PAHs: An Ecotoxicological Perspective Edited by Peter E. T. Douben Unilever Colworth R&D, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK PAHs: An Ecotoxicological Perspective Ecological and Environmental Toxicology Series Series Editors Jason M. Weeks Sheila O’Hare Barnett A. Rattner National Centre for Scientific Editor Patuxent Wildlife Environmental Toxicology, Hertfordshire, Research Center, USGS WRc-NSF, UK UK Laurel, MD, USA The fields of environmental toxicology, ecological toxicology and ecotoxicology are rapidly expanding areas of research. This explosion of interest within the international scientific community demands comprehensive and up-to-date information that is easily accessible to both professionals and an increasing number of students with an interest in these subject areas. Books in the series will cover a diverse range of relevant topics ranging from taxonomically based handbooks of ecotoxicology to current aspects of international regulatory affairs. Publications will serve the needs of undergraduate and postgraduate students, academics and professionals with an interest in these developing subject areas. The Series Editors will be pleased to consider suggestions and proposals from prospec- tive authors or editors in respect of books for future inclusion in the series. Published titles in the series Environmental Risk Harmonization: Federal and State Approaches to Environmental Hazards in the USA Edited by Michael A. Kamrin (ISBN 0 471 97265 7) Handbook of Soil Invertebrate Toxicity Tests Edited by Hans Løkke and Cornelius A. M. van Gestel (ISBN 0 471 97103 0) Pollution Risk Assessment and Management: A Structured Approach Edited by Peter E. T. Douben (ISBN 0 471 97297 5) Statistics in Ecotoxicology Edited by Tim Sparks (ISBN 0 471 96851 X CL, ISBN 0 471 97299 1 PR) Demography in Ecotoxicology Edited by Jan E. Kammenga and Ryszard Laskowski (ISBN 0 471 49002 4) Forecasting the Environmental Fate and Effects of Chemicals Edited by Philip S. Rainbow, Steve P. Hopkin and Mark Crane (ISBN 0 471 49179 9) Ecotoxicology of Wild Mammals Edited by Richard F. Shore and Barnett A. Rattner (ISBN 0 471 97429 3) Environmental Analysis of Contaminated Sites Edited by Geoffrey I. Sunahara, Agnes` Y. Renoux, Claude Thellen, Connie L. Gaudet and Adrien Pilon (ISBN 0 471 98669 0) Behavioural Ecotoxicology Edited by Giacomo Dell’Omo (ISBN 0 471 96852 8) PAHs: An Ecotoxicological Perspective Edited by Peter E. T. Douben Unilever Colworth R&D, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. 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Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data PAHs : an ecotoxicological perspective / edited by Peter E.T. Douben. p. cm. — (Ecological and environmental toxicology series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-56024-3 (alk. paper) 1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons–Toxicology. 2. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons–Environmental aspects. I. Douben, Peter E. T. II. Ecological & environmental toxicology series. RA1242.P73.P346 2003 615.902 — dc21 2002192409 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-471-56024-3 Typeset in 10/12pt Garamond by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. Contents List of Contributors vii Series Foreword xi Part I Introduction and Rationale 1 1 Introduction 3 PeterE.T.Douben Part II General Characteristics of PAHs 7 2 The Sources, Transport, and Fate of PAHs in the Marine Environment 9 James S. Latimer and Jinshu Zheng 3 Geochemistry of PAHs in Aquatic Environments: Source, Persistence and Distribution 35 Robert M. Burgess, Michael J. Ahrens and Christopher W. Hickey 4 Photochemical Reactions of PAHs in the Atmosphere 47 Janet Arey and Roger Atkinson 5 Metabolic Activation of PAHs: Role of DNA Adduct Formation in Induced Carcinogenesis 65 Farida Akcha, Thierry Burgeot, Jean-Fran¸cois Narbonne and Philippe Garrigues 6 Biodegradation and General Aspects of Bioavailability 81 Frank Volkering and Anton M. Breure Part III Bioavailability, Exposure and Effects in Environmental Compartments 97 7 An Overview of the Partitioning and Bioavailability of PAHs in Sediments and Soils 99 Robert M. Burgess, Michael J. Ahrens, Christopher W. Hickey, Pieter J. den Besten, Dorien ten Hulscher, Bert van Hattum, JamesP.MeadorandPeterE.T.Douben vi CONTENTS 8 Bioavailability, Uptake and Effects of PAHs in Aquatic Invertebrates in Field Studies 127 Pieter J. den Besten, Dorien ten Hulscher and Bert van Hattum 9 Bioaccumulation of PAHs in Marine Invertebrates 147 James P. Meador 10 Uptake and Accumulation of PAHs by Terrestrial Invertebrates 173 Rudolf K. Achazi and Cornelis A. M. Van Gestel 11 Ecotoxicological Studies Focusing on Marine and Freshwater Fish 191 Jerry F. Payne, Anne Mathieu and Tracy K. Collier 12 Effects of PAHs on Terrestrial and Freshwater Birds, Mammals and Amphibians 225 Heath M. Malcolm and Richard F. Shore 13 Effects of PAHs on Marine Birds, Mammals and Reptiles 243 Peter H. Albers and Thomas R. Loughlin 14 PAH Interactions with Plants: Uptake, Toxicity and Phytoremediation 263 Bruce M. Greenberg 15 Assessing Risks from Photoactivated Toxicity of PAHs to Aquatic Organisms 275 Gerald T. Ankley, Lawrence P. Burkhard, Philip M. Cook, Stephen A. Diamond, Russell J. Erickson and David R. Mount 16 Biomarkers and PAHs — Prospects for the Assessment of Exposure and Effects in Aquatic Systems 297 Rolf Altenburger, Helmut Segner and Ron van der Oost Part IV Integration of Information on PAHs 329 17 Approaches to Developing Sediment Quality Guidelines for PAHs 331 David R. Mount, Christopher G. Ingersoll and Joy A. McGrath 18 Managing Risks from PAHs 357 Graham Whale, Gordon Lethbridge, Vikram Paul and Eric Martin Index 379 List of Contributors Rudolf K. Achazi Biology Department, Ecotoxicology and Biochemistry, Freie Universit¨at Berlin, Ehrenbergstrasse 26–28, D-14195 Berlin, Germany Michael J. Ahrens National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Gate 10, Silverdale Road, Box 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand Farida Akcha IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP21105, 44311 Nantes cedex 03, France Peter H. Albers USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12011 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708-4041, USA Rolf Altenburger Department of Chemical Ecotoxicology, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig-Halle, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Gerald T. Ankley Mid-continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, USA Janet Arey Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA Roger Atkinson Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA Anton M. Breure National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Laboratory for Eco- toxicology, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands Thierry Burgeot IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France viii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Robert M. Burgess United States Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/NHEERL Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA Lawrence P. Burkhard Mid-continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, USA Tracy