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Content Analysis in Five Japanese Newspapers

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Content Analysis in Five Japanese Newspapers Content Analysis in Five Japanese Newspapers Momoko Tamura 1M170479 Graduation Dissertation Supervised by Prof. Graham Law Seminar on History 54 Abstract This dissertation will talk about how various Japanese newspapers portray same events, and about the importance of newspapers as the media. Moreover, whether newspapers influence the society such as ideas and thoughts of people will be examined in this thesis. In order to study these themes, I will compare Japanese five Japanese newspapers (Yomiuri, Nikkei, Asahi, Mainichi and Sankei) by applying the method of ‘Case Study’ and of ‘Content Analysis’. Hence, firstly I will explain the backgrounds and features of the five newspapers to grasp the differences of companies simply, and then will discuss the method of ‘Content Analysis’ for the sake of the comprehension for this effectiveness. After mentioning the explanations of Japanese newspapers and Content Analysis, Case Study, the most substantial part in this dissertation, will be carried out. As Case Study, the events which will be examined are two events: ‘2011 Tohoku Earthquake’ and ‘U.S.-China conflict over the WHO’. These events are significant problems today which all people should contemplate, therefore the five newspapers have various opinions and thoughts. By clarifying them, it will enable people to view the problems from many angles and to understand the position of newspapers, at the same time, furthermore, it will also enable them to face the problems seriously. This dissertation will mainly focus on this part of Case Study and will clarify the differences of newspapers. In the last section, I will consider whether people's thoughts are affected by the articles by using the result of a survey through SNS, and the role and responsibility of newspapers as the media via research findings such as ideal positions and forms. Through this thesis, as a result, it is hoped that people will learn the importance of understanding the diversity of opinions and perspectives in society and the importance of being objective. Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables ……………………………………………………………………………….1 Introduction Today’s Media …………………………………………………………………………………….3 Newspapers ………………………………………………………………………………………….5 1. Before Analyzing… 1.1 Japanese Newspapers ……………………………………………………………………8 1.2 Content Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………13 2. Case Studies 2.1 2011 Tohoku Earthquake ………………………………………………………………15 2.2 U.S.-China conflict over WHO …………………………………………………………33 3. Newspapers and Readers (People) 3.1 Questionnaire………………………………………………………………………………...49 3.2 The role and responsibility of newspapers………………………………………53 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..54 Works Cited …………………………………………………………………………………………………..56 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: ‘Earthquake 9 years I want to see you again’ (Society page 2 of Morning Edition, Yomiuri Shimbun, March 12, 2020) Figure 2: ‘We want to revive the foundations (infrastructures) which were developed’ (Page 3 of Morning Edition, Yomiuri Shimbun, March 11, 2020) Figure 4: ‘We have to make this earthquake a lesson for the times when everyone will be a victim’ (Page 2 of Morning Edition, Nihon Keizai Shimbun, March 11, 2020) Figure 6: ‘Face the heavy reality and One step at a time (to solve)’ (Page 14 of Morning Edition, Asahi Shimbun, March 11, 2020) Figure 8: ‘9 years after 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, Foster new connections’ (Page 5 of Morning Edition, Mainichi Shimbun, March 11, 2020) Figure 10: ‘9 years have passed since 3.11, Make Japan resilient to crisis’ (Page 2 of Morning Edition, Sankei Shimbun, March 11, 2020) Figure12: ‘Trump’s letter, WHO stage, the U.S. and China sparked’ (Page 3 of Morning Edition, Yomiuri Shimbun, May 20, 2020) Figure 14: ‘WHO, the U.S.-China sparks’ (Page 11 of Morning Edition, Nihon Keizai Shimbun, May 21, 2020) Figure 16: ‘the U.S.-China Conflict, Shadows to Corona counterparts’ (Page 3 of Morning Edition, Asahi Shimbun, May 20, 2020) Figure 18: ‘WHO: Deepening Conflict, U.S. criticizes China-leaning Management / China refuses to allow Taiwan to participate’ (Page 3 of Morning Edition, Mainichi Shimbun, May 21, 2020) Figure 19: ‘WHO: Deepening Conflict, U.S. criticizes China-leaning Management / China refuses to allow Taiwan to participate’ (Page 3 of Morning Edition, Mainichi Shimbun, May 21, 2020) 1 Figure 21: Figure 21: ‘the U.S. biggest warning to WHO: Independence from China, the only way’ (Page 3 of Morning Edition, Sankei Shimbun, May 20, 2020) Figure 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 20, 22: Word Cloud (AI text mining by User Local) Table 1: The media most used to know promptly events and movements in the world (White Paper in 2018 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) Table 2: The media most used to get reliable information about events and movements in the world (White Paper in 2018 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) Table 3: The situation of trust in various media (White Paper in 2019 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) Table 4: The graph showing the age groups who read Nihon Keizai Shimbun (NIKKEI Marketing Portal) Table 5: The graph showing the number of businessmen who read Nihon Keizai Shimbun by job title (NIKKEI Marketing Portal) Table 6: Gender Table 7: Age Table 8: The order of trustworthiness you think is best Table 9: Do you read a newspaper (print or digital)? Table 10: If YES, what media do you use? Table 11: Do you think that readers' thoughts and opinions are influenced by newspaper editorials, etc. 2 Introduction Today’s Media Today, we live in society where all people can get a lot of information that intersects through a variety of media and can also send out an information by themselves. Although there are many media like television, newspaper, radio, magazine and the Internet, which medium is used more often in Japan? According to a White Paper by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) in 2017, it turned out that TV, the Internet and newspapers are more common, in that order.1 Among all age groups, TV is the media most frequently used to obtain current affairs information (to know promptly events and movements in the world and to get reliable information about events and movements in the world), with over 50% of all respondents (Table 1 and 2). Furthermore, among these, the Internet surpassed TV as the media most used to get ‘early’ information on current events for those in their 10s to 30s (Table 2). On the other hand, as for the trust in various media, in 2017, MIC announced that the level of the trust in the mass media exceeds that of the Internet, even among young people.2 The chart shows newspapers had the highest rate at 68.7%, with TV at 63.6% and the Internet at 30.8% (Table 3). It is said that the younger generation in particular is moving away from the mass media, while the use of social media is on the rise. However, the survey result shows that the trust on the Internet, including among young people, is relatively low compared to the mass media. In short, although most people use TV and the Internet rather than newspapers in order to gain information, they 1 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, White Paper on ‘The Position of the Internet as the media’. 2 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, White Paper on ‘The situation of trust in various media’. 3 believe that mass media such as newspapers and TV are more credible than the Internet. 「いち早く世の中のできごとや動きを知る」 テレビ ラジオ 新聞 雑誌 書籍 インターネット その他 全年代 全年代(N=1500) 51.9% 1.4% 2.1% 0.1% 0.1% 44.3% 0.3% 10代(N=139) 41.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0% 0.0% 57.6% 0.7% 20代(N=216) 27.8% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 69.9% 0.9% 30代(N=262) 36.6% 1.1% 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% 60.7% 0.4% 年代 40代(N=321) 49.2% 0.9% 0.9% 0.3% 0.0% 48.6% 0.0% 50代(N=258) 61.6% 1.9% 3.1% 0.0% 0.4% 32.9% 0.0% 60代(N=304) 81.6% 2.3% 5.3% 0.0% 0.0% 10.9% 0.0% 利用(N=1443) 50.5% 1.2% 1.9% 0.1% 0.0% 46.0% 0.3% インターネット 非利用(N=57) 87.7% 5.3% 5.3% 0.0% 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% Table 1: The media most used to know promptly events and movements in the world (White Paper in 2018 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) 「世の中のできごとや動きについて信頼できる情報を得る」 テレビ ラジオ 新聞 雑誌 書籍 インターネット その他 全年代 全年代(N=1500) 54.1% 1.2% 19.9% 0.2% 0.9% 21.7% 2.0% 10代(N=139) 61.9% 0.0% 10.1% 0.0% 0.7% 25.9% 1.4% 20代(N=216) 41.2% 1.9% 9.7% 0.0% 2.3% 41.7% 3.2% 30代(N=262) 46.6% 1.1% 16.4% 0.0% 1.9% 31.7% 2.3% 年代 40代(N=321) 56.1% 1.6% 18.7% 0.3% 0.3% 21.2% 1.9% 50代(N=258) 55.8% 0.8% 28.7% 0.4% 0.0% 12.4% 1.9% 60代(N=304) 62.8% 1.3% 28.6% 0.3% 0.3% 5.3% 1.3% 利用(N=1443) 53.4% 1.1% 19.8% 0.2% 0.9% 22.5% 2.0% インターネット 非利用(N=57) 71.9% 3.5% 22.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% Table 2: The media most used to get reliable information about events and movements in the world (White Paper in 2018 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) Table 3: The situation of trust in various media (White Paper in 2019 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) 4 Newspapers In Japan’s Press Code (developed in 1946) by The Japanese Newspaper Publishers & Editors Association, there are 5 codes; ‘Freedom and Responsibility’, ‘Accuracy and Fairness’, ‘Independence and Tolerance’, ‘Respect for Human Rights’ and ‘Dignity and Moderation’.3 I will demonstrate 5 codes and their meanings which they have in order to know newspapers’ official role and responsibility in Japan.
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