Paolo Caroli

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Paolo Caroli Candidato: Paolo Caroli LA GIUSTIZIA DI TRANSIZIONE IN ITALIA L’esperienza dopo la seconda guerra mondiale Relatrice: Prof.ssa Emanuela Fronza Anno Accademico 2015-2016 Indirizzo specialistico in: Diritto e procedura penale e filosofia del diritto XXIX ciclo Esame finale: 11/04/2017 Commissione esaminatrice: Prof. Gaetano Insolera, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna Prof. Antonio Cavaliere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Prof.ssa Stefania Carnevale, Università degli Studi di Ferrara Gracias a la vida que me ha dado tanto Me ha dado la risa y me ha dado el llanto Así yo distingo dicha de quebranto Los dos materiales que forman mi canto Y el canto de ustedes que es el mismo canto Y el canto de todos que es mi propio canto. (Gracias a la vida, Violeta Parra, 1966, incisa da Joan Baez come risposta musicale al golpe cileno dell’11 settembre 1973) LA GIUSTIZIA DI TRANSIZIONE IN ITALIA L’esperienza dopo la seconda guerra mondiale Pag. Abstract…...……………………………………………………………………. VII Ringraziamenti………………………………………………………………… IX Elenco delle abbreviazioni…………………...………………………………... XI Oggetto e metodo di indagine………………………………………………….. XIII CAPITOLO I La giustizia di transizione in Italia 1. La giustizia di transizione: il concetto…..………..……………………. 1 2. Sul superamento del “passato”………………………………………… 8 3. La persecuzione dei delitti fascisti commessi in Italia dagli italiani…... 15 3.1 La persecuzione penale (1944-1946)……………………….……… 19 3.1.1 Il r.d.lgs. 26 maggio 1944, n. 134 (Punizione dei delitti e degli illeciti del fascismo)……………………... 19 3.1.2 Il d.lgs.lt. 27 luglio 1944, n. 159 (Sanzioni contro il fascismo)……………………………………………….. 20 3.1.3 Le Corti straordinarie d’assise………………………… 24 3.1.4 Le presunzioni di collaborazionismo............................... 28 3.1.5 L’attività delle Corti straordinarie d’assise…………… 29 3.2 Il “grande ripiegamento”………………………………………….. 32 3.2.1 Sulla ricorribilità in Cassazione delle sentenze dell’Alta Corte di giustizia……………………………... 32 3.2.2 L’adozione dell’amnistia Togliatti……………………... 34 3.2.3 Gli interventi di clemenza successivi (1946 - 1966)…… 39 4. La persecuzione dei delitti commessi all’estero da militari italiani…… 43 4.1 Il diritto applicabile………………………………………………... 43 I 4.2 La mancata persecuzione (1945 – 1951)…………………………... 49 4.2.1 Le pretese delle potenze alleate e la United Nations War Crimes Commission………………………………. 49 4.2.2 I crimini in Jugoslavia e l’attività della Commissione Casati…………………...……………………………… 52 4.2.3 Le iniziative più recenti: breve excursus…..…………… 55 4.2.4 Postilla sul mito degli italiani come “salvatori degli ebrei”……….......................................................... 59 4.2.4.1 La costruzione di un mito………………………. 59 4.2.4.2 La mancata punizione degli ideologi dell’antisemitismo………………………………. 61 4.2.4.3 Risarcimenti agli ebrei, restituzioni e Holocaust Litigation…….…………………………………. 64 5. La persecuzione dei delitti della Resistenza…………………………… 68 5.1 Gli interventi di clemenza per i delitti della Resistenza (1944 – 1966)………………………………………………………. 70 5.2 Le forme del Processo alla Resistenza……………………………... 75 5.2.1 Le depoliticizzazione delle azioni partigiane…………... 75 5.2.2 Il mancato riconoscimento del giudicato………………. 76 5.2.3 La qualificazione giuridica della Resistenza…………... 77 5.2.4 Le azioni civili contro i partigiani……………………… 81 5.3 Disposizioni penali a tutela della Resistenza……………………... 82 6. La persecuzione dei delitti commessi dai tedeschi…………………….. 82 6.1 La persecuzione penale ad opera degli Alleati…………………. 83 6.2 La persecuzione penale italiana………………………………… 87 6.2.1 La prima fase della persecuzione (1948 – 1960)………… 87 6.2.2 Le caratteristiche della prima fase………………………. 92 6.2.3 La stasi (1960 – 1994)…………………………………… 94 6.2.4 L’Armadio della Vergogna………………………………. 95 6.2.5 La seconda fase della persecuzione (1994 – 2002)….…... 98 6.2.6 La terza fase della persecuzione (dal 2002).…………….. 100 7. Il quadro nella Seconda Repubblica…………………………………… 107 II CAPITOLO II L’amnistia Togliatti 1. L’amnistia Togliatti come paradigma della transizione italiana………. 119 2. Transizione e amnistia: riflessioni preliminari………………………… 123 3. L’uso dell’amnistia nel Regno d’Italia………………………………… 127 3.1 L’età giolittiana……………………………………………………. 129 3.2 Le amnistie durante il fascismo…………………………………… 135 3.3 Riflessi sull’istituto dell’amnistia………………………………….. 137 4. I delitti fascisti…………………………………………………………. 139 4.1 L’art. 2 d.lgs.lt. 27 luglio 1944, n. 159: il delitto per i membri del governo e i gerarchi…………………...……………………………... 140 4.2 L’art. 3 d.lgs.lt. 27 luglio 1944, n. 159: atti rilevanti……………… 142 4.3 Collaborazionismo: il concetto………………………………………. 145 4.4 L’art. 5 d.lgs.lt. 27 luglio 1944, n. 159: collaborazionismo……….. 151 5. L’amnistia Togliatti……………………………………………………. 161 5.1 La Relazione del Ministro………………………………………….. 164 5.2 Il contenuto ………………………………………………………….. 166 6. L’applicazione dell’amnistia…………………………………………... 170 6.1 Persone rivestite di elevate funzioni di direzione civile, politica o di comando militare…………………………………….. 171 6.1.1 Elevate funzioni e collaborazionismo……………………. 172 6.1.2 Elevate funzioni e atti rilevanti…………………………… 173 6.2 Fatti di strage, sevizie particolarmente efferate, omicidio o saccheggio…………………………………….………………… 175 6.2.1 Fatti di … omicidio………………………………………. 175 6.2.2 Fatti di … saccheggio……………………………………. 177 6.2.3 Sevizie particolarmente efferate………………………….. 177 6.2.4 Delitti compiuti a scopo di lucro…………………………. 179 7. L’amnistia Togliatti. Profili penalistici e profili di giustizia di transizione…………………...…………………………………………… 181 7.1 Profili penalistici……………………….…………………………….. 182 7.1.1 Il ruolo limitato del diritto……………………………….. 182 7.1.2 Gli studi dei costituzionalisti……………………………... 187 III 7.1.3 La riflessione dei penalisti……………….………………. 191 7.1.4 Applicazione all’amnistia Togliatti. Il mancato superamento del sindacato intrinseco…………………… 196 7.1.4.1 Le responsabilità del “colpo di spugna”………. 199 7.2 Profili di giustizia di transizione…………….…………………….. 203 7.2.1 Profili di diritto internazionale sull’amnistia……………. 204 7.2.2 Amnistie transizionali………………………………..……. 215 7.2.2.1 Una classificazione ……………………………. 216 7.2.2.2 Guidelines di legittimità ………………………… 220 7.2.2.3 Un test di proporzionalità……………………… 221 7.2.3 Applicazione all’amnistia Togliatti.....…………………… 224 7.2.3.1 Lo Statuto di Roma della Corte Penale Internazionale e la transizione italiana............. 226 7.2.4 Sulla fondazione del divieto di amnistia nel diritto internazionale. Riflessioni in tema di obblighi punitivi……………...……………………………………. 229 7.2.4.1 Il fondamento implicito del divieto di amnistia….. 233 7.2.4.2 Divieto di amnistia e obblighi di criminalizzazione………………………………… 236 7.2.4.3 Le conseguenze sulla potestà punitiva…………… 240 CAPITOLO III La transizione italiana come amnesica e incompiuta 1. La transizione amnesica italiana e la transizione obliosa spagnola. Considerazioni preliminari………………...…………………………... 245 2. L’approccio metodologico alla transizione italiana nel suo insieme. Una lezione dall’esperienza sudafricana……………………... 249 3. La pacificazione e la Costituzione antifascista ………………………... 253 4. La transizione italiana alla luce della partecipazione delle vittime e del contributo alla ricerca della verità……………………….. 261 5. La memoria collettiva italiana nella scena europea……………………. 269 5.1 Sul concetto di memoria…………………………………………… 269 IV 5.2 Sul “dovere di ricordare”…………………………..………...…… 272 5.3 Lo scenario europeo postbellico e il caso peculiare della Germania…………………………………………………….. 277 5.4 Lo scenario post ’89 e l’europeizzazione della memoria della Shoah………………………………………………………… 284 5.5 Lo scenario italiano post ’89………………………………………. 292 6. Lo specchio della transizione degli anni ’90…………………………... 298 6.1 Un elemento di differenza fra le due transizioni…………………... 303 6.2 Un elemento di analogia e continuità……………………………… 304 Riflessioni conclusive……………….…………………………………………. 307 Bibliografia…………………………………………………………………….. 315 Archivi web utilizzati………………………………………………………….. 361 Materiale video citato……………………………….…………….…………… 363 V VI ABSTRACT La transizione italiana dal fascismo alla democrazia costituisce un paradigma della più recente categoria di giustizia di transizione. L’indagine studia il caso italiano secondo tale prospettiva specifica, intesa come gamma di processi e meccanismi associati con i tentativi di una società di affrontare un’eredità di passati abusi su larga scala. Vengono analizzate le soluzioni adottate in Italia, a partire dalla caduta del regime fascista, al fine di “fare i conti” con il passato. Lo studio fornisce una ricognizione prima di tutto sul piano del diritto penale, sia sostanziale che processuale, prendendo in esame sia gli interventi normativi che la prassi applicativa. Si passa poi all’esame di altri meccanismi, non solo sul piano amministrativo e civile, ma anche su quello politico e costituzionale, giungendo a riflettere su come il diritto penale si rapporti al processo di transizione nel suo insieme. In particolare, il lavoro analizza approfonditamente il rapporto fra transizione e potere di clemenza, partendo da un’analisi critica dell’amnistia Togliatti, vista come paradigma della transizione italiana. La prospettiva penalistica viene integrata con la comparazione giuridica e con la chiave di lettura della giustizia di transizione, che include una prospettiva storica, politica, sociologica e filosofica. Il lavoro legge il caso italiano come esempio di giustizia di transizione, lo colloca all’interno dello scenario comparato, verificando
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