DOCSLIB.ORG

Some Theoretical Aspects Op Immittance Conversion And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Some Theoretical Aspects Op Immittance Conversion And SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS OP IMMITTANCE CONVERSION AND INVERSION IN THE CONTEXT OF ACTIVE RC NETWORKS by Manuel de Medeiros Silva A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London September 1976 Electrical Engineering Department Imperial College of Science and Technology London S.W.7 - 2 - ABSTRACT Two-port immittance (i.e, impedance or admittance) converters and inverters are important active units used, in signal processing applica- tions, for the realization of active RC networks suitable for micro,. electronic implementation. In this thesis a generalization to multiports of the concepts of 2-port converters and inverters is proposed, the special case of 3-port converters and inverters suitable for floating inductor simulation is studied in some detail, the realization of inverters with a minimum number of active components is discussed, and the concept of anti-reciprocity (which has close associations with converters and inverters) is investigated. According to the proposed generalization, conversion and inversion, which are scalar operations when performed by 2-ports, become matrix operations, when performed by multiports. One consequence is that a distinction, which does not exist for 2-ports, has to be made between multiport admittance and impedance converters or inverters. Most of the circuits used for the active RC simulation of floating inductors can be interpreted as 3-port admittance inverters or converters. A classification of these inverters and converters, based on their terminal description (as distinct from their port description), is developed, which clarifies the relationships between known realizations and shows the possibility of new ones. It is known that 2-port positive inverters containing resistors and only one operational amplifier can be realized if only one port is grounded. It is proved that this is impossible if both ports are grounded (a similar restriction concerning positive inverters using only one ideal - 3 - transistor is also proved). The consequences of this conclusion regarding the realization of 3-port inverters are examined. Some converters and inverters (e.g. the gyrator) have been regarded as possessing a kind of extreme non-reciprocity or "anti-reciprocity". It is pointed out that two existing definitions of anti-reciprocity are incor.patible. An investigation of this question leads to the introduction of a "complete set" of network properties related to the concept of reciprocity. Various rules concerning the interconnection of multiports possessing these• properties are derived. A generalization of the definitions of reciprocity and anti-reciprocity is presented, and the consequences of the proposed generalization are evaluated. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. W. Saraga for his advice and encouragement throughout every stage of the work reported in this thesis. Dr. Saraga has always been, not only an extremely kind and helpful supervisor, but also a very good friend. His contagious enthusiasm, patient guidance and friendly encouragement had a decisive influence in the work that led to the present thesis. The work reported here has benefited from many helpful discussions with various members of the Communication Section. Particular mention is due to Mr. D. Haigh, Dr. A. G. Constantinides, Dr. R. Spence and Mr. D. Perry. The encouragement provided by my colleagues and friends, especially Mr. R. W. Turpin, M. Ahmadi, M. Buckley, R. Galv5n, K. Karna, D. Horn and N. Esteves is gratefully acknowledged. I would like to express my gratitude to my colleague Mr. H. Abreu Santos who has been my representative in Lisbon during my absence, and to Dr. F. Borges da Silva who first stimulated my interest for Network Theory. The work reported in this thesis was done while the author was on leave from Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisbon, supported by a grant from INVOTAN. -5 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ............................ OOOOOOOOOOO oo000000.0000000 p. 1 ABSTRACT OOOOO 0 OOOOOO 0000000000000000000000000 p. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 0000 OOOOOO o0000000000000000000000000000.0.000000 P. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 0.0.0 0000000000000000000015000000000000000000000 p. 5 NOTATION 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 p. lo LIST OF FIGURES 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 p. 12 LIST OF TABLES .0 O OOOOO 0000000000000000000000000000000 OOOOOO 00000 p. 17 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 - IMMITTANCE CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS p. 18 1.2 - OUTLINE OF THE THESIS 0000. O ......... p. 20 1.3 - STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY p. 21 CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF SOME BASIC CONCEPTS 2.1 - MULTIPORTS Definition .............. 00000000000 .......... p. 23 General description of n-ports OOOOOO ................ p. 25 Hybrid descriptions . .......... p. 28 Well-defined multiports O 0000000000000000000 p. 29 Scattering description 0 OOOOOOO 000000000000000000000 p. 31 Separation of the ports into two sets: (n+k)-ports p. 35 2.2 - NULLORS Nullators, norators and nullors ..................... p. 39 Ideal transistors and ideal operational amplifiers 0.p. 45 Node analysis of networks containing nullors ........P• 47 -6 203 — RESISTIVE MULTIPORTS OOOOOOOOOO 0 OOOOOO 00000 OOOOOO 000000 P., 50 2.4 — ACTIVITY p. 52 2.5 — INTERRECIPROCITY Interreciprocal multiports OOO .......... P. 54 Interreciprocity of well—defined multiports OOOOO p. 57 The interreciprocity theorem OOOOO 00000000 opeoct000 p. 59 Reciprocal multiports ....... 0000000 0000000 ......... P. 60 CHAPTER 3 — REVIEW OF 2—PORT IMMITTANCE CONVERSION AND INVERSION IN THE CONTEXT OF ACTIVE RC NETWORKS 3.1 — ACTIVE RC NETWORKS 000000 o p. 63 3.2 — SIMULATION OF DOUBLY TERMINATED LC LADDER FILTERS 0000 P. 67 3.3 — TWO—PORT CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS P• 73 3.4 — ACTIVE REALIZATION OF CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS P• 80 3.5 — SIMULATION OF GROUNDED AND FLOATING INDUCTORS p. 88 3.6 — THE (ad, bc)—PLANE p. 96 CHAPTER 4 — MULTIPORT CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS 4.1 — INTRODUCTION ............... 0000000......... p. 99 4.2 — DEFINITIONS . .............. 00000000000000 ............. P. 101 4.3 — MATRIX DESCRIPTION 00000000 0 0 0000000000000 p• 104 4.4 — THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 'ADMITTANCE' AND 'IMPEDANCE* CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS 00000000000 0000000 00000000000 p. 108 4.5 — SOME PROPERTIES OF MULTIPORT CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS p. 111 4.6 — MULTIPORT TRANSFORMERS AND GYRATORS 0. 0000000 P• 113 4.7 — FLOATING INDUCTOR SIMULATION p. 115 4.8 — HYBRID CONVERTERS 0000000000000 00, 0000000000 P. 120 7 409 - CONCLUSIONS ........ ...........0.00000.0.0.0.000 P- 122 APPENDIX 0000000000.00000000....000000000000000000000 P. 124 CHAPTER 5 - REALIZATION OF MULTIPORT CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS USING 2-PORT CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS 5 01 - INTRODUCTION 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P. 125 5.2 - A SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION OF THE INTERCONNECTION OF MULTIPORTS 0000000.000000000000000 P- 126 5.3 - REALIZATION OF WELL-DEFINED MULTIPORTS USING • 2-PORTS p. 130 5.4 - REALIZATION:OF MULTIPORT CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS p. 136 5.5 - MULTIPORT CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS USING GROUNDED 2-PORT CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS p. 141 5.6 - CONCLUSIONS .0.00.0. OOOOOOOOOOOOOO 0000 OOOOO 0.000 OOOOO 144 CHAPTER 6 - A CLASSIFICATION OF 3-PORT INVERTERS AND CONVERTERS USED IN THE SIMULATION OF FLOATING INDUCTORS 6.1 - INTRODUCTION 000000000000 OOOOOOO .000000000 OOOOOO 00000 p. 149 6.2 - TERMINAL DESCRIPTION OF 3 -PORT INVERTERS FOR FLOATING INDUCTOR SIMULATION O P. 152 6.3 - FOUR-TERMINAL INVERTERS .0.0 OOOOOOO .............0.00. p. 156 6.4 - FLOATING INVERTERS p. 158 6.5 - FLOATING 3-TERMINAL INVERTER OOOOOOOOOO 0.0000.0000 p. 162 p. 161+ 6.6 - THE '.GENERAL' INVERTER .00000000000000000000000000000 6.7 - THREE-PORT CONVERTERS FOR FLOATING INDUCTOR SIMULATION OOOOOO ..0.00.000.000.000.00.00.00.00.00000 p. 169 6.8 - A FAMILY OF 3 -PORT INVERTERS USING 3 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 00900000000000 0000000000000000000000000000 p. 174 6.9 - CONCLUSIONS 000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000 p. 181 8 CHAPTER 7 - INVERTERS WITH A MINIMUM NUMBER OF ACTIVE COMPONENTS 7.1 - INTRODUCTION P. 184 7.2 - A REVIEW OF POSITIVE INVERTERS WITH A MINIMUM NUMBER OF ACTIVE COMPONENTS .00...0... P• 186 7.3 - THE ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS OF A GROUNDED 2-PORT CONTAINING RESISTORS AND ONE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 000000 OOOOOOO 0000000000000 OOOOO P. 195 7.4 - ON THE REALIZATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INVERTERS USING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS ID. 204 705 - ON THE REALIZATION OF POSITIVE INVERTERS USING TRANSISTORS Proof of the non-realizability of grounded positive inverters with one transistor p. 207 An unsolved question p. 213 7.6 - CONCLUSIONS 0 00 0. 0000 .. ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0...0000 0 000000 P. 216 CHAPTER 8 - A SET OF NETWORK PROPERTIES RELATED TO THE CONCEPT OF RECIPROCITY 8.1 - INTRODUCTION 00 OOOOOOOO 0000 OOOOOOOOOOO 000000000000000 P. 218 8.2 - RECIPROCITY p. 220 8.3 - TWO TYPES OF ANTI-RECIPROCITY ..... p. 227 8.4 - BIRECIPROCITY p. 234 8.5 - ANTI-BIRECIPROCITY p. 236 8.6 - THE MEANING OF BIRECIPROCITY AND ANTI-BIRECIPROCITY OOOOOOOOOO 000000 OOOOO 000 OOOOO P. 238 8.7 - CASCADE CONNECTION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF MULTIPORTS P. 241 8.8 - MULTIPORT TRANSFORMERS AND GYRATORS p. 21+1+ 8.9 - THE DETERMINANT OF THE TRANSMISSION MATRIX ........... p. 247 9 8.10 - RELATIONSHIPS WITH PASSIVITY AND ACTIVITY .......... P• 248 8.11 - CONCLUSIONS ........... 00000000 000000000000060000000 P. 2+9 CHAPTER 9 - A GENERALIZATION OF RECIPROCITY AND ANTI-RBCIPROCITY 9.1 - INTRODUCTION ....................................... p. 251 9.2 - GENERALIZED RECIPROCITY
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Scattering Parameters
    Scattering Parameters Motivation § Difficult to implement open and short circuit conditions in high frequencies measurements due to parasitic L’s and C’s § Potential stability problems for active devices when measured in non-operating conditions § Difficult to measure V and I at microwave frequencies § Direct measurement of amplitudes/ power and phases of incident and reflected traveling waves 1 Prof. Andreas Weisshaar ― ECE580 Network Theory - Guest Lecture ― Fall Term 2011 Scattering Parameters Motivation § Difficult to implement open and short circuit conditions in high frequencies measurements due to parasitic L’s and C’s § Potential stability problems for active devices when measured in non-operating conditions § Difficult to measure V and I at microwave frequencies § Direct measurement of amplitudes/ power and phases of incident and reflected traveling waves 2 Prof. Andreas Weisshaar ― ECE580 Network Theory - Guest Lecture ― Fall Term 2011 1 General Network Formulation V + I + 1 1 Z Port Voltages and Currents 0,1 I − − + − + − 1 V I V = V +V I = I + I 1 1 k k k k k k V1 port 1 + + V2 I2 I2 V2 Z + N-port 0,2 – port 2 Network − − V2 I2 + VN – I Characteristic (Port) Impedances port N N + − + + VN I N Vk Vk Z0,k = = − + − Z0,N Ik Ik − − VN I N Note: all current components are defined positive with direction into the positive terminal at each port 3 Prof. Andreas Weisshaar ― ECE580 Network Theory - Guest Lecture ― Fall Term 2011 Impedance Matrix I1 ⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡ Z11 Z12 Z1N ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤ + V1 Port 1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ - V2 Z21 Z22 Z2N I2 ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ I2 + ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ V2 Port 2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ - V Z Z Z I N-port ⎣ N ⎦ ⎣ N1 N 2 NN ⎦ ⎣ N ⎦ Network I N [V]= [Z][I] V + Port N N + - V Port i i,oc- Open-Circuit Impedance Parameters Port j Ij N-port Vi,oc Zij = Network I j Port N Ik =0 for k≠ j 4 Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief Study of Two Port Network and Its Parameters
    © 2014 IJIRT | Volume 1 Issue 6 | ISSN : 2349-6002 Brief study of two port network and its parameters Rishabh Verma, Satya Prakash, Sneha Nivedita Abstract- this paper proposes the study of the various ports (of a two port network. in this case) types of parameters of two port network and different respectively. type of interconnections of two port networks. This The Z-parameter matrix for the two-port network is paper explains the parameters that are Z-, Y-, T-, T’-, probably the most common. In this case the h- and g-parameters and different types of relationship between the port currents, port voltages interconnections of two port networks. We will also discuss about their applications. and the Z-parameter matrix is given by: Index Terms- two port network, parameters, interconnections. where I. INTRODUCTION A two-port network (a kind of four-terminal network or quadripole) is an electrical network (circuit) or device with two pairs of terminals to connect to external circuits. Two For the general case of an N-port network, terminals constitute a port if the currents applied to them satisfy the essential requirement known as the port condition: the electric current entering one terminal must equal the current emerging from the The input impedance of a two-port network is given other terminal on the same port. The ports constitute by: interfaces where the network connects to other networks, the points where signals are applied or outputs are taken. In a two-port network, often port 1 where ZL is the impedance of the load connected to is considered the input port and port 2 is considered port two.
    [Show full text]
  • Solutions to Problems
    Solutions to Problems Chapter l 2.6 1.1 (a)M-IC3T3/2;(b)M-IL-3y4J2; (c)ML2 r 2r 1 1.3 (a) 102.5 W; (b) 11.8 V; (c) 5900 W; (d) 6000 w 1.4 Two in series connected in parallel with two others. The combination connected in series with the fifth 1.5 6 V; 16 W 1.6 2 A; 32 W; 8 V 1.7 ~ D.;!b n 1.8 in;~ n 1.9 67.5 A, 82.5 A; No.1, 237.3 V; No.2, 236.15 V; No. 3, 235.4 V; No. 4, 235.65 V; No.5, 236.7 V Chapter 2 2.1 3il + 2i2 = 0; Constraint equation, 15vl - 6v2- 5v3- 4v4 = 0 i 1 - i2 = 5; i 1 = 2 A; i2 = - 3 A -6v1 + l6v2- v3- 2v4 = 0 2.2 va\+va!=-5;va=2i2;va=-3il; -5vl- v2 + 17v3- 3v4 = 0 -4vl - 2vz- 3v3 + l8v4 = 0 i1 = 2 A;i2 = -3 A 2.7 (a) 1 V ±and 2.4 .!?.; (b) 10 V +and 2.3 v13 + v2 2 = 0 (from supernode 1 + 2); 10 n; (c) 12 V ±and 4 n constraint equation v1- v2 = 5; v1 = 2 V; v2=-3V 2.8 3470 w 2.5 2.9 384 000 w 2.10 (a) 1 .!?., lSi W; (b) Ra = 0 (negative values of Ra not considered), 162 W 2.11 (a) 8 .!?.; (b),~ W; (c) 4 .!1. 2.12 ! n. By the principle of superposition if 1 A is fed into any junction and taken out at infinity then the currents in the four branches adjacent to the junction must, by symmetry, be i A.
    [Show full text]
  • S-Parameter Techniques – HP Application Note 95-1
    H Test & Measurement Application Note 95-1 S-Parameter Techniques Contents 1. Foreword and Introduction 2. Two-Port Network Theory 3. Using S-Parameters 4. Network Calculations with Scattering Parameters 5. Amplifier Design using Scattering Parameters 6. Measurement of S-Parameters 7. Narrow-Band Amplifier Design 8. Broadband Amplifier Design 9. Stability Considerations and the Design of Reflection Amplifiers and Oscillators Appendix A. Additional Reading on S-Parameters Appendix B. Scattering Parameter Relationships Appendix C. The Software Revolution Relevant Products, Education and Information Contacting Hewlett-Packard © Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company, 1997. 3000 Hanover Street, Palo Alto California, USA. H Test & Measurement Application Note 95-1 S-Parameter Techniques Foreword HEWLETT-PACKARD JOURNAL This application note is based on an article written for the February 1967 issue of the Hewlett-Packard Journal, yet its content remains important today. S-parameters are an Cover: A NEW MICROWAVE INSTRUMENT SWEEP essential part of high-frequency design, though much else MEASURES GAIN, PHASE IMPEDANCE WITH SCOPE OR METER READOUT; page 2 See Also:THE MICROWAVE ANALYZER IN THE has changed during the past 30 years. During that time, FUTURE; page 11 S-PARAMETERS THEORY AND HP has continuously forged ahead to help create today's APPLICATIONS; page 13 leading test and measurement environment. We continuously apply our capabilities in measurement, communication, and computation to produce innovations that help you to improve your business results. In wireless communications, for example, we estimate that 85 percent of the world’s GSM (Groupe Speciale Mobile) telephones are tested with HP instruments. Our accomplishments 30 years hence may exceed our boldest conjectures.
    [Show full text]
  • 2-PORT CIRCUITS Objectives
    Notes for course EE1.1 Circuit Analysis 2004-05 TOPIC 10 – 2-PORT CIRCUITS Objectives: . Introduction . Re-examination of 1-port sub-circuits . Admittance parameters for 2-port circuits . Gain and port impedance from 2-port admittance parameters . Impedance parameters for 2-port circuits . Hybrid parameters for 2-port circuits 1 INTRODUCTION Amplifier circuits are found in a large number of appliances, including radios, TV, video, audio, telephony (mobile and fixed), communications and instrumentation. The applications of amplifiers are practically unlimited. It is clear that an amplifier circuit has an input signal and an output signal. This configuration is represented by a device called a 2-port circuit, which has an input port for the input signal and an output port for the output signal. In this topic, we look at circuits from this point of view. To develop the idea of 2-port circuits, consider a general 1-port sub-circuit of the type we are very familiar with: The basic passive elements, resistor, inductor and capacitor, and the independent sources, are the simplest 1-port sub-circuits. A more general 1-port sub-circuit contains any number of interconnected resistors, capacitors, inductors, and sources and could have many nodes. Sometimes, perhaps when we have finished designing a circuit, we become less interested in the detail of the elements interconnected in the circuit and are happy to represent the 1-port circuit by how it behaves at its terminals. This is achieved by use of circuit analysis to determine the relationship between the voltage V1 across the terminals and the current I1 flowing through the terminals which leads to a Thevenin or Norton equivalent circuit, which can be used as a simpler replacement for the original complex circuit.
    [Show full text]
  • Two-Port Circuits
    Berkeley Two-Port Circuits Prof. Ali M. Niknejad U.C. Berkeley Copyright c 2016 by Ali M. Niknejad February 12, 2016 1 / 32 A Generic Amplifier YS + y y v 11 12 s y y YL 21 22 − Consider the generic two-port (e.g. amplifier or filter) shown above. A port is defined as a terminal pair where the current entering one terminal is equal and opposite to the current exiting the second termianl. Any circuit with four terminals can be analyzed as a two-port if it is free of independent sources and the current condition is met at each terminal pair. All the complexity of the two-port is captured by four complex numbers (which are in general frequency dependent). 2 / 32 Two-Port Parameters There are many two-port parameter set, which are all equivalent in their description of the two-port, including the admittance parameters (Y ), impedance parameters (Z), hybrid or inverse-hybrid parameters (H or G), ABCD, scattering S, or transmission (T ). Y and Z paramters relate the port currents (voltages) to the port voltages (currents) through a 2x2 matrix. For example v z z i i y y v 1 = 11 12 1 1 = 11 12 1 v2 z21 z22 i2 i2 y21 y22 v2 Hybrid parameters choose a combination of v and i. For example hybrid H and inverse hybrid G (dual) v1 h11 h12 i1 = i1 g11 g12 v1 i2 h21 h22 v2 = v2 g21 g22 i2 3 / 32 Scattering Parameters Even if we didn't know anything about incident and reflected waves, we could define scattering parameters in the following way.
    [Show full text]
  • Two-Port Models with Nullators and Norators
    TWO-PORT MODELS WITH NULLATORS AND NORATORS By I. V_{GO and E. HOLLOS Department of Theoretical Electricity, Technical University Budapest (Received May 18, 1973) Introduction Recently, several publications [1, 2, 3] have discussed the modelling of two-ports with controlled generators and other extreme parameters, by using nullators and norators. These models permit to calculate networks by topo­ logical methods and to solve them by computer programming. In the follo'wing a systematic process is described for modelling a linear two-port with arbitrary parameters. The concept of nullator and norator The nullator is a two-pole 'with zero current and voltage. The norator involves no restriction with respect to current and voltage. Their symbols are shown in Figs la and lb. A network analysis problem can be solved unequivocally, if an unam­ biguous relationship can be established between currents and voltages of the two-poles forming the network. The nullator iu turu represents t,yO restric­ tions. Namely the insertion of a nullator into a real circuit makes the analysis problem redundant, the number of the possible independent Kirchhoff equa­ tions being increased by one, while the number of relationships. of volt ages and currents by two. The insertion of a norator into the circuit adds another independent Kirchhoff equation leaving the number of restrictions for voltages and currents unchanged. Accordingly the insertion of a norator makes the problem indefinite. For an equal number of inserted nullators and norators, the network calculation problem can be solved. By connecting a nullator and norator we obtain a nullor. The null or is a two-port with the primary side connected to a nullator, and the secondary side to a norator (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • S-Parameters
    664 14. S-Parameters b1 S11 S12 a1 S11 S12 14 = ,S= (scattering matrix) (14.1.3) b2 S21 S22 a2 S21 S22 S-Parameters The matrix elements S11,S12,S21,S22 are referred to as the scattering parameters or the S-parameters. The parameters S11, S22 have the meaning of reflection coefficients, and S21, S12, the meaning of transmission coefficients. The many properties and uses of the S-parameters in applications are discussed in [1135–1174]. One particularly nice overview is the HP application note AN-95-1 by Anderson [1150] and is available on the web [1847]. We have already seen several examples of transfer, impedance, and scattering ma- trices. Eq. (11.7.6) or (11.7.7) is an example of a transfer matrix and (11.8.1) is the corresponding impedance matrix. The transfer and scattering matrices of multilayer structures, Eqs. (6.6.23) and (6.6.37), are more complicated examples. 14.1 Scattering Parameters The traveling wave variables a1,b1 at port 1 and a2,b2 at port 2 are defined in terms of V1,I1 and V2,I2 and a real-valued positive reference impedance Z0 as follows: Linear two-port (and multi-port) networks are characterized by a number of equivalent + − circuit parameters, such as their transfer matrix, impedance matrix, admittance matrix, V1 Z0I1 V2 Z0I2 a1 = a2 = and scattering matrix. Fig. 14.1.1 shows a typical two-port network. 2 Z0 2 Z0 (traveling waves) (14.1.4) − + V1 Z0I1 V2 Z0I2 b1 = b2 = 2 Z0 2 Z0 The definitions at port 2 appear different from those at port 1, but they are really the same if expressed in terms of the incoming current −I2: − + − V2 Z0I2 V2 Z0( I2) a2 = = Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 Two-Port Network
    Chapter 7 Two-port network 7.1 Impedance parameters definition, examples 7.2 Admittance parameters definition, examples 7.3 Hybrid parameters definition, examples 7.4 Transmission parameters definition, examples 7.5 Conversion of the impedance, admittance, chain, and hybrid parameters 7.6 Scattering parameters definition, characteristics, examples 7.7 Conversion from impedance, admittance, chain, and hybrid parameters to scattering parameters or vice versa 7.8 Chain scattering parameters 7-1 微波工程講義 7.1 Impedance parameters I1 I2 Basics linear 1. V1 port 1 port 2 V2 network [V ]= [Z ][][]I , I : source, [V ]: response V Z Z I V = Z I + Z I reference reference 1 = 11 12 1 , 1 11 1 12 2 = + plane 1 plane 2 V2 Z 21 Z 22 I 2 V2 Z 21I1 Z 22 I 2 V = 1 Z11 : open - circuit input impedance at port 1 I1 = I2 0 V = 1 Z12 : open - circuit reverse transimpedance I 2 = I1 0 V = 2 Z 21 : open - circuit forward transimpedance I1 = I2 0 V = 2 Z 22 : open - circuit input impedance at port 2 I 2 = I1 0 7-2 微波工程講義 Lecture 4 How to Determine Z Parameters? =⋅+⋅ I = 0 VZIZI11111222 ==VV12 ZZ11 21 =⋅+⋅ II11== VZIZI2211222 II2200 = I1 0 ==VV21 ZZ22 12 II22== II1100 I1=0 I2 Z22 Two Port Reciprocity: O.C. V1 V Network 2 = Z12Z 21 1/9/2003 2 Lecture 4. ELG4105: Microwave Circuits © S. Loyka, Winter 2003 Discussion I1 I2 V 6I = = Ω = 1 = 2 = 1. Ex.7.1 Z11 Z 22 6 , Z12 6 I 2 = I 2 I1 0 6Ω V 6I 6 6 V1 V2 Z = 2 = 1 = 6,[]Z = 21 1 6 6 I1 I =0 I1 2.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Properties of the Compound Nodal Admittance Matrix of Polyphase Power Systems Andreas Martin Kettner, Member, IEEE, and Mario Paolone, Senior Member, IEEE
    1 On the Properties of the Compound Nodal Admittance Matrix of Polyphase Power Systems Andreas Martin Kettner, Member, IEEE, and Mario Paolone, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—Most techniques for power system analysis model a subblock of the nodal admittance matrix, which is obtained the grid by exact electrical circuits. For instance, in power flow by removing the rows and columns associated with one single study, state estimation, and voltage stability assessment, the use node (i.e., the slack node), has full rank in practice [21], [22]. of admittance parameters (i.e., the nodal admittance matrix) and hybrid parameters is common. Moreover, network reduction However, this finding cannot be generalized straightforwardly techniques (e.g., Kron reduction) are often applied to decrease the (i.e., for generic polyphase grids, or removal of several nodes). size of large grid models (i.e., with hundreds or thousands of state Recently, the authors of this paper proved stronger properties variables), thereby alleviating the computational burden. How- for Kron reduction and hybrid parameters for monophase grids ever, researchers normally disregard the fact that the applicability (see [23]). Two conditions were used in order to prove these of these methods is not generally guaranteed. In reality, the nodal admittance must satisfy certain properties in order for hybrid properties: i) the connectivity of the network graph, and ii) parameters to exist and Kron reduction to be feasible. Recently, the lossiness of the branch impedances. If these conditions are this problem was solved for the particular cases of monophase and satisfied, then Kron reduction can be performed for any set balanced triphase grids.
    [Show full text]
  • Two-Port Networks (I&N Chap 16.1-6)
    Two-Port Networks (I&N Chap 16.1-6) • Introduction • Impedance/Admittance Parameters • Hybrid Parameters • Transmission Parameters • Interconnecting Two-Port Networks Based on slides by J. Yan Slide 4.1 Single-Port Circuit A “port” refers to a pair of terminals through which a single current flows and across which there is a single voltage. Externally, either voltage or current could be independently specified while the other quantity would be computed. The Thevenin equivalent permits a simple model of the linear network, regardless of the number of components in the network. Based on slides by J. Yan Slide 4.2 Two-Port A two-port network requires two terminal pairs (total 4 terminals). Amongst the two voltages and two currents shown, generally two can be independently specified (externally). How many distinct pairs of independent quantities are possible? By convention, regard Port 1 as the input and Port 2 as the input (and use the polarity labels shown). We consider circuits with no internal independent sources. Based on slides by J. Yan Slide 4.3 Motivating Examples We’ve seen two-ports before. Based on slides by J. Yan Slide 4.4 Admittance Parameters = Based on slides by J. Yan Slide 4.5 Impedance Parameters = Based on slides by J. Yan Slide 4.6 Example Find the two-port admittance and impedance parameters. Based on slides by J. Yan Slide 4.7 Hybrid Parameters = E.g. Consider the ideal Xformer. Do the admittance or impedance parameters exist? Based on slides by J. Yan Slide 4.8 Transistor Hybrid Parameters The “small signal” analysis (DC analysis of quiescent point is separate) of BJTs often utilises hybrid parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • Network Scatter^G Parameters
    MiLUJ,u4.iJ.in>ifCTi;mkffl.iJ.!,.i.iiM»i ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■iMaiiHMBBKiiiMiH ■■■■■ NETWORK SCATTER^G PARAMETERS R Mav^ddatj World Scientific NETWORK SCATTERING PARAMETERS R Mavaddat University of Western Australia ADVANCED SERIES IN CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS Editor-in-Charge: Wai-Kai Chen (Univ. Illinois, Chicago, USA) Associate Editor: Dieter A. MIynski (Univ. Karlsruhe, Germany) Published Vol. 1: Interval Methods for Circuit Analysis by L. V. Kolev Advanced Series in Circuits and Systems - Vol. 2 NETWORK SCATTERING PARAMETERS R Mavaddat University of Western Australia World Scientific Singapore • New Jersey * London • Hong Kong Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. P O Box 128, Farrer Road, Singapore 912805 USA office: Suite IB, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE NETWORK SCATTERING PARAMETERS Copyright © 1996 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, USA. ISBN 981-02-2305-6 Printed in Singapore. Contents Preface vii 1. Introduction and The Scattering Parameters of a 1-port Network 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Scattering Parameters of a 1 -port Network 6 1.3 The Wave Amplitudes of a General 1 -port Network - Signal Flow graphs 10 1.4 1-Port Network Input Impedance and Network Stability 14 1.5 Power Considerations 18 1.6 The Generalized Scattering Parameters 21 2.
    [Show full text]