieridae (25%), 2.16% from the total of butterfly in Bantimurung scylla (45 individuals) (Table 1, Figure 3). Danaus National Park. The highest number of species was chryssippus was the most abundantly found in this

Table 1. Butterlies in the city garden of Banda Aceh on three times period of day Family/Species Number of Individual Morning Mid Day Afternoon Total Amanthusidae 1. friderici Fruhstrorfer, 1804 8 11 - 19 Danaidae 2. Linnaeus, 1758 50 42 52 144 3. midamus Linnaeus, 1758 8 6 - 14 4. Euploea mulciber Cramer, 1777 1 2 - 3 5. vulgaris Butler, 1874 - 1 - 1 Lycaenidae 6. arshadorum Eliot, 1964 8 1 5 14 7. Everes lacturnus Godart, 1824 - - 9 9 Nymphalidae 8. bisaltide Cramer, 1777 2 - - 2 9. aconthea Cramer, 1777 4116 10. anomala Wallacea, 1869 8 3 - 11 11. Linnaeus, 1758 12 7 - 19 12. Linnaeus, 1764 9 2 - 11 13. almana Linnaeus, 1758 3 5 - 8 14. Junonia atlites Linnaeus, 1763 - 1 - 1 15. Junonia hedonia Linnaeus, 1764 3 2 - 5 16. magadha Felder & Felder, 1867 7 8 5 20 Papilionidae 17. agamemnon Linnaeus, 1758 16 5 8 29 18. C&R Felder, 1864 2 - 2 4 19. demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 7 - 3 10 20. Linnaeus, 1758 2439 21. Linnaeus, 1758 9 9 10 28 Pieridee 22. Fabricius, 1775 2 - - 2 23. Fabricius, 1775 15 7 - 22 24. Fabricius, 1775 22 15 8 45 25. hyparete Linnaeus, 1758 9 2 - 11 26. ada Distant & Pryer, 1887 13 7 5 25 27. nina Fabricius, 1793 10 7 7 24 Satyridae 28. Elymnias hypermnestra Linnaeus, 1763 - 2 - 2 29. leda Linnaeus, 1758 4 8 7 19 30. perseus Fabricius, 1775 1 - 5 6 Total number of species 26 24 15 523 Total number of individual 235 158 130 523 SUWARNO ET AL 1013 study since its host , Calostropis gigantean were commonly found in the population and distributed inside and outside of the garden. was the host plant of Danaus chryssippus and D. melanippus (Corbet and Pendlebury, 1992). Calotropis gigantea or milkweed belong to family Asclepiadacea which includes 2,000 species of world-wide distribution and most abundant in the sub- and tropics, and rare in cold countries (Payal and Sharma, 2015). Futhermore, some of plants species that belong to family Leguminose, that are the host plant of Catopsilia scylla were also found higher in the garden. Corbet and Pendlebury (1992) also reported that many species that belong Fig. 3. The abundance of butterflies in the city garden of to family Leguminose were the suitable host plant Banda Aceh for the many species of pierid butterflies. Papilionidae was known as the beautiful and common butterfly and this research represented to- unfavourable season that was in dry season. Some tal 80 individuals, 2 genera and 5 species of butter- of grasses and shrubs species become yellowish be- flies (Figure 2 and 3). All of species that belong to cause no rainfall and very sunny condition. Some Papilionidae were the common species and could be species of Lycaenidae and Pieridae, their larval food found at many types of habitat, including the settle- are grasses and shrubs (Corbet and Pendlebury, ment area. Most of Papilionidae were the oligopha- 1992). Plant phenology and climate are key environ- gous species and their host plants such as Annona mental variable that effect abundance of butterfly muricata L., A. squamosa L., A. reticulate L., (Splinzer et al., 1993), meanwhile Islam et al. (2013), aurantifolia Swingle, C. amblycarpa Bunge, C. hystrix investigate that butterflies living in the forest eco- D.C. Clausena excavate Burm., Evodia malayana Rid- system are very depending on abiotic factors and ley, Murraya koenigii L. and Polyaltia longifolia Sonn. vegetation condition. planted in the city garden. Salmah et al. (2002), some In term of the diversity, the Shannon-Weiner in- of Papilionidae butterflies distributed from the for- dex (H’) of the species diversity was 2.808, mean- est, rural area to settlement. They have various of while the Simpson index (D) was 0.897. Both of in- host plants that belong to family , dices indicated that the diversity of butterflies in the , Annonacea and . city garden of Banda Aceh were high. The high di- The species richness and abundance of versity index correlated with the number of species Lycaenidae and Satiridae were low, probably due to and number of individual each species butterfly that was collected in that garden. Based on the diversity index, indicated that the condition of the city garden was suitable or available for the living of butterflies, because there were many species of host and food plants in additional to the suitable weather condi- tion (temperature 22-33 oC and humidity 45-93%) were optimum also. During the study, butterflies visited some of flowering plants, such as Alstonia scholaris, leptopus, Bougenvillae spectabilis, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hura crepitans, Ixora javanica, camara, Murraya koenigii and Stachytapeta indica. Lan- tana camara was the most visited by many of butterflies, and then the flower of B. spectabilis, H. Fig. 2. The species richness of butterflies in the city gar- rosa-sinensis, and Ixora javanica were the most visited den of Banda Aceh by Papilionidae and Pieridae butterflies. The small 1014 Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (3) : 2018 and66.66±0.00 slow flying butterflies such as Eurema ada and plants secreted their nectar in the morning until the Junonia spp. more visited the Stachytapeta indica mid day and decrease in the afternoon. It’s the plant flowerings. strategy in fertilization of flower by the insects. Adgaba et al., (2017) reported that the nectar secre- Butterfly Activity tion dynamics, generally showed an increasing Butterflies were diurnal insects, and their activities trend early in the morning, peaking toward mid depend on the environment condition, such as tem- day, followed by a decline. Despite the high tem- perature, humidity, light and win speed. The study perature, many plants were found to have good shown, in the morning 26 species and 235 individu- potential for honey production. Several studies (e.g. als of butterflies were found, meanwhile in the noon Petanidou and Smeet, 1996; Castellanos et al., 2002; 24 species and 158 individuals. The lowest number Galleto and Bernardello, 2004) have been performed of species and individual of butterflies were found that the nectar secretion correlated to pollination in the afternoon, 15 species and 130 individual biology, floral phenology and biophysical environ- (Table 1). The ANOVA analysed shown, photope- mental factors. riod affected the number of species and number of The species butterflies that have wide geographic individual butterfly (F2,44 = 3,321; P = 0.05) were distribution were adapted to wide range of tem- found (Table 2). The number of species and number perature and humidity. Data on Table 1 shown that of individual of butterfly were found in the morning some of butterflies found from the morning until the (08am-10am) was the highest and significantly dif- afternoon (e.g. Danaus chryssippus, Graphium ferent (p<0.001) from two other time periods. Fur- agamemnon, Papilio polytes and Catopsilia scylla). thermore, the numbers of species of butterfly found These indicated that some of species butterflies that in the afternoon (3.00pm-5.00 pm) were lower than recorded in the city garden were they have wide in the noon (11.00am-01.00pm) (Table 3). Anu et al. world distribution. Diamond et al. (2011) stated that (2009) stated that the abundance of butterfly was in- populations of species that occur over a wide geo- fluenced by environmental factors viz., tempera- graphic range are adapted to a wide range of cli- ture, photoperiod, rainfall, and humidity, availabil- mates and are better able to track suitable climatic ity of food resources and vegetations type. conditions Butterflies activities were higher in the morning Correlation of abiotic factor and number of species (8.00am-10am) and noon than the afternoon corre- and individual lated with the food resources in the field that are the nectar. The plants secreted their nectar were affected Butterflies activities were affected by the abiotic fac- by their physiology and environmental condition, tors such as temperature and humidity. In this particularly temperature and humidity. More of study, the number of species and individuals of but-

Table 2. The ANOVA’s tests of number of species and individual of butterflies on three times period of day in the city garden of Banda Aceh Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Abundance Between Groups 394.178 2 197.089 20.368 .000 Within Groups 406.400 42 9.676 Total 800.578 44 Species Richness Between Groups 198.978 2 99.489 23.352 .000 Within Groups 178.933 42 4.260 Total 377.911 44

Table 3. Number of species and individual (x ± SE) butterflies were found on three times period Time Period n Number of Species(x ± SE) Number of Individuals (x ± SE) 08.00 am - 10.00 am 15 10.53 c ± 0.59 15.67 b ± 0.97 11.00 am - 01.00 pm 15 7.60 b ± 0.53 10.53 a ± 0.73 03.00 pm - 05.00 pm 15 5.40 a ± 0.46 8.67 a ± 0.67 SUWARNO ET AL 1015 terflies were observed in the city garden of Banda Acknowledgement Aceh decreased with increasing of the temperature but in the opposite of increased with increasing the The authors would like to thank the anonymous ref- humidity. However, the correlation of temperature erees for their valuable suggestions which led to the and number of species and individual were very improvement of this article. This research is par- weak, R2 = 0.332 and R2 = 0.367, respectively (Fig. 4). tially funded by The Ministry of Research, Technol- As wheel as the temperature, the correlation of hu- ogy, and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia midity and number of species and individual, also for fiscal 2016 and PNBP FMIPA Universitas very weak R2 = 0.125 and R2 = 0.129, respectively Syiah Kuala, 2017 (Fig. 5). This data indicate that, there were other fac- tors which affected the activity of butterflies in a References day. Food plants and host plants probably more af- fected in term activity of butterflies. Furthermore, Adgaba, N., Al-Ghamdi, A., Tadesse, Y., Getachew, A., activity of butterfly also affected by the photoperi- Awad, A. M., Mohammad, J., Ansari, M. J., Owayss, odic. Abiotic factors (temperature, humidity, photo- A. A., Mohammed, S.E.A. and Alqarni, A.S. 2017. period and rainfall), food and plant phenology af- Nectar secretion dynamic and honey production fected the availability biodiversity and abundance potentials of some major honey plants in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 24 (1): 180-191 of butterflies (Anu et al., 2009). Anu, A., Sabu, T. A. and Vineesh, P. J. 2009. Seasonality of litter insects and relationship with rainfall in a wet evergreen forest in south Western Ghats. J. Insect Sci. 9 (1): 46-58. Bonebrake, T. C., Ponisio, L. C., Boggs, C. L. and Ehrlich, P. R. 2010. More than just indicators: A review of tropical butterfly ecology and conservation. Biol. Conserv. 143: 1831–1841. Caldas, A. and Robbins, R. K. 2003. Modified Pollard transects for assessing tropical butterfly abundance and diversity. Biol. Conserv. 110: 211-219. Castellanos, M. C., Wilson, P. and Thomson, J. D. 2002. Dynamic nectar replenishment in of Penste- mon (Scrophulariaceae). Am. J. Bot. 89: 111–118. Corbet, A. S. and Pendlebury, H.M. 1992. The Butterflies of Malaya Peninsula. Kyle, Palmer & Co. Ltd., Kuala Lumpur. Fig. 4. The polynomial correlation of temperature and Dahelmi, Salmah, S. and Herwina, H. 2009. Diversity of number of species and individuals butterfly in some national parks in Sumatera. Research Report. Andalas University. Padang (in Indonesian). Dendang, B. 2009. Diversity of butterfly in Selabintana Resort of Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park.. Research Station Forestry of West Java, Ciamis (in Indonesian) Diamond, S. E., Frame, A. M., Martin, R. A. and Buckley, L. B. 2011. Species’ traits predict phenological re- sponses to in butterflies. Ecology. 92: 1005–1012. Fithri, A. 2012. Bird species of Hutan Kota BNI Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Proceeding of the 2nd Annual Interna- tional Conference Syiah Kuala University & The 8th IMT-GT Biosciences Conference. Banda Aceh, 22-24 November 2012. Fleming, W. A. 1975. Butterfly of West and Singapore. Third Edition Longeman. Kuala Lumpur. Galleto, L. and Bernardello, G. 2004. Floral nectaries, nec- Fig. 5. The polynomial correlation of humidity and num- tar production dynamics and chemical composition ber of species and individuals in six Ipomoea species (Convolvulaceae) in relation 1016 Eco. Env. & Cons. 24 (3) : 2018

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