United Nations Caucusing Blocs

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1 ANTIGUA&BARBUDA EL SALVADOR ST. VINCENT 2 BRAZIL GUATEMALA URUGUAY ALBANIA ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN ROMANIA CHILE HAITI VENEZUELA BELARUS BULGARIA KAZAKHSTAN COSTA RICA HONDURAS CZECH REP. GEORGIA KYRGYSTAN DOMINICA MEXICO HUNGARY MOLDOVA TAJIKISTAN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC PARAGUAY POLAND RUSSIA UZBEKISTAN UKRAINE TURKMENISTAN ARGENTINA ECUADOR PANAMA SLOVAKIA BAHAMAS SURINAME PERU BARBADOS GRENADA ST. CHRISTOPHER BOSNIA BELIZE GUYANA ST. LUCIA CROATIA BOLIVIA JAMAICA MACEDONIA COLUMBIA NICARAGUA SLOVENIA CUBA TRINIDAD&TOBAGO KEY TO GROUP NUMBERING ANGOLA EQUATORIAL GUINEA MADAGASCAR SEYCHELLES 5 BENIN ETHIOPIA MALAWI SWAZILAND BOTSWANA GHANA MAURITIUS TANZANIA 1. Group of 77 BURUNDI IVORY COAST MOZAMBIQUE TOGO 2. Latin American Group CAPE VERDE KENYA NIGERIA ZAIRE S.A.² 3. Eastern European Group C.A.R.¹ LESOTHO RWANDA ZAMBIA 4. Non-aligned movement CONGO LIBERIA SAO TOME ZIMBABWE 5. African Group BURKINA FASO GAMBIA SENEGAL ALGERIA MOROCCO 6. Islamic Group 6 CAMEROON GUINEA SIERRA LEONE DJIBOUTI SOMALIA 7. Arab Group CHAD GUINEA BISSAU 7 EGYPT SUDAN COMOROS MALI LIBYA TUNISIA 8. Asian Group GABON NIGER UGANDA 9. Western European&other states MAURITANIA 10. European CHINA BRUNEI BANGLADESH MALAYSIA BAHRAIN OMAN YEMEN BURMA Community JAPAN INDONESIA MALDIVES IRAQ QATAR FIJI 11. Nordic group MONGOLIA IRAN PAKISTAN JORDAN SAUDI ARABIA PAPUA-NEW KUWAIT SYRIA GUINEA LEBANON UNITED ARAB EMIRATES PHILIPPINES TURKEY SAMOA 9 SOLOMON IS. AGHANISTAN NEPAL THAILAND AUSTRALIA BHUTAN SINGAPORE PALAU CANADA CYPRUS SRI LANKA NEW ZEALAND INDIA VANUATU CAMBODIA VIETNAM LAOS MALTA AUSTRIA ITALY BELGIUM LUXEMBOURG Members of no FRANCE NETHERLANDS ESTONIA group: UNITED NATIONS GERMANY PORTUGAL 11 FINLAND GREECE SPAIN ISRAEL ICELAND UNITED STATES IRELAND UNITED KINGDOM DENMARK LATVIA CAUCUSING SWEDEN LITHUANIA NORWAY ¹Central African Republic ²South Africa BLOCS.

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General Assembly Official Records Fiftieth Session
United Nations A/50/PV.53 General Assembly Official Records Fiftieth Session 53rd plenary meeting Wednesday, 8 November 1995, 10 a.m. New York President: Mr. Freitas do Amaral .............................. (Portugal) The meeting was called to order at 10.35 a.m. Consequently, pursuant to paragraph 3 of General Assembly resolution 1991 A (XVIII) of 17 December Agenda item 15 1963, the five non-permanent members should be elected according to the following pattern: three from Africa and Elections to fill vacancies in principal organs Asia, one from Eastern Europe and one from Latin America and the Caribbean. The ballot papers reflect this (a) Election of five non-permanent members of pattern. the Security Council In accordance with the established practice, there is The President: This morning the General Assembly an understanding to the effect that, of the three States to will proceed to the election of five non-permanent members be elected from Africa and Asia, two should be from of the Security Council to replace those members whose Africa and one from Asia. term of office expires on 31 December 1995. I should like to inform the Assembly that the The five non-permanent outgoing members are the number of candidates, not exceeding the number of seats following: Argentina, the Czech Republic, Nigeria, Oman to be filled, receiving the greatest number of votes and a and Rwanda. These five States cannot be re-elected and two-thirds majority of those present and voting will be therefore their names should not appear on the ballot declared elected. papers. In the case of a tie vote for a remaining seat, there Apart from the five permanent members, the Security will be a restricted ballot limited to those candidates Council will include in 1996 the following States: which have obtained an equal number of votes.
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Comprehensive Review on the Status of Implementation of Resolution 1540 (2004)
Comprehensive Review on the Status of Implementation of Resolution 1540 (2004) Background papers prepared by 1540 Committee experts according to the document on modalities for the consideration of a comprehensive review (S/2009/170) Specific Element (c) “Conduct regional analysis of implementation, with some examples of national and regional practices and experience sharing”* Berhanykun Andemicael, Olivia Bosch, Ana Maria Cerini, Richard Cupitt, Isabella Interlandi, Nicolas Kasprzyk, Petr Litavrin and Senan Muhi. * This background paper was prepared by the group of experts at the request of the 1540 Committee. It does not necessarily represent the views of the Committee. This background paper describes the current status of implementation of resolution 1540 (2004), with particular attention to the wide variance in the extent of implementation measures taken in different regions, and outlines the implementation challenges that may explain the divergence, as well as offer some options for addressing those challenges. This will be done with the benefit of some examples from national, sub‐regional and regional practices and experiences that may be shared. A. Regional variance in the degree of implementation of resolution 1540 In resolutions 1540 (2004), 1673 (2006) and 1810 (2008), the Security Council emphasized the importance of the regional and sub‐regional dimensions of the implementation of resolution 1540, while stressing the national responsibility to take appropriate effective measures. By resolution 1810, the Council encourages the
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Democratisation European Neighbourhood
DEMOCRATISATION IN THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD DEMOCRATISATION IN THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD MICHAEL EMERSON, EDITOR CONTRIBUTORS Senem Aydın Michael Emerson Hendrik Kraetzschmar Alina Mungiu-Pippidi Hryhoriy Nemyria Ghia Nodia Gergana Noutcheva Nikolay Petrov Madalena Resende Uladzimir Rouda Emad El-Din Shahin Bassam Tibi Nathalie Tocci Marius Vahl Richard Youngs CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN POLICY STUDIES BRUSSELS The Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) is an independent policy research institute based in Brussels. Its mission is to produce sound analytical research leading to constructive solutions to the challenges facing Europe today. The chapters of this book were in most cases initially presented as working papers to a conference on “American and European Approaches to Democratisation in the European Neighbourhood”, held in Brussels at CEPS on 20-21 June 2005. CEPS gratefully acknowledges financial support for this conference from Compagnia di San Paolo, the Open Society Institute, the Heinrich Böll Foundation and the US Mission to the European Union in Brussels. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors writing in a personal capacity and do not necessarily reflect those of CEPS or any other institution with which the authors are associated. ISBN 92-9079-592-1 © Copyright 2005, Centre for European Policy Studies. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior permission of the Centre for European Policy Studies. Centre for European Policy Studies Place du Congrès 1, B-1000 Brussels Tel: 32 (0) 2 229.39.11 Fax: 32 (0) 2 219.41.51 e-mail: [email protected] internet: http://www.ceps.be CONTENTS Preface Introduction 1 Michael Emerson Part I.
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GA President Appoints Two New Facilitators
Intergovernmental Negotiations on the question of equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council and related matters Issues of categories of membership; the question of the veto; regional representation; size of an enlarged Security Council and working methods of the Council; and the relationship between the Council and the General Assembly. a) CATEGORIES OF MEMBERSHIP a.1 Permanent Members a.1.1. The Republic of China (People’s Republic of China), France, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (The Russian Federation), The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The United States of America i. …with no additional permanent seats: Ireland, Liechtenstein, Panama ii. …plus additional permanent seats: (The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago), Brunei Darussalam, Chile, Croatia, Dominican Republic, Latvia, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, Peru, Philippines, Singapore, Viet Nam iii. …plus [x] additional permanent seats: Slovakia [5]; Georgia [5-6]; African Group, Belgium and Luxembourg, G4, L.69, Czech Republic, Kazakhstan [6]; Australia, Hungary [up to 6] iv. …plus Brazil, Germany, India, Japan and permanent African representation: France, Kazakhstan, Romania, UK a.1.2. No less than two permanent seats for Africa. African Group a.1.3. Endorses the enlargement of the Security Council in the category of permanent members. At least two developing countries from Africa, two from Asia and two others from Latin America and the Caribbean should enter the Council as new permanent members. Cuba a.1.4. It is yet premature to specify the issue of this category of membership..
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The Happiness Gap in Eastern Europe
The happiness gap in eastern Europe Simeon Djankov, Elena Nikolova and Jan Zilinsky Summary Citizens in eastern Europe are less satisﬁed with life than their peers in other countries. This happiness gap has persisted over time, despite predictions to the contrary by earlier scholars. It holds after controlling for a variety of covariates, such as the standard of living, life expectancy and Eastern Orthodox religion. Armed with a battery of surveys from the early 1990s to 2014, we argue that the happiness gap is explained by how citizens in post-communist countries perceive their governments. Eastern Europeans link their life satisfaction to higher perceived corruption and weaker government performance. Our results suggest that the transition from central planning is still incomplete, at least in the psychology of people. Keywords: happiness, corruption, eastern Europe JEL Classiﬁcation: D73, I30, P35 Contact details: Elena Nikolova, One Exchange Square, London EC2A 2JN, United Kingdom Phone: +44 20 7338 7931; Fax: +44 20 7338 6110; email: [email protected]. Simeon Djankov is at the Department of Finance, London School of Economics and Political Science and Visiting Fellow at the Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics. Elena Nikolova is a Research Economist at the EBRD. Jan Zilinsky is Research Analyst at the Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics. This paper is written as part of a symposium: Ukraine: Escape from Post-Soviet Legacy? The authors would like to thank an anonymous referee, Abhijit Banerjee, Erik Berglof,¨ Andrew Clark, Yuriy Gorodnichenko, Gerard´ Roland and Peter Sanfey for helpful comments. The working paper series has been produced to stimulate debate on economic transition and development.
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Characteristics of Eastern European Immigration in the United States. (22 -SEP -08) Journ
Characteristics of Eastern European Immigration in the United States. (22 -SEP -08) Journ ... Page 1 of 13 Characteristics of Eastern European Immigration in the United States.(Report) Source: Journal of Comparative Family Studies Publication Date: 22-SEP-08 INTRODUCTION In the last centuries, Eastern Europe has been characterized by dramatic socio-political and economic transformations. Countries were formed and revised, political ideologies were imposed and then dropped leaving lasting marks on individuals and families. Immigration from that region towards United States mirrors this region's course of events, registering various trends throughout the history. The recent overall increase in the number of immigrants in the US has been calling for more research on the immigrant adaptation processes. Although the literature on some immigrant groups has been enriched in the past years, the research on Eastern European (EE) immigrants has been lacking. This may be explained by the fact, that the communist regimes of more than half a century significantly limited the emigration from this region. The fall of communism in late 1980s and the post-communist socio- economic and political transition determined a resurgence of EE immigrants as a new phenomenon and require their systematic study. Examining EE immigrants will increase the understanding of today's diverse immigrant population and their adaptation in the host society. The purpose of this article is to facilitate an understanding of the characteristics of Eastern European immigration. Systematic research on EE immigrants can help advance the current knowledge on Eastern European immigrants and how they adapt to the United States. As such, the goal of the study is to examine Eastern European immigrants' human capital (education level), length of US residence and their adaptation, as measured by income and possession of health insurance.
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Security Council Elections 2021
Research Report Security Council Elections 2021 Kelly Craft, Permanent Introduction: The 2021 Elections Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, casts her vote during the 2020 elections in the General Assembly Hall. On 11 June, the 75th session of the UN General Group (GRULAC, currently held by Saint UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe Assembly is scheduled to hold elections for the Vincent and the Grenadines); and Security Council. The five seats available for elec- • one seat for the Eastern European Group (cur- tion in 2021, according to the regular distribution rently held by Estonia). among regions, will be as follows: The Western European and Others Group 2021, No. #1 • two seats for the African Group (currently held (WEOG) is not contesting any seats this year, as 2 June 2021 by Niger and Tunisia); its two seats, held by Ireland and Norway through This report is available online at securitycouncilreport.org. • one seat for the Group of Asia and the Pacific 2022, come up for election every other year. The Small Island Developing States (Asia-Pacific five new members elected this year will take up For daily insights by SCR on evolving Security Council actions please Group) (currently held by Viet Nam); their seats on 1 January 2022 and will serve until subscribe to our “What’s In Blue” • one seat for the Latin American and Caribbean 31 December 2023. series at securitycouncilreport.org or follow @SCRtweets on Twitter. Security Council Report Research Report June 2021 securitycouncilreport.org 1 1 Introduction: The 2021 Elections The 2021 Candidates 2 The 2021 Candidates 5 Potential Council Dynamics in Six member states—Albania, Brazil, the last contested election in the African Group 2022 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), was in 2011, when three candidates (Maurita- 6 The Process of Election Gabon, Ghana, and the United Arab Emir- nia, Morocco and Togo) ran for the two seats 6 Regional Groups and Established ates—are currently running for the five allotted to the Group.
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Crime and Criminal Justice Systems in Europe and North America 1995-2004
European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI) P.O.Box 444 FIN-00531 Helsinki Finland Publication Series No. 55 Kauko Aromaa and Markku Heiskanen (eds.) Crime and Criminal Justice Systems in Europe and North America 1995-2004 Helsinki 2008 Copies can be purchased from: Academic Bookstore Criminal Justice Press P.O. Box 128 P.O.Box 249 FIN-00101 Helsinki Monsey, NY 10952 Finland USA Website: http://www.akateeminen.com Website: http://www.criminaljusticepress.com ISBN 978-952-5333-36-7 ISSN 1237-4741 Printed by Hakapaino Oy, Helsinki, Finland Foreword The current report is the sixth of its kind in the HEUNI series of reports on the United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and Operations of the Criminal Justice Systems in Europe and North America, presenting data for the ten-year period 1995-2004. The analysis ahs been carried out by an international working group. We are particularly grateful for the UNODC for its generous help in providing the working group in making the data available and also proving other support to the work. The working group consists of the following international experts: Professor Marcelo Aebi (Switzerland), Dr. Anna Alvazzi del Frate (UNODC), Mr. Kauko Aromaa (HEUNI), Professor Beata Gruszczynska (Poland), Dr. Markku Heiskanen (HEUNI), Mr. Steven Malby (UNODC), Professor Ineke Haen Marshall (United States), Dr. Paul Smit (Netherlands), and Mr. Roy Walmsley (England). Ms. Mirjam van Gammeren has also participated in the work on one chapter. Mr. Sami Nevala (HEUNI) and Ms. Minna Lindqvist (HEUNI) have contributed to the validation of the data.
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An Empirical Analysis of the EAEU's Voting Behavior in the UN General
An empirical analysis of the EAEU’s voting behavior in the UN General Assembly, 2000–2020 Shatlyk Amanov Department of Social Sciences, Suleyman Demirel University, Kaskelen, Kazakhstan. Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper examines the voting behavior of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) to find out their preference similarities on foreign policy issues. Based on a specific data set of UNGA resolutions from 2000 to 2020 and using two different indexes of voting cohesion, the present research addresses two empirically motivated questions: to what extent does the EAEU speak in unison externally in the context of UNGA plenary? And secondly, what was the impact the formation of the EAEU in 2015 had upon common foreign policy? The results reveal that the EAEU scores a “medium” level of cohesion as measured within the UNGA context which may indicate that members oftentimes speak with one voice while defections still occur on controversial votes. Besides, the findings suggest that no meaningful cohesion difference exists between pre- and post- EAEU periods. Finally, the study finds that the Eurasian nations are most cohesive on developmental resolutions, but least cohesive on security and human rights issues as expressed in their recorded voting behavior. Keywords: Eurasian Economic Union, Eurasian integration, Eurasia, United Nations, UN General Assembly, voting cohesion. 1. Introduction Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Eurasian integration1 has gone through several stages, following the “CIS-EurAsEC-CU/SES-EAEU” line2 (Vinokurov, 2018), and ultimately establishing the EAEU, the most sophisticated regional organization that 1 In this paper, “Eurasian integration” refers to the integration process in the post-Soviet space, primarily within the EAEU as opposed to an alternative Eurasian “continental” integration, promoted by China (through the Belt and Road Initiative), Russia, and Kazakhstan, among others (Vinokurov, 2018).
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Human Rights and Democracy in the World
Human rights and democracy in the world Report on EU action July 2008 to December 2009 EUROPEAN UNION External Action This report is available online at http://eeas.europa.eu A great deal of additional information on the European Union is also available on the Internet at http://ec.europa.eu / http://www.consilium.europa.eu / http://www.europarl.europa.eu Cover picture: © Reuters © European Union, 2010 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Published by the European Commission, May 2010 Preface The European Union has come a long way since its first human rights report was published in 1999. At that time, the EU set itself the target, «to ensure that all pertinent means for action are available within the framework of the Union, including through the possible publication of an annual EU human rights report». This report gives an overview of our many activities. Following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the EU is now moving forward to another stage in its development. This is a good time to take stock. After spending much time and energy in considering how we work, it is important to think again about why. The message from citizens across Europe is clear. They want the EU to do more to promote and defend human rights throughout the world. I believe that by showing what we are doing, and by speaking with a united voice on the world stage, we can answer these expectations. The idea for an EU report on human rights first came from a celebration of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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Intergovernmental Negotiation on Security Council Reform
THE PRESIDENT Of" Till! OENERALASS£MBLY 31 July 2015 Excellency Reference is made to my letter dated 10 November. 2014. of which I appointed H.E Courtenay Rattray. Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations to Chair on my behalf. the Intergovernmental Negotiations (IGN) on Security Council Reform. In my letter. I encouraged Member States to move the process towards text based negotiations, I now have the honour to circulate to you a text, to fonn the basis for the Intergovernmental Negotiations on the reform of the Security Council. This text is the outcome of a consultative, inclusive and transparent rrocess. It. is a product of Member States submissions and discussions in the ION during 691 session. I am confident that all efforts have been made to afford an opportunity to Member States to participate throughout the process from its inception W1til now. The text should be considered in conjunction, with its annex as a comprehensive whole. The annex i;Jisplays I)ot only the original submissions of Member States to the Framework Docttment, but al~o six letters containing the positions of groups, and Member States that indicated that they did not wish their proposals to be included in the body of the text. Given this text's adherence to General Assembly Decision 621557, it represents a sound basis upon which Member g'tates can engage in text- based negotiations during the next phase of IGN. Please accept, Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration. ,~2l(v- All Pennanent Representatives to the United Nations New¥ork InteJ:gove%mlental Negotiations on the question of equitable repJ:esentation on and incJ:ease in the membership of the Security Council and >:elated matters Issues of categories of membership; the question of the veto; regional representation; size of an enlarged Security Council and working methods of the Council; and the relationship between the Council and the General Assembly.
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UN Regional Group of Eastern Europe Eastern European Group Geography
UN Regional Group of Eastern Europe Eastern European Group geography Countries represented under the Eastern European Group 1. Albania 2. Armenia 3. Azerbaijan 4. Belarus 5. Bosnia and Herzegovina 6. Bulgaria 7. Croatia 8. Czech Republic 9. Estonia 10. Georgia 11. Hungary 12. Latvia 13. Lithuania 14. Montenegro 15. North Macedonia 16. Poland 17. Republic of Moldova 18. Romania 19. Russian Federation 20. Serbia 21. Slovakia 22. Slovenia 23. Ukraine Eastern European Group geography Countries represented under the UNSDG Eastern Europe and Central Asia 1. Albania 2. Armenia 3. Azerbaijan 4. Belarus 5. Bosnia and Herzegovina 6. Georgia 7. Kazakhstan 8. Kyrgyzstan 9. Montenegro 10. North Macedonia 11. Republic of Moldova 12. Russian Federation 13. Serbia 14. Ukraine 15. Uzbekistan 16. Tajikistan 17. Turkey 18. Turkmenistan Eastern European Group geography Political functional alignment Contributions to EEG by Domain of Change Domain 2 Domain3 Enhanced shared prosperity of cities Enhanced shared prosperity of and regions cities and regions Total Contributions to UN-Habitat Domain 1 Strategic Plan for EEG $200,000 Reduced spatial inequality and $500,000 poverty in communities across the urban-rural continuum Kosovo * UNSC R 1244 $ 4,000,000 (to September 2021) Commonwealth of Independent from SIDA, States: Sweden $ 1,700,000 $500,000 (to April2021, with funding from the Domain 4 Russian Effective urban crisis and Federation) prevention and response (Some of these countries are in the EEG, and others in Asia-Pacific) UN-Habitat Actions with and within Europe (EU Member States) Support to the Contribution to the Support to development implementation of the NUA European urban policy cooperation and within Europe debate humanitarian activities in other parts of the world (internal to EU): UN-Habitat is an Through project “URBAN2030”, active participant to meetings of UN-Habitat supports the EU and its Member States are the Urban Development Group deployment of SDGs indicators at long-standing supporter of UN- (UDG) and contributes to policy the local level.
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