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Special Forces' Wear of Non-Standard Uniforms*
Special Forces’ Wear of Non-Standard Uniforms* W. Hays Parks** In February 2002, newspapers in the United States and United Kingdom published complaints by some nongovernmental organizations (“NGOs”) about US and other Coalition special operations forces operating in Afghanistan in “civilian clothing.”1 The reports sparked debate within the NGO community and among military judge advocates about the legality of such actions.2 At the US Special Operations Command (“USSOCOM”) annual Legal Conference, May 13–17, 2002, the judge advocate debate became intense. While some attendees raised questions of “illegality” and the right or obligation of special operations forces to refuse an “illegal order” to wear “civilian clothing,” others urged caution.3 The discussion was unclassified, and many in the room were not * Copyright © 2003 W. Hays Parks. ** Law of War Chair, Office of General Counsel, Department of Defense; Special Assistant for Law of War Matters to The Judge Advocate General of the Army, 1979–2003; Stockton Chair of International Law, Naval War College, 1984–1985; Colonel, US Marine Corps Reserve (Retired); Adjunct Professor of International Law, Washington College of Law, American University, Washington, DC. The views expressed herein are the personal views of the author and do not necessarily reflect an official position of the Department of Defense or any other agency of the United States government. The author is indebted to Professor Jack L. Goldsmith for his advice and assistance during the research and writing of this article. 1 See, for example, Michelle Kelly and Morten Rostrup, Identify Yourselves: Coalition Soldiers in Afghanistan Are Endangering Aid Workers, Guardian (London) 19 (Feb 1, 2002). -
Episodio Di Punta Bianca Ameglia 26.03.1944 I. Storia
EPISODIO DI PUNTA BIANCA AMEGLIA 26.03.1944 Nome del Compilatore: MAURIZIO FIORILLO I. STORIA Località Comune Provincia Regione Punta Bianca Ameglia La Spezia Liguria Data iniziale: 26/03/1944 Data finale: 26/03/1944 Vittime decedute: Totale U Bam Ragazz Adult Anzia s.i. D. Bambi Ragazze Adult Anzian S. Ign bini i (12- i (17- ni (più ne (0- (12-16) e (17- e (più i (0- 16) 55) 55) 11) 55) 55) 11) 15 15 15 Di cui Civili Partigiani Renitenti Disertori Carabinieri Militari Sbandati Prigionieri di guerra Antifascisti Sacerdoti e religiosi Ebrei Legati a partigiani Indefinito 15 Elenco delle vittime decedute 1. Vincent Russo, di 28 anni, tenente US Army. 2. Paul J. Traficante, di 26 anni, tenente US Army. 3. Alfred L.De Flumeri, di 33 anni, sergente US Army. 4. Liberty J. Tremonte, di 24 anni, caporale tecnico US Army. 5. Joseph M. Farrell, di 22 anni, caporale tecnico US Army. 6. Salvatore DiSclafani, di 28 anni, caporale tecnico US Army. 7. Angelo Sirico, di 23 anni, caporale tecnico US Army. 8. Thomas N. Savino, di 29 anni, caporale tecnico US Army. 9. John J. Leone, di 22 anni, caporale tecnico US Army. 10. Joseph A. Libardi, caporale tecnico US Army. 11. Livio Visceli, di 28 anni, sergente tecnico US Army. 12. Dominick Mauro, di 27 anni, sergente US Army. 13. Joseph Noia, di 25 anni, sergente US Army. 14. Rosario Squatrito, di 22 anni, caporale tecnico US Army. 15. Santoro Calcara, di 24 anni, caporale tecnico US Army. - tutte le vittime facevano parte dell' US Army OSS 2677 Special Reconnaissance Regiment (Company D) - Altre note sulle vittime: Nessuna. -
Criticism of “Fascist Nostalgia” in the Political Thought of the New Right
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS WRATISLAVIENSIS No 3866 Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, nr 3 Wrocław 2018 DOI: 10.19195/2300-7249.40.3.6 JOANNA SONDEL-CEDARMAS ORCID: 0000-0002-3037-9264 Uniwersytet Jagielloński Criticism of “fascist nostalgia” in the political thought of the New Right The seizure of power by the National Liberation Committee on 25th April, 1945 and the establishment of the republic on 2nd June, 1946 constituted the symbolic end to Mussolini’s dictatorship that had lasted for more than 20 years. However, it emerged relatively early that fascism was not a defi nitively closed chapter in the political and social life of Italy. As early as June of 1946, after the announcement of a presidential decree granting amnesty for crimes committed during the time of the Nazi-Fascist occupation between 1943 and 1945, the country saw a withdrawal from policies repressive towards fascists.1 Likewise, the national reconciliation policy gradually implemented in the second half of the 1940s by the government of Alcide De Gasperi, aiming at pacifying the nation and fostering the urgent re- building of the institution of the state, contributed to the emergence of ambivalent approaches towards Mussolini’s regime. On the one hand, Italy consequently tried to build its institutional and political order in clear opposition towards fascism, as exemplifi ed, among others, by a clause in the Constitution of 1947 that forbade the establishment of any form of fascist party, as well as the law passed on 20th June, 1 Conducted directly after the end of WW II, the epurazione action (purifi cation) that aimed at uprooting fascism, was discontinued on 22nd June 1946, when a decree of president Enrico De Nicola granting amnesty for crimes committed during the Nazi-Fascist occupation of Italy between 1943–1945 was implemented. -
The Historical Journal VIA RASELLA, 1944
The Historical Journal http://journals.cambridge.org/HIS Additional services for The Historical Journal: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here VIA RASELLA, 1944: MEMORY, TRUTH, AND HISTORY JOHN FOOT The Historical Journal / Volume 43 / Issue 04 / December 2000, pp 1173 1181 DOI: null, Published online: 06 March 2001 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0018246X00001400 How to cite this article: JOHN FOOT (2000). VIA RASELLA, 1944: MEMORY, TRUTH, AND HISTORY. The Historical Journal, 43, pp 11731181 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/HIS, IP address: 144.82.107.39 on 26 Sep 2012 The Historical Journal, , (), pp. – Printed in the United Kingdom # Cambridge University Press REVIEW ARTICLE VIA RASELLA, 1944: MEMORY, TRUTH, AND HISTORY L’ordine eZ giaZ stato eseguito: Roma, le Fosse Ardeatine, la memoria. By Alessandro Portelli. Rome: Donzelli, . Pp. viij. ISBN ---.L... The battle of Valle Giulia: oral history and the art of dialogue. By A. Portelli. Wisconsin: Wisconsin: University Press, . Pp. xxj. ISBN ---.$.. [Inc.‘The massacre at Civitella Val di Chiana (Tuscany, June , ): Myth and politics, mourning and common sense’, in The Battle of Valle Giulia, by A. Portelli, pp. –.] Operazione Via Rasella: veritaZ e menzogna: i protagonisti raccontano. By Rosario Bentivegna (in collaboration with Cesare De Simone). Rome: Riuniti, . Pp. ISBN -- -.L... La memoria divisa. By Giovanni Contini. Milan: Rizzoli, . Pp. ISBN -- -.L... Anatomia di un massacro: controversia sopra una strage tedesca. By Paolo Pezzino. Bologna: Il Mulino, . Pp. ISBN ---.L... Processo Priebke: Le testimonianze, il memoriale. Edited by Cinzia Dal Maso. -
Odgovornost Nemških Vojaških Poveljnikov Za Vojne Zločine V 2
UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE BORUT VALENČIČ ODGOVORNOST NEMŠKIH VOJAŠKIH POVELJNIKOV ZA VOJNE ZLOČINE V 2. SVETOVNI VOJNI DIPLOMSKO DELO LJUBLJANA 2004 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE AVTOR: BORUT VALENČIČ MENTOR: DOC. DR. DAMIJAN GUŠTIN ODGOVORNOST NEMŠKIH VOJAŠKIH POVELJNIKOV ZA VOJNE ZLOČINE V 2. SVETOVNI VOJNI DIPLOMSKO DELO LJUBLJANA 2004 ZAHVALA Pričujoče diplomsko delo je nastalo zaradi mojega velikega in neprestanega zanimanja za vojno tematiko. K pisanju me je nedvomno pritegnilo dejstvo, da je o temi malo zapisanega, nenazadnje pa tudi zanimiva dejstva o odgovornosti častnikov za storjene vojne zločine. Ob tem velja moja zahvala mentorju doktorju Damijanu Guštinu, ki mi je svetoval pri pravilni izbiri virov in me vodil skozi vsebino diplomskega dela. 1. UVOD................................................................................................................................................................. 3 2. METODOLOŠKO-HIPOTETIČNI OKVIR.................................................................................................. 5 2. 1. OPREDELITEV PREDMETA PROUČEVANJA ……...………………………………………………..5 2. 2. CILJI PROUČEVANJA………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 2. 3. HIPOTEZE ………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 2. 4. METODE RAZISKOVANJA …………………………………………………………………………….6 3. OPREDELITEV TEMELJNIH POJMOV..................................................................................................... 7 4. POTEK DRUGE SVETOVNE VOJNE......................................................................................................... -
Preparatory Document
Preparatory document Please notice that we recommend that you read the first ten pages of the first three documents, the last document is optional. • International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, Recognizing and Countering Holocaust Distortion: Recommendations for Policy and Decision Makers (Berlin: International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, 2021), read esp. pp. 14-24 • Deborah Lipstadt, "Holocaust Denial: An Antisemitic Fantasy," Modern Judaism 40:1 (2020): 71-86 • Keith Kahn Harris, "Denialism: What Drives People to Reject the Truth," The Guardian, 3 August 2018, as at https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/03/denialism-what-drives- people-to-reject-the-truth (attached as pdf) • Optional reading: Giorgio Resta and Vincenzo Zeno-Zencovich, "Judicial 'Truth' and Historical 'Truth': The Case of the Ardeatine Caves Massacre," Law and History Review 31:4 (2013): 843- 886 Holocaust Denial: An Antisemitic Fantasy Deborah Lipstadt Modern Judaism, Volume 40, Number 1, February 2020, pp. 71-86 (Article) Published by Oxford University Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/750387 [ Access provided at 15 Feb 2021 12:42 GMT from U S Holocaust Memorial Museum ] Deborah Lipstadt HOLOCAUST DENIAL: AN ANTISEMITIC FANTASY* *** When I first began working on the topic of Holocaust deniers, colleagues would frequently tell me I was wasting my time. “These people are dolts. They are the equivalent of flat-earth theorists,” they would insist. “Forget about them.” In truth, I thought the same thing. In fact, when I first heard of Holocaust deniers, I laughed and dismissed them as not worthy of serious analysis. Then I looked more closely and I changed my mind. -
Inventing the Lesser Evil in Italy and Brazil
Fascist Fiction: Inventing the Lesser Evil in Italy and Brazil by Giulia Riccò Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Lamonte Aidoo, Supervisor ___________________________ Roberto Dainotto ___________________________ Nicola Gavioli ___________________________ Saskia Ziolkowski Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 i v ABSTRACT Fascist Fiction: Inventing the Lesser Evil in Italy and Brazil by Giulia Riccò Department of Romance Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Lamonte Aidoo, Supervisor ___________________________ Roberto Dainotto ___________________________ Nicola Gavioli ___________________________ Saskia Ziolkowski An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Giulia Riccò 2019 Abstract My dissertation, Fascist Fiction: Inventing the Lesser Evil in Italy and Brazil, accounts for the resilience of fascism by tracing the rhetoric of the “lesser evil”—a discursive practice constitutive of fascism—through contemporary politics and literature in Italy and Brazil. By invoking the looming presence of a graver, more insidious threat the rhetoric of the lesser evil legitimizes fascist violence against dissidents and vulnerable populations. Through an analysis of texts by fascist philosopher Giovanni Gentile and his Brazilian counterpart Miguel Reale, I reveal that the rhetoric of the lesser evil is a constitutive part of fascist discourse and that in Italy and Brazil this aspect of fascist doctrine met a favorable combination of subjective and objective conditions which has allowed it to thrive within democratic structures. -
Battle of Anzio Timeline
https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php ?battle_id=313 Battle of Anzio Timeline 18 Dec 1943 The plan to land several divisions at Anzio, Italy was briefly canceled. g_2 Jan 1944 36,000 Allied troops landed at Anzio, Italy, facing little opposition. 23 Jan 1944 The destroyer HMS Janus was lost off Anzio, Italy. (24 Jan 1944 German forces in the Anzio, Italy region increased to over 40,000 men. 25 Jan 1944 General Eberhard von Mackensen assumed overall control of forces in the Anzio, Italy area. 27 Jan 1944 To the west, Allied Major General John Lucas by now commanded 70,000 men, 237 tanks, 508 heavy guns, and 27,000 tons of supplies at Anzio, Italy, but he decided to still maintain a defensive posture. 28 Jan 1944 German Field Marshal Albert Kesselring ordered a counterattack against the Allied beachhead at Anzio, Italy. 9 Jan 1944 Total Allied strength at the Anzio, Italy beachhead totaled 69,000 men, 508 guns, and 208 tanks by the end of this day. On the other side of the lines, German strength rose to 71,500 men. 30 Jan 1944 Allied forces attacked out of the Anzio, Italy beachhead, advancing toward Cisterna and Campoleone, but none of the two forces would be able to capture the objectives; during the process, an entire US Army Ranger battalion was destroyed. 2 Feb 1944 Germans defeated American troops in the Battle of Cisterna near Anzio, Italy. 3 Feb 1944 The American attempt to break out of the Anzio beachhead in Italy was halted, followed by the first German counterattack against the beachhead. -
Dwight D. Eisenhower Library Abilene, Kansas
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER LIBRARY ABILENE, KANSAS LILLY, EDWARD P.: Papers, 1928-1992 Accession: 01-10 and 02-15 Processed by: DJH Date Completed: November 2005 The Papers of Edward P. Lilly were deposited in the Eisenhower Library by his son Frank Lilly in two shipments in 2001 and 2002. The Library staff returned a small quantity of personal material to Mr. Frank Lilly at his request. Linear Feet: 24 Approximate Number of Pages: 46,100 Approximate Number of Items: 35,000 Mr. Frank Lilly signed an instrument of gift for the Papers of Edward P. Lilly on October 7, 1982. Literary rights in the unpublished writings of Edward P. Lilly in this collection and in any other collections of papers received by the United States government are given to the public. Under terms of the instrument of gift, the following classes of items are withheld from research use: 1. Papers and other historical materials the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy of a living person. 2. Papers and other historical materials that are specifically authorized under criteria established by statute or executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy, and are in fact properly classified pursuant to such statute or executive order. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE Edward P. Lilly was born October 13, 1910 in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Joseph T. and Jennie Lilly. After graduating from Brooklyn Preparatory School in1928, Lilly attended the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts where he received a Bachelor’s of Arts degree with a major in philosophy and a minor in history. -
Das Massaker Der Fosse Ardeatine Und Die Taterverfolgung. Deutsch-Italienische Störfalle Von Kappler Bis Priebke
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Department of History History, Department of 2012 Das Massaker der Fosse Ardeatine und die Taterverfolgung. Deutsch-italienische Störfalle von Kappler bis Priebke Gerald Steinacher University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historyfacpub Part of the European History Commons, and the Military History Commons Steinacher, Gerald, "Das Massaker der Fosse Ardeatine und die Taterverfolgung. Deutsch-italienische Störfalle von Kappler bis Priebke" (2012). Faculty Publications, Department of History. 141. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historyfacpub/141 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Department of History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Michael Gehler . Maddalena Guiotto (Hrsg.) ITALIEN, ÖSTERREICH UND DIE BUNDES REPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND IN EUROPA Ein Dreiecksverhältnis in seinen wechselseitigen Beziehungen und Wahrnehmungen von 1945/49 bis zur Gegenwart ITALY, AUSTRIA AND THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY IN EUROPE A Triangle of Mutual Relations and Perceptions from the Period 1945-49 to the Present Unter Mitarbeit von Imke Scharlemann BÖHLAU VERLAG WIEN· KÖLN· WEIMAR Gedruckt mit der Unterstützung durch das Bundnministlrium fßrWissenschlltund Forselluna Bundesministerium fiir Wissenschaft und Forschung in Wien und AUTONOME PROVINCIA PROVINZ ·W.i • AUTONOMA BOZEN, ! 01 BOLZANO SÜDTIROL \' __ ' // ALTO ADIGE Deutsche Kultur das Amt der Südtiroler Landesregierung - Südtiroler Kulturinstitut Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie ; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. -
Once in a Blue Moon: Airmen in Theater Command Lauris Norstad, Albrecht Kesselring, and Their Relevance to the Twenty-First Century Air Force
COLLEGE OF AEROSPACE DOCTRINE, RESEARCH AND EDUCATION AIR UNIVERSITY AIR Y U SIT NI V ER Once in a Blue Moon: Airmen in Theater Command Lauris Norstad, Albrecht Kesselring, and Their Relevance to the Twenty-First Century Air Force HOWARD D. BELOTE Lieutenant Colonel, USAF CADRE Paper No. 7 Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-6615 July 2000 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Belote, Howard D., 1963– Once in a blue moon : airmen in theater command : Lauris Norstad, Albrecht Kesselring, and their relevance to the twenty-first century Air Force/Howard D. Belote. p. cm. -- (CADRE paper ; no. 7) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-58566-082-5 1. United States. Air Force--Officers. 2. Generals--United States. 3. Unified operations (Military science) 4. Combined operations (Military science) 5. Command of troops. I. Title. II. CADRE paper ; 7. UG793 .B45 2000 358.4'133'0973--dc21 00-055881 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. This CADRE Paper, and others in the series, is available electronically at the Air University Research web site http://research.maxwell.af.mil under “Research Papers” then “Special Collections.” ii CADRE Papers CADRE Papers are occasional publications sponsored by the Airpower Research Institute of Air University’s (AU) College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education (CADRE). Dedicated to promoting understanding of air and space power theory and application, these studies are published by the Air University Press and broadly distributed to the US Air Force, the Department of Defense and other governmental organiza- tions, leading scholars, selected institutions of higher learn- ing, public policy institutes, and the media. -
The Italian Supreme Court Decision on the Ferrini Case
The European Journal of International Law Vol. 16 no.1 © EJIL 2005; all rights reserved ........................................................................................... State Immunity and Human Rights: The Italian Supreme Court Decision on the Ferrini Case Pasquale De Sena* and Francesca De Vittor** Abstract In the Ferrini case the Italian Supreme Court affirmed that Germany was not entitled to sovereign immunity for serious violations of human rights carried out by German occupying forces during World War II. In order to reach this innovative conclusion, the Court widely referred to international legal arguments, such as the concept of international crimes, the principle of primacy of jus cogens norms and the notion of a strict analogy between state immunity and the ‘functional immunity’ of state officials. Based upon a systematic interpretation of the international legal order, the Court conducted a ‘balancing of values’ between the two fundamental international law principles of the sovereign equality of states and of the protection of inviolable human rights. This article explores the Court’s reasoning and its consistency with international legal theory and preceding case law with the view to verifying whether, and in which sense, the Ferrini judgment may facilitate a radical reappraisal of the relationship between human rights and the law of state immunity. 1 Introduction and Outline The recent judgment of the Italian Supreme Court (Corte di Cassazione) in Ferrini v. Federal Republic of Germany,1 which asserted Italian jurisdiction over Germany in a case * Professor of International Law, Second University of Naples. ** PhD in International Law, ‘Federico II’ University of Naples and ‘Robert Schuman’ University of Strasbourg. Sections 1, 6, 6A, 6B, and 7 were written by Pasquale De Sena; sections 2, 3, 4, and 5 were written by Francesca De Vittor.