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Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model GLOBAL LIVESTOCK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MODEL Reference documentation Version 1.0 Revision 1 April 2016 GLOBAL LIVESTOCK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MODEL Reference documentation Version 1.0 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. © FAO, 2016 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Contents CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 – MODEL OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 – GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LCA ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 – SOURCES OF EMISSIONS ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 – DATA RESOLUTION AND DISAGGREGATION .............................................................................................. 3 1.5 – PRODUCTION SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION ................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 – HERD MODULE ................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 – LIVESTOCK DISTRIBUTION MAPS ................................................................................................................ 6 2.2 – HERD SIMULATION: LARGE RUMINANTS ................................................................................................... 6 2.3 – HERD SIMULATION: SMALL RUMINANTS ................................................................................................... 9 2.4 – HERD SIMULATION: PIGS .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.5 – HERD SIMULATION: CHICKEN ................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 3 – MANURE MODULE ........................................................................................................................... 22 3.1 – MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS .......................................................................................................... 22 3.2 – NITROGEN EXCRETION, LOSSES AND APPLICATION RATES ...................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 4 – FEED MODULE ................................................................................................................................. 25 4.1 – CROP YIELDS ............................................................................................................................................. 25 4.2 – RUMINANTS’ RATION ............................................................................................................................... 25 4.3 – MONOGASTRICS’ RATION ......................................................................................................................... 32 4.4 – NUTRITIONAL VALUES .............................................................................................................................. 38 4.5 – RELATED EMISSIONS ................................................................................................................................. 39 CHAPTER 5 – SYSTEM MODULE ............................................................................................................................. 45 5.1 – ENERGY REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 45 5.2 – FEED INTAKE ............................................................................................................................................. 54 5.3 – METHANE EMISSIONS FROM ENTERIC FERMENTATION .......................................................................... 54 5.4 – METHANE EMISSIONS FROM MANURE MANAGEMENT .......................................................................... 55 5.5 – NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM MANURE MANAGEMENT ................................................................. 56 CHAPTER 6 – ALLOCATION MODULE ..................................................................................................................... 60 6.1 – TOTAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 60 6.2 – EMISSION ALLOCATION AND EMISSION INTENSITIES .............................................................................. 61 CHAPTER 7 – POSTFARM EMISSIONS .................................................................................................................... 63 7.1 – INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 63 7.2 – ENERGY CONSUMPTION ........................................................................................................................... 63 7.3 – EMISISONS RELATED TO TRANSPORT ....................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 8 – EMISSIONS RELATED TO ENERGY USE ............................................................................................. 65 8.1 – EMISSIONS RELATED TO CAPITAL GOODS – INDIRECT ENERGY USE ........................................................ 65 8.2 – EMISSIONS RELATED TO ON-FARM ENERGY USE– DIRECT ENERGY USE ................................................ 66 APPENDIX A – COUNTRY LIST ............................................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX B – REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION The Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM) was developed to address the need for a comprehensive tool to evaluate the environmental impacts of the livestock sector and to support stakeholders in their efforts towards more sustainable practices than ensure the livelihood of producers and mitigates the environmental burdens. 1.1 – MODEL OVERVIEW GLEAM is a modelling framework based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method that covers the 11 main livestock commodities at global scale, namely meat and milk from cattle, sheep, goats and buffalo; meat from pigs; and meat and eggs from chickens. The model, which runs in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment, provides spatially disaggregated estimations on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and commodity production for a given production system, thereby enabling the calculation of the emission intensity for any combination of commodity, farming systems and location at different spatial scales. GLEAM is built on five modules reproducing the main stages of livestock production: the herd module, the manure module, the feed module, the system module and the allocation module. The overall structure is shown in Figure 1.1. Each module is explained in detail in their corresponding chapter. Total animal population at pixel level. Crop yields Herd parameters Synthetic nitrogen fertilizer application rates Emission factors for N2O Energy use in field operations Nutritional values of feed materials HERD MODULE MANURE MODULE FEED MODULE kg N per ha Calculation of herd structure Calculation of manure application Calculation of ration composition, nutritional and dynamics rate to crops and pastures values and related emissions Number of animals in each cohort Protein content of meat, milk and eggs Energy content per kg DM Average bodyweights and growth rates Activity level coefficients for energy requirements Nitrogen content per kg DM Share of different manure management systems Emissions per kg DM CH4 and N2O emission factors for manure systems Bo coefficients
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