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SOIL SURVEY of PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

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SOIL SURVEY of PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND SOIL SURVEY of PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Second Edition G. B. WHITESIDE Experimental Farm Charlottetown CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE and PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1965 SOIL SURVEY of PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Second Edition G. B. WHITESIDE Experimental Farm Charlottetown CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE and PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1965 97132-l ROGER DUHAMEL, F.R.S.C. QUEEN’S PRINTER AND CONTROLLER OF STATIONERY OTTAWA, 1966 Cat. No. A57-121/1965 A profile of a typical well-drained soi1 of the province (an Orthic Podzol). Note the leached (light-coiored) layer near the surface. FOREWORD The Soil Survey of Prince Edward Island, published in 1950, was rewritten mainly because new crops have been introduced into the province and changes have been made in classifying soils for agriculture. Information was added on usefuIness of certain soils for growing tobacco and crops for processing, and the soils were cIassified according to their capabilities for agriculture by a Canada- wide system recently adopted. Also, the ratings of the soils for the main crops grown in the province were revised on the new basis. New information is given also on geology and climate of the area. We are indebted to Mr. Whiteside for undertaking the rewriting though he had retired from service in the Department in 1962. R. C. PARENT, Director Experimental Farm Charlottetown 97132-1; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The second edition of the Soil Swvey of Prince Edward Island was a joint project of the Canada Department of Agriculture and the Prince Edward Island Department of Agriculture. In this edition, the author is indebted to many people for assistance in pro- viding new information or criticall), reviewing the manuscript, especially the follow- ing: Mr. R. C. Parent, Director, and other officers of the Experimental Farm, Canada Department of Agriculture, Charlottetown, especially Dr. D. C. MacKay, D. C. Munro, K. E. LeLacheur, W. N. Black, J. A. Cutcliffe, J. D. E. Sterling and W. A. Burns; and Mr. L. T. Millar, Senior Meteorological Officer, R.C.A.F. Station, Summerside. Also, he received useful suggestions from Mr. S. C. Wright, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Prince Edward Island, and other members of the Provincial Department of Agriculture; and Mr. G. Rogers, P.E.I., Department of Industry and Natural Resources, Charlottetown. The map was prepared in the Soil Research Institute, Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. CONTENTS Page FOREWORD............................................................................ 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTI~N......................................................................... 7 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA ....................... ......... Population ........................................ ......... ..................... 8 Transportation and markets ......................... ......... ..................... 9 Nonagricuitural resources and industries., ............. ......... ..................... 10 Physiography ...................................... ......... ..................... 10 Geology. .......................................... ......................... ..I0 Drainage .......................................... ......................... ..I2 Climate ........................................... ......................... I2 Vegetation ......................................... ...17 SOIL DEVELOPMENT, MAPPING AND CLASSIFICATION .................... ...................... 18 How the soils developed. .................................... ..................... 18 How the soils were mapped .................................... ..................... 20 Classifying the soils ........................................... ..................... 21 DESCRIPTION 0~ THE SOILS ............................... ....... ............. 22 Coarse-textured soils ............................... ....... ........... ..2 4 Culloden series ................................ ....... , . , . , , . , . .24 Dunstaffnage series ............................ ....... ........... ..2 7 Haliburton series .............................. ....... ........... ..2 8 Kildare series ................................. ....... ............. 29 Moderately coarse textured soils ...................... ....... ........... ..3 1 Alberry series .................................. ....... ............ .31 Charlottetown series ............................ ....... ............ .32 Medium-textured soils .............................. ....... ............. 35 O’Learyseries .................................. ....... ............ .35 Pownal series .................................. ....... ............ .37 Queensseries .................................. , . ....... ............. 38 Moderately fine textured soils ........................ , . ....... ............ .39 Egmont series .................................. ....... ............. 39 Miscellaneous soils ................................. ....... ............ .41 Armadalecomplex .............................. ....... ........... ..4 1 Peat .......................................... ....... ............ .42 SaltMarsh .................................... , . ....... ............. 44 DuneSands ................................... ....... ............. 44 AGRICULTURE IN THE PROVINCE. ............... ...... , . ...45 History of development .... , . ............... ...... , . ...45 Crops for processing ....... ..* . ............... ...... ...49 Wild fruits ................ ............... ...... ...49 Tobacco .................. , . ............... ...... ...49 Soil management .......... , . ............... ...... ..SO Productivity. ......... ..* . ............... ...... , . ...51 Erosion .............. .*..*... ............... ...... * . * . ...53 5 6 SOIL CAPABILITY CLASSES ............................ .54 Soil capability Class 1.. ......................... .55 Soil capability Class 2 ........................... .ss Soil capability Class 3 ........................... .55 Soil capability Class 4 ........................... .56 Soil capability Class 5 ........................... .57 Soil capability Class 6 ........................... .57 Soil capability Class 7 ........................... .57 Organicsoils ................................... .58 The suitability of soils for Crops-Soil rating ..... .58 COMPOSITION OF THE SOILS ........................... .58 Mechanical analyses ............................ .58 Chemical analyses., ............................ .63 Figures Page Main towns of Prince Edward Island (map). ....... .,.... 8 2 Diagram of a profile of mineral soil under forest. .. ,.... 19 3 Typical landscape of the Culloden series ........... ..,.. ...25 4 A good stand of potatoes on Culloden soil. ....... .,.... 26 5 Typical profile of the Kildare series. .............. 29 6 Typical landscape of Charlottetown series. ........ 33 7 Typical profile of a Charlottetown fine sandy loam. 34 8 Level land typical of the O’Leary series. .......... ...36 9 A sphagnum peat bog at Bideford. ............... 42 10 A typical sand dune with sparse vegetation. ....... ,.... 45 11 Soil problem areas of the Island (map). ........... 50 12 Erosion from a spring freshet. ................... 52 13 Severe damage by wind erosion. ................. ...53 14 Damage by drifting sand. ....................... ...54 15 Percentages of clay and sand in soils (chart). ...... 63 Tables Page 1 Population of Prince Edward Island. ........ 9 2 Precipitation in Prince Edward Island. ....... 13 3 Temperature and hours of sunshine .......... 15 4 Dates and durations of frost-free periods, .... 16 5 A classification of the soils. ................ ..21 6 Acreages of the soil series and land types. .... 23 7 Acreages of land under various uses. ........ ..46 8 Numbers of farms of various acreages. ...... 46 9 Numbers of livestock. ..................... 47 10 Acreages under main crops. ................ 4s 11 Ratings of the soils for the main crops grown. 59 12 Mechanical analyses of the horizons. ........ 60 13 Mechanical analyses of the cultivated layer. .. ..62 14 Chemical analyses of the horizons. .......... ..64 INTRODUCTION The soils of Prince Edward Island were surveyed, in a reconnaisance type of survey, in 1943 and 1944. Information obtained in the survey was used in describing the soils and compiling the soil map in this edition. The report and the map were prepared mainly for farmers and others interested in agriculture, but are useful also to those interested in other phases of land use such as forestry, highway construction, conservation and recreation. In the main part of the report, each soil is described so that it can be identi- fied: by color, texture and arrangement of the horizons and the kind of rock from which it has been formed. Topography, drainage and amount of stone are discussed, as they are important in use of the soils for agriculture. The type of farming practised on each soil is also discussed. Introductory sections give a general description of the province and informa- tion on factors important in soil formation in the area. A section at the end of, the report gives information on use of the land and soil management, and ratings of the soils for agriculture. The information on soil management is a general guide. to the principles of soil management and conservation. The soil map shows the roads, railroads, rivers, other topographical features and the distributions of the various soils, A legend on the map summarizes
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