An Examination of the Concept of Intimacy in Radio Studies, Combining Mainstream and Non-Mainstream Theories and Practices
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AN EXAMINATION OF THE CONCEPT OF INTIMACY IN RADIO STUDIES, COMBINING MAINSTREAM AND NON-MAINSTREAM THEORIES AND PRACTICES EVANGELIA KARATHANASOPOULOU A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the University of Sunderland for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2015 Dedicated to my mom and dad with all my love and thanks for their devotion and continuous support and to Dr. Martin Shingler and Professor Andrew Crisell with sincere gratitude and thanks for their guidance and support over the years. Acknowledgments I would like to thank the Centre for Research in Media and Cultural Studies, University of Sunderland for the financial support provided by a three year bursary and for trusting me with this task. I am indebted to many members of the Centre for their help and support throughout this project. Many thanks in particular to Susan Smith and Julia Knight. Special thanks to Lianne Hopper and the administrative team at The Media Centre at St. Peters and also to technicians and specifically to Grant Lowery, whose help in making the programme was invaluable. Many thanks to Elisabeth Knox, Diane Davis and the rest of the team in GRS for all their support. Many thanks to all the contributors in the programme of this thesis for generously giving up their time to be interviewed, their enthusiasm and their excellent responses to the questions. My eternal gratitude to my supervisory team, Dr. Martin Shingler, Professor Andrew Crisell and Professor Shaun Moores, for their continuous support, advice and patience. Thank you so much! The support, advice and friendship of my fellow PhD students has been invaluable to me. Eve Forrest, Justin Battin, Alessandra Mondin, Dan Kilvington, Paul Benton, Tonya Anderson, thank you! Friends and family have been a constant source of encouragement even from afar and I feel lucky and grateful to have them around. Fani, Vasilis, Antonis, Maria, Iro, Marita, Zoe, Alexandros, Venetia, Vaso, Steph, this one is for you! Special thanks to my teacher Mrs. Sophia Gialouraki, I owe you so much. The University of Sunderland and the kindness of its academic stuff have helped me be the academic that I am today but also the person that I am today. For this I am grateful. I would like to especially thank Guy Starkey, Caroline Mitchell, Richard Berry and John Storey for their invaluable help and constant encouragement. I would like to especially thank Andy Cartwright for his guidance, help and inspiration in the past eleven years. An Examination of the Concept of Intimacy in Radio Studies, Incorporating Mainstream and Non-mainstream Theories and Practices Abstract My thesis is a meta-theory that looks at the evolution, current status and possible futures of Radio Studies. It provides a new synthesis of material which has until now appeared to be antithetical. This material is defined as mainstream radio theory and non-mainstream or avant-grade radio theory. Some shortcomings are pointed out and interrogated in what has in the past been perceived as an under-theorized field. Ultimately, elements from both strands of radio theory are used in order to gain a better understanding of the concept of intimacy with the aim to add to the still growing field of Radio Studies. Intimacy, through extensive review of radio theory literature, is revealed as a core yet vague concept. Drawing on my production background and on methods used in the avant-garde strand of radio theory, this thesis includes a practical component: the creation of a radio programme on the relationship between the radio voice and intimacy. The combination of theory and practice in this project aims to demonstrate the ways in which theory can inform radio practice and vice versa and to reveal some creative interpretations of theory as well as theoretical reflections that result from working with sound. The contribution of this thesis aims to be a more systematic understanding of intimacy through a new approach to academic literature on radio. This approach employs mainstream and non-mainstream theories in order to offer some new insights on the ways in which radio has until now been theorized and to reveal some unexpected similarities between these two ideologically opposite traditions. Table of Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..1 1. Research Questions ……………………..………………………………..5 2. Methodology ……………………………………………………………..6 3. The Focus and Structure of the Thesis……………………………………8 Chapter 1 Radio Theory: A Divergence and Some Limitations…………………….11 1. Divergence and Limitations: Mainstream and Non-Mainstream Theory 11 1.1 Divergence ……………………………………………………………..12 1.2 Anomalies ………………………………………………………….…..17 2. How Radio Studies Developed……………………………………….…22 2.1 Mainstream ………………………………………………………….…24 2.2 Non-Mainstream …………………………………………………….…42 2.3 An Overview of Non-Mainstream Radio Theory………………….…...50 3. Conclusion: What/Where is Radio Theory Today………………………..52 Chapter 2 Theories of Intimacy: From Mainstream to Non-Mainstream…………...55 1. Mainstream Texts………………………………………………………..63 1.1 Overview of Mainstream Radio Theories of Intimacy……………….….85 2. Non-Mainstream Texts…………………………………………………..88 2.1 Overview of Non-Mainstream Theories of Intimacy…………………...109 3. Conclusion: The Mainstream and Non-Mainstream Paradox…………...112 Chapter 3 Understanding Intimacy…………………………………………………115 1. Technological and Performative Intimacy……………………………...115 2. Conclusion……………………………………………………………...133 Intimate Circuits CD………………………………………………………………..136 Chapter 4 Intimate Circuits…………………………………………………………137 1. The Programme…………………………………………………………137 2. The Contributors………………………………………………………..139 3. The Other Voices in the Programme……………………………………141 4. The Production Process…………………………………………………146 5. Sleeping with Radio…………………………………………………….152 Conclusion ....……………………………………………………………………….159 Bibliography and Multimedia ……………………………………………………...166 Introduction My thesis is a meta-theory that looks at the evolution, current status and possible futures of Radio Studies, largely through the detailed examination of a key concept: Intimacy. It brings together and puts into dialogue theories of radio that have previously appeared to be antithetical: in other words, (what I refer to as) mainstream radio theory and non-mainstream (or avant-garde) radio theory. Throughout the following chapters, I shall be using these terms (mostly ‘mainstream’ and ‘non- mainstream’ radio theory and, on occasion, ‘avant-garde’ radio theory) in order to distinguish between two broad types of radio studies literature. I use the term ‘mainstream’ radio theory to designate the ideas and arguments set out in textbooks and other scholarly articles and monographs that seek to explain the historical development and the workings and meanings of radio broadcasting (contemporary and historical) across a variety of popular platforms, formats and genres. I use the terms ‘non-mainstream’ and ‘avant-garde’ radio theory, on the other hand, to designate a more abstract approach to theorizing radio art (and radio as art) that has been largely produced by radio practitioners reflecting critically upon their own experimental and avant-garde productions, many of which challenge the conventions of mainstream and commercial radio broadcasting.1 Situated within the margins of mainstream broadcasting, these theorist-practitioners often position themselves (as 1 I have decided to use these interchangeably for linguistic reasons. The term ‘non- mainstream’ is very useful in setting this strand of theory against the mainstream and has, crucially, been used by Allen S. Weiss in order to describe his own work (1995: 2), as explained more fully in chapter one. However, it has proven useful at certain times to make a sharper distinction between the two terms ‘mainstream’ and ‘non-mainstream’ in order to avoid any confusion that might result from their visual similarity on the page. Using the terms ‘mainstream’ and ‘avant-garde’ thus avoids any potential confusion. The term ‘experimental’ will also be used at times in order to specifically describe the broadcasting practice of the radio avant-garde. While, I recognize that the use of a third term could be confusing, it is a term that these writers use often themselves in the texts discussed here and thus cannot be avoided. 1 well as being positioned by others) as a counter-cultural minority, one moreover that refuses to be bound by either the conventions of radio techniques and formats or the conventions of academic writing. Consequently, this body of theory is often quite challenging, impenetrable, allusive and (darkly) poetic, which means that it is subject to various interpretations, misunderstandings and contradictions, as I will discuss in more detail in chapters one and two of this thesis. These non-mainstream theories are typically more alternative in both content and language, which is often designed to challenge any sense of complacency in thinking by disturbing the ontological and epistemological regimes that operate elsewhere in such disciplines as Radio Studies, Media Studies and Cultural Studies. Nevertheless, as I shall argue, these artist-writers and critical thinkers have many valuable insights to contribute to Radio Studies as a whole and one of my aims is to absorb their ideas and arguments more fully into my exploration of radio Intimacy, while simultaneously borrowing from them some of their methodologies. In order to provide a coherent focus for my project, which otherwise ranges across a broad span of theory (from student textbooks and ‘how to’