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UKRAINE: ONE YEAR AFTER the EURO-MAIDAN Mustafa Dzhemilev Crimea Is Our Homeland

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UKRAINE: ONE YEAR AFTER the EURO-MAIDAN Mustafa Dzhemilev Crimea Is Our Homeland ADVERTISEMENT ISSN 2083-7372 Bimonthly November-December Price 19 PLN (w tym 5% VAT) 10 EUR 12 USD 7 GBP No 5 (XIV)/2014 www.neweasterneurope.eu UKRAINE: ONE YEAR AFTER THE EURO-MAIDAN Mustafa Dzhemilev Crimea is our homeland INSIDE THE HYBRID WAR Russia is redi ning modern warfare NATO needs to stop its wishful thinking Donetsk is creating its own reality european solidarity centre 5 (XIV) / 14 ISSN 2083-7372 9 772083 7371281 0 ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISEMENT Taube THJT NEE AD indd 1 10/9/14 2:07 PM Dear Reader, One year ago, on the pages of this magazine, we were analysing how the Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius would affect the future of the region of Eastern Europe. While many had predicted that the former president of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych, would in the end not sign the Association Agreement with the European Union, no one could have expected what followed immediately thereafter. On November 21st 2013, Ukrainian journalist Mustafa Nayem (now politician) posted on Facebook: “If you really want to do something, do not just ‘like’ this post. Let us meet at 10:30 pm near the monument of independence in the middle of the Maidan.” The sequence of events that followed changed the course of history for Ukraine, Europe and the world. The costs of this change were high (and continue to increase). Over 125 people lost their lives during the EuroMaidan Revolution which ousted Yanukovych. Russia used new tactics, which have been put in the framework of a hybrid war, to annex Crimea and support separatism, or even at times intervene, in Ukraine’s east where thousands have been killed and many more displaced. Meanwhile, Ukraine elected a new president, promised to undertake serious reform, battle corruption, signed the EU Association Agreement and set the stage for new parliament elections in October 2014. This issue of New Eastern Europe attempts to summarise the situation in Ukraine on the one year anniversary of the start of the EuroMaidan. Included articles aim to provide a deep perspective on Ukraine today. Their authors ask questions like: is Ukraine more democratic? Is there more media freedom in Ukraine today? And what is the role of the oligarchs in a post-Maidan reality? Finally, the issues of “special status” for Donbas and the recent lustration law are put under an analytical microscope. In addition, authors of this issue expose the characteristics of Russian actions in regards to Ukraine and agree with the statement that Kremlin tactics have not only hurt Ukraine but also divided Europe. Undoubtedly, one year is a short time to give defi nitive answers to such complex issues. However, it is the fi rst moment when we can use a time perspective to start putting a broader picture together. This magazine is committed to analysing and further interpreting the events in the region, so that you will continue to get this perspective in the months and years to come. Wishing you a more peaceful 2015. The Editors Erratum: We want to make a small correction to the previous issue. On page 29 we had erroneously edited the text to read that Moldova’s main produce exports go to Ukraine, when in fact that is not the case. We apologise to the authors and readers for this error. 4 Contents Opinion and Analysis 7 Crimea is our Homeland 41 Pro-forma Lustration An interview with Mustafa Dzhemilev Roman Kabachiy “We all understand the connected nature of trade and the gas industry between 45 Special Status is not the Answer Russia and Europe. We understand that Volodymyr Valkov abrupt moves like sanctions can also cause damage to the economies of 54 Debate: Eastern Europe in World History western states. However, if this price for peace and security is not paid now, then and Politics 1914-2014 later they will have to pay ten times more.” Mark von Hagen, Yaroslav Hrytsak, Andreas Kappeler and Frank Sysyn 13 On the Edge of Change Igor Lyubashenko 62 Belarus – A role model for the region? Since the EuroMaidan Revolution, Ukraine Witold Jurasz has declared itself to be on the path of reform, greater democratisation and more 68 An Unforeseen Brussels Takeover transparency. While it may be too early to Paweł Świeboda defi nitively say whether real change will The election of Donald Tusk as president of take hold in Ukraine, an assessment of the the European Council refl ects both Poland’s authorities’ current narratives will help successful transition and Tusk’s personal us better understand the key challenges success in proving to be a pragmatic and that still lie ahead. fl exible politician. The challenge now will be how Tusk will manage to switch frames 25 Toppling Lenin and his Legacy of mind from being a national politician Tatyana Pushnova into that of a European statesman. 28 On the Road to Collapse? Wojciech Konończuk 74 No More Wishful Thinking The ongoing confl ict with Russia, the Dominik P. Jankowski war in Donbas and snap parliamentary elections make the gloomy economic 80 Hybrid Warfare: condition of Ukraine less visible. The challenge of our time Meanwhile, it is the economy that will have Anna Maria Dyner a prevailing infl uence on the future stability of the country and will shape Ukraine’s 90 Guaranteeing the Status Quo statehood. Christopher Tooke 34 The Media’s Missed Opportunities 96 How Democratic is Poland? Olena Kutovenko Michał Kotnarowski, Michał Wenzel and Marta Żerkowska-Balas 5 Interviews Books and Reviews 102 The End of Homo Sovieticus 150 Ukraine in Metaphors A conversation with Myroslav Marynovych Annabelle Chapman “I am not a bloodthirsty person and On Taras Prokhasko’s W gazetach tego I do not dream of revenge, but I can tell nie napiszą (They Won’t Write about you one thing: unless we draw conclusions This in the Newspapers) from our past mistakes, we cannot create a normal society.” 152 A State without Citizens Bartosz Marcinkowski 108 An Icon of the Holocaust On Samuel Greene’s Moscow A Conversation with Andrzej Żbikowski in Movement: Power and Opposition in Putin’s Russia Reports 154 From Pornographer to Prophet Daniel Wańczyk 113 Ukraine’s East Is Shaping On Vladimir Sorokin’s Telluriya (Теллурия) Its Own Reality Matthew Luxmoore 156 A Man Motivated by Power Josette Baer 125 Putting Hysterics Aside On Slavomír Michálek, Miroslav Londák’s Wojciech Wojtasiewicz Gustáv Husák. Moc politiky.Politik moci (Gustáv Husák. The Power of Politics. A Politician of Power) History 160 An Invitation to Dialogue 131 An Unfi nished Reunifi cation Dorota Sieroń-Galusek An interview with Wolfgang Templin Egidij us Aleksandravičius’s Antanas Baranauskas. Szlak wieszcza (Antanas 137 Ukrainian Nationalism: Baranauskas: The Trail of a Poet) Not to be ignored Marek Wojnar Special Section – Kraków: A City of Literature People, Ideas, Inspiration 166 A Belated Love Affair 143 A President with his Martin Pollack Trousers Rolled Up Zbigniew Rokita 172 Tiny as a Painted Egg Andrzej Franaszek 180 My Literary Kraków Michał Rusinek 189 A Musician of Words An interview with Ewa Lipska 196 Enchanted Carriages A conversation between Zośka Papużanka and Ziemowit Szczerek www.neweasterneurope.eu Content with the notation (CC) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. All attempts are made to give proper EDITOR AND PUBLISHER and appropriate attribution The Jan Nowak-Jeziorański College to the author and source. of Eastern Europe in Wrocław The Editors do not return submitted texts unless requested. offi [email protected] The Editors reserve the right to edit and shorten submitted texts. www.kew.org.pl New Eastern Europe is co-fi nanced by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. CO-EDITOR European Solidarity Centre [email protected] www.ecs.gda.pl New Eastern Europe is co-fi nanced by the EDITORIAL BOARD Department of Public and Cultural Diplomacy Leonidas Donskis, Yaroslav Hrytsak, Paweł Kowal, of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Ivan Krastev, Georges Mink, Zdzisław Najder, framework of the grant programme: Cornelius Ochmann, Eugeniusz Smolar, “Co-operation in the fi eld of public diplomacy 2014”. Lilia Shevtsova, Roman Szporluk, Jan Zielonka All works published with grant funded from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 EDITORIAL TEAM Unported license (CC by 3.0). Any republication of materials funded Adam Reichardt, Editor-in-Chief under this grant must be attributed in the manner specifi ed by the Iwona Reichardt, Deputy Editor, Lead Translator author or licensor. Bartosz Marcinkowski, Assistant Editor Igor Lyubashenko, Contributing Editor PROOFREADING Gina Kuhn The Special Section on Kraków, the City of Literature is co-fi nanced ILLUSTRATIONS AND COVER by the City of Kraków. Andrzej Zaręba Circulating texts without the Editors’ permit is strictly forbidden. The Editors bear no responsibility SPECIAL SECTION COORDINATOR for the content of advertisements. Zofi a Wojtusik Copyright © by the Jan Nowak-Jeziorański OFFICE MANAGER College of Eastern Europe in Wrocław Anna Susz-Golańska (Kolegium Europy Wschodniej im. Jana Nowaka-Jeziorańskiego we Wrocławiu), 2014 SUBSCRIPTION Legal Services Provided by KOKSZTYS S.A. [email protected] LAYOUT AND FORMATTING Agencja Reklamowa i Interaktywna SALON REKLAMY Circulation: 5000 EDITORIAL OFFICES New Eastern Europe Printing: Drukarnia Kolejowa Kraków Sp. z o.o. ul. Mazowiecka 25 p. 606 International Distribution: www.pineapple-media.com 30-019 Kraków [email protected] Printed in Poland European Solidarity Centre Plac Solidarności 1, 80-863 Gdańsk tel.: +48 58 767 79 71 [email protected] Crimea is our Homeland An interview with Mustafa Dzhemilev, leader of the Crimean Tatar National Movement. Interviewer: Giuseppe D’Amato GIUSEPPE D’AMATO: Refl ecting for diff erent scenarios. Among these, on the situation in Ukraine, would they had an aggressive plan to annex you ever have expected that such Crimea.
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