ocPh3.L AI{MX V-3
ONCHOCERC IAS IS CONTROL
IN THE
T/OLTA RIYER BASIN AREA
Report prepared for the Governments of Dahomey, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger Togo and Upper Volta
Al'INEx V-3 : ESTIMATED COST OF TI{E H{TOMOLOGICAL SURVEILLATICE COITIPONENT OF T}tE ONCHOCERCIASIS COT.ITROL PROGRAMME IN THE VOLTA RIYER BASIN AREA
1 Geneva r9?3 !
Progranune des Nations Unies pour Ie D6veloppement Organisation pour 1'Alimentation et IrAgriculture des Nations Unies Banque Internationale pour la Reconstruction et le D6veloppement Organisation Mondiale de la Sant6 Annex V-3 page I
ESTIMATED COST OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SURVEILLAI.ICE COMPONESIT OF THE ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROCRAMME IN THE VOLTA RIVER BASIN AREA
1. INTRODUCTION 1. The Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River basin area is I based primarily on the destruction of the vector, Simulium damnosum, by the weekly aerial application of insecticides in reaches of rivers that constitute the larval breeding sites of this blackfly. The aims of the entomological surveillance programme are as follows: - to ensure, before the start of the vector control operations, that all potential S. damnosum breeding sites have been located, and their characteristtcs analysed; - to determine the local and reglonal effectiveness of the treatment, and to adapt the insecticide application programme accordingly in a continuous manner; - to measure the intensity of onchocerciasis transmission at carefully selected points in order to determine the anticipated new epidemiological balance until the medical teams are able to observe how the situation has changed from the parasitological and clinical viewpoints. 2. The entomological surveillance teams will also undertake the collection of hydrological data, which determine the points to be treated and the insecticide doses to be applied. When required they will undertake the few ground applications of insecticides as provided for in the S. damnosum control progranme (see Annex V-2, section 4.2). Moreover, they will cooperate, in so far as their resources permit and on the basis of instructions given by the Programme Headquarters, in the hydrobiological research programme (cf. Annex III-3, section 4.3), in studies on the S. damnosum complex, in the periodic determination of the vector's susceptibility to insecticides, and in any other operation within their competence connected with the Programme. 3. Initially the entomological surveillance teams will have to give the entire area treated and its immediate vicinity as uniform a coverage as possible, but once the campaign aga inst S. damnosum has started arrangements , will be adapted in the light of experience. Vast areas witl be permanently
I Simulium damnosum is reall y a complex of sibling species and forms, the status of which has not yet been determined; to srmplrfy the presentation of this document, the term S. damnosum is used for the entire S. damnosum complex (cf. Annex III-I, section 1.2) Annex V-3 page 2
freed from the vector, whereas other areas wilt be frequently reinfested or maY even remain infested by a low-density vector population; the reinfestation routes and critical sectors wilI be identified. It will then become possible to reduce the survelllance network in the cleared areas, while leaving the procedures unchanged or even strengthening them in areas subJect to reinfestation, tn order to make the operations more effective. Unless the
forest forms of S damnosum fail to adapt to the savanna climate, it may be expected that the chief danger of reinfestation of the treated areas will come from the south (valleys of the Sankarani, the Sassandra, the Marahou6, the Nzi, the Como6, the southern tributaries of the Black Volta, the Mono, and the Ou6m6), while the danger of reinfestation from east or west wiIl be more limited. 4. Three to six years after the start of vector control operations it will be possible to begin the parasitological and clinical assessment of the impact of the programme on onchocerciasis transmission and on the clinical manifestatrons of the disease. The entomological surveillance teams will then decrease their investrgations on the residual leveI of onchocerciasis trans- missr.on. Moreover the problems of reinfestation of treated areas should then be well known and the entomological surveillance teams will be able to concentrate their efforts at critical points; elsewhere the networks would be much reduced, but resources and qualified staff would still be adequate to deal with any eventuality and could be redeployed over wider ar'eas should the situation so require. 5. The adJustments introduced in the successive stages of the entomological surveillance programme are outlined in this document for purposes of information; they have been drawn up on the basis of the most reasonable hypotheses concerning the development of the situation during the first six years of the proiect, but will need to be brought into line with actual developments.
2. I\,IETHODS OF E$ITOMOLOCICAL SURVEILLANCE 6. The study of s. damnosum populations before treatment and during on adults, or on both Iarviciding could be concentrated on pre-imaginal forms, t at once. The choice of methodoloBy has been based on the criteria of effective- ness and cost. 2. I Study of pre- nal populations 7. The study of the sites, and where appropriate the size, of pre-imaginal popu lations of S. damnosum is an important phase in the preparation of the control campaign, in order to establish the precise location of the reaches of rivers that need to be treated. Geographical reconnaissance has been almost Annex V-3 page 3 completed; to save time, the few areas that remain to be covered will be investigated by plane, or preferably by helicopter, since surveys by land require far too much time and material resources (cf. Annex III-2, section 3.1); nevertheless, the aerlal observations will be confirmed by ground-Ievel studies of representative and accesslble sections of watercourses to ensure that the planning of the operations is consistently based on incontestable facts. 8. Although the aim of insecticide treatment is to destroy the larvae of S. damnosum and not the adults , systematic evaluation of the results cannot be based on the study of larval breeding places alone. These breeding places are difficult to reach by land, and even when the banks of the watercourse are accessible there is still the problem of getting to the breeding places them- selves among the rapids; the difficulties, whi.ch are considerable in the dry season, become even greater in the rainy season. The use of boats transported by cross-country vehicles makes it easier to reach certain breeding places but will not always provide a solution. The use of helicopters solves many of these problems except that of reaching the breeding places themselves. However, the weakest points of thls method of evaluating larvicidal treatment lie else- where: - It does not permit the discovery of shortcomings ln treatment due to the existence of larval breeding places that were not identified since the surveys are carrled out in known breeding places; - It provides no quantitative data on the density of the vector or on residual transmission of the disease (Davies, 1965; Le Berre, lg?O). 9. Thus the study of pre-imaginal popurations of s. damnosum within the context of vector control campaigns is often limited to assessment of the comparative effectiveness of insecticides and formulations on well-known and easily accessible sections of rivers, and to the perlodic inspection of accessible parts of the reaches treated where there are potential breeding places for S. damnosum. The practical importance of the surveillance of the larval breeding places could be increased by placing readily recoverable and accessible artificial supports at carefully chosen critical points; these could be recovered from time to time and would constitute cumulative indicators of the presence or absence of the vector (Wolfe & peterson, lg5g, 1959; Marr, L962; Timofeeva et al., 1962; williams & obeng, 1962; Johnson & pengelly, 1965; Doby et aI., 196?; Tarshis, 1968; Jamnback & Higgins, 1969). 10. Systematic surveys of larval breeding p laces of S. damnosum should also be carried out when the entomological surveillance network has reason to suspect that the local difficulties of the campaign are due to the presence of larval Annex V-3 page 4 breeding p laces of s. damnosum other than those previously listed and treated; the helicopter wilI then be an ideal reconnaissance tool, since the speed of intervention takes precedence over alI other considerations. 2.2 St of adult ulations ll. Various types of simple traps, particularly Iight traps (Davies & WilIiams, 1962; Wiltiams & Davies, 1966), are at present used for the sampling of blackfly populations in cold temperate regions. The many studies that have been under way for some years in West Africa to develop simple, reliable and strongly made automatic devices for trapping S. damnosum adults, on the other hand, have not been successful, regardless of whether the experimental devices were based on light (Lamontellerie, 196?), on coloured surfaces coated with sticky substances (Le Berre & Lamontellerie, 196t; FaIlis, l97I; WaIsh, I972), on the use of various silhouettes and shapes (Fallis, 1971; Bellec, 1972; McCrae, personal communication, Ig72), or on the use of animal baits (Odetoyinbot personal communication, 19?t; Disney, 1972; Marr, 19?3). Until such a device becomes available, the classical procedure for the sampling of imaginal populations of this vector remains the collection of females trying to bite, whereby the same individual serves as both bait and collector (Davies et al., L962; Davies, 19651 Le Berre, 19?O; Walsh, 19?O; Thompson et al., 1972>. Research on the characteristics determining the attractiveness of individuals to S. damnosum has made sufficient progress to permit the standardization of collecting teams (Betlec, 1972). 12. In practice, in order to allow both for the influence of meteorological factors on the activitY ofS damnosum females (cf. Annex III-l' section 2.2.5) and for the inevitable differences between individuals (manual skill, visual acuity, intrinsic attractiveness)r it is preferable to have collections made by teams of three men operating from dawn to dusk, with two working and one resting. Larger teams could be used but the yield would not increase proportionately unless each group of three had a quite separate workin8 area; the restriction on the number of collectors is associated with that on transport facilities, whlch is in turn determined by budgetary considerations' 13. The coltection points that make up the entomological surveillance network are partly points of contact between man and vector that are well known and have been studied over a long period, and partly critical points in the main river basins treated and in the peripheral areas of the Votta River basin' Collecting points of the former type will permit comparison of the density of the vector and the intensity of transmission before any insecticide treatment and during the vector control operations; those of the latter type wilI make Annex V-3 page 5
it possible to generalize the conclusions drawn from the former group, while ensuring good coverage of the entire region and special surveillance of the probable routes of reinfestation from untreated neighbouring basins. L4. Each site thus selected will be surveyed on two days each fortnight, collections at each permanent site being supplemented by surveys carried out within a certain radius along the chief watercourse and its tributaries. The specimens collected will either be identified and dissected on the spot, with determination of the physiological age and infection rate (infective larvae only ) of S. damnosum females , or be placed in preserving fluid or in a refrigerated container for later examination by a specialized team. 15. Clearly, it is not possible to arrange for the close surveillance of every reach of a river where S. damnosum multiplies , but since the vector has a long flight range (cf. Annex III-1, section 2.2.9) a limited number of carefully selected sites at accessible points in the hydrographic network would permit continuous evaluation of the results of the campaign. In this way it will be possible, after an initial attack phase of several weeks comprising treatment of all known breeding sites, to modify treatment according to the presence or absence of the vector and to correct any shortcomings in the plan of operations. This will permit expenditure on insecticide and aircraft flying hours to be reduced, while substantially lowerinB the risk to non-target fauna (cf. Annex III-3, section 4.2). If any areas remain infested by S. damnosum females in spite of the treatment, they will be subjected to supprementary surveys to rocate the origin of the vectors and to modify the plan of operations accordingly.
3. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EI.ITOMOLOCICAL SURVEILLANCE NETWORK 3.1 Settl the network
16. If the surveillance of an area of about ?Oo OOO k.2 is to be effective, the territory needs to be divided into units that are small enough to be covered fortnightly by a collection team. The need to transmit information rapidly to a sub-regional or regional decision-making centre, while ensuring the quality of the data and permitting the ready transfer of facilities and staff to a critical area, means that the surveillance network requires quite a highly developed hierarchic structure. The VoIta River basin area is thus divided into seven sectors, 24 sub-sectors and three permanent bases. These territorial units have been defined on the basis of the river basins, taking lnto account the access facilities (road network) and related administrative problems (Fig. V-3.1 and Table V-3,1). Moreover, the problem rs complicated by the fact that the vector control programme is to be implemented rn three Annex V-3 page 6
successive stages, covering the following areas: - tate 1974: the basins of the Black Volta, the Como6, the Nzi, the Bandama and the Banifing; - late 1975: the basins of the Red Volta, the White Volta and the Daka; - Iate t9?6: the basins of the Oti-Pendjari and the rlght-bank tributaries of the River Niger in Mali, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Niger and Dahomey. I7. It is intended to begin entomotogical surveillance six full months before the start of insecticide treatment in order to collect the missing basic data and to familiarize the teams with the area one rainy season in advance. Since the successive stages of the campaign do not strictly coincide with the boundaries of the sectors, some sub-sectors will begin their surveys before the sector to which they belong (such as the Sikasso and Wa sub-sectors), while others will start later (the Boundiali and Pama sub-sectors). In the former case different solutions will be adopted: the Sikasso sub-sector will be attached for two years to the Bobo-Dioulasso sector; on the other hand, the opening of the Wa sub-sector means that the management team for the Tama1e sector will be appointed one year ahead of time, which will make it possible to complete the geographical reconnaissance of Ghana. 18. If the financial situation permits, it would be beneficial to use the first sub-sectors and sectors established as training centres where entomologists and technicians, who will work in teams to be formed at a later date' could be sent for in-service training. That woutd enable these specialists to make early and very practical contact with the problems they will have to tackle in their own sectors and sub-sectors. tg. The network as presented in this Annex must never become a rigid entity, since the areas requiring the largest resources and the most experienced specialists vary from season to season. It should even be possible to make seasonal adjustments between sectors in order to obtain the maximum benefit from the partial or total unemployment of the northern teams during the dry season. In order to preserve such flexibility, it is essential that the management of entomological surveillance should be arranged on an overall, programme area basis. 3.2 Ope ration of the surveillance network 20, The basic operational unit of the surveillance network will be the survey team, consisting of at least three collectors and a driver' with a cross-country vehicle and, if necessarY, a tiBht boat with an outboard motor. This team wiII go out at least five days a week in accordance with a programme that is partly Annex V-3 page ?
fixed, partly adJusted to immediate needs. The team will be supplemented whenever necessary by laboratory auxiliaries, technicians or an entomologist. Since the collection points are often inaccessible to motor vehicles, each team will be provided with bicycles to make for easier and more rapid access to the collection points. As an example, Appendix I gives detailed schedules for fortnightty surveys during the rainy season for the eight full-time teams in the Tamale sector (see Fig. V--3.2); similar schedules have been drawn up for the other six sectors in the entomological surveillance prograrnme.
21. In some areas that are difficult to reach in the rainy season and are a Iong way from the base of the nearest sub-sector, surveillance wilt be carried out by a smarr team, llving on the spot, who wilr travel by bicycre (Arly, Bandiagara, La Tapoa). This team wilI contact the base of the sub-sector to which it is attached by telephone or aircraft, and occasionally by land. 22. In addition to the regular teams surveying the permanent collection points each fortnight, each sector will have at least one roving team (possibty several in the largest sectors) to carry out all operations outside the fixed programme and to make spot checks on the results of the other teams. 23. For liaison between the sub-sectors and the sector headquarters, between neighbouring sectors, and between each sector and the Programme Headquarters, the most simple and rapid means will be used: radiotelephones and telephones for information; aircraft and vehicles for biological specimens and documents. 24. Each technician in charge of a sub-sector and each entomologist in charge of a sector will be responsible for analysing and interpreting the information collected by his survey teams, whether those teams are concerned with the presence and density of the vector or wlth the flow rates of watercourses and meteorological data. In addition to passing on the basic data periodically to the Programme Headquarters and giving an account of their decisions, the entomologists in charge of sectors will bear the responsibility of adjusting the general treatment instructions given to the aircraft pilots to meet the particular situation in their sector. These special instructions will be given to the pilots as far in advance as possible, either by radio or when the air- craft land near the sector headquarters to take on fuel or insecticide. The suggested terms of reference for entomologists and technicians are given in Appendices 2 and 3. 25. when the aircraft are not fulty loaded and a seat is available, the entomologists and technicians should be able to fly over the critical areas of their respective sectors and sub-sectors if this is possible without any substantial change in the aircraftrs flight plan. Flying hours will also be Annex V-3 page 8 allocated to each sector according to its needs to ensure the coverage of areas that are inaccessible by land and are of particular interest to the Programme. 26. Each sector witl have a laboratory to carry out the identification and dissection of specimens needed for the proper execution of the plan of operations. It will also have a group of laboratory auxiliaries who can either be distributed among the sub-sectors, each of which will be provided with elementary laboratory equipment, or be formed into a team to study all the biological specimens collected in the sector. 27. Each sector will also have a mechanic and assistant mechanics to ensure the proper maintenance of the vehicles and the equipment in general. As with the laboratory auxiliaries, it will be possible to distribute the assistant mechanics among the sub-sectors or to group them at the sector headquarters, as requi red. 28. A secretary with a good knowledge of simple book-keeping and a storeman will complete the staff of each sector. A summary of the staff, equipment and material needed for the entomological surveillance network is given rn Tables V-3.2 and V-3.3. 29. To facititate supervision of the operations as a whole, representatives of the Programme Headquarters will be able at any time to request changes in the surveillance machinery, to Bive instructions direct to the treatment teams, to use the facilities and staff of the surveillance network for their surveys and inspections, and to have any employee whose work is not satisfactory replaced at very short notice. Should entomological surveillance be subcontracted it would be essential that these provisions be included in the contractual agreement; moreover, any such agreement should contain provision for the prior approval by Programme Headquarters of the appointment of entomologists and senior technicians for the surveillance network. 3.3 Forecasts concerning the development of the entomo loe1Ca I surve i I lance programme 30. The forecasts concerning the development of the entomological surveillance network have been based chiefly on extrapolation of the observations made during the onchocerciasis control campaign over an area of 60 OOO km2 undertaken jointly by the lvory Coast, Upper Volta, and Mali, with the aid of the European Development Fund and the Organisation de Coordination et de Coop6ration pour la Lutte contre les Grandes End6mies (Le Berre, I97O). Despite the llmrted range of the project, the most northern area was only sporadically reinfested by S. damnosum after the inrtial attack phase, thus permlttin g substantlal Annex V-3 page 9
reductions in the number of insecticide treatments and in the surveillance machinery. 31. Since the obJective of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme is to interrupt transmission permanently, it is advisable to be very cautious in forecasting reductions in material resources and specialist staff, since premature reductions might compromise the success of the Programme. The proposed course of action is therefore: - to maintain the surveillance network with futl staff for 14 months after the start (anticipated for I November 1976) of insecticide treatments in the Iast areas covered by the Programme (basins of the Oti-PendJari and the Niger); - to concentrate resources in a limited number of northern sub-sectors as from I January 19?8, without making any substantial change either in the facilities of the southern sub-sectors or in the general structure of the
sec tors ; - to concentrate resources in a limited number of large sectors as from I January 1980, with a considerable reduction in the surveillance machinery in the northern half of the Programme area and a reduction in certaln activitles in the southern sub-sectors. These proposed changes have been based on the following assumptions: - that the years 1974-1977 would include at least one rainy year presenting maximum logistic difficulties for the Programme, so that these difficulties can be taken into account in reducing the surveillance machinery; - that there would be a thorough basic knowledge of the dlstribution of larval breeding places favourable to S. damnosum and of the routes of reinfestation of treated areas; - that research on insecticides, formulations, and Iarviciding devices would continue to make progress, thus increasing the effectiveness of these control measures and thus minimizing the practical importance of any limited reinfestation by the vector of the treated area and of any temporary breakdown of the surveillance network; - that the machinery for clinical and parasitotogical evaluation would operate satisfactorily, thus removing the need in most of the region for dlrect evaluation of the residual intensity of transmissionl - that the road network would be constantly improved under the economic development proJects, thus shortening the motorized tours of inspection bv the entomological surveillance teams and reducing the operating and maintenance cost of the vehicles. The various stages proposed are summarized in Tables V-3.I, V-3.2, V-3.4 and V-3.5. Annex V-3 page lO
1. COST OF THE H.I'flIMOLOGICAL SURVEILLAI{CE PROGRAMME 32. The probable cost of the entomological surveillance programme has been calculated on the basis of the requirements listed in Tables V-3.1, V-3.2, V-3.4 and V-3.5 and the anticipated individual cost of each of the categories of personnel, equipment, materials and services as shown in Tables V-3.3, V-3.6 and V-3.7. 33. For all durable equipment, both 1ts customary depreciation period in West Africa and the special conditions under which it will be used within the Programme have been taken into account. For the period durrng which the sectors, sub-sectors and surveillance teams are being set up, the purchase price of equipment and material has been used in the estimates; after the fourth year this equipment has been assessed for accounting purposes at its residual value, and the subsequent average annual cost has been fixed at the same level as the annual depreciation on equipment and material still in use. 34. Salaries and allowances have been set at the average level for the region concerned, taking into account the need to employ competent and reliabte staff who should be paid accordingly. The leve1s selected are such that senior staff and specialists in the countries benefiting from the Onchocerciasis Control Programme wrll have to be mainly called upon. In fact, for the 15 key posts in the entomological surveillance network, the employment of staff recruited internationally and paid accordingly would raise the average annual cost of the campaign by about $ 29O OOO. 35. Table V-3.8 summarizes the anticipated annual cost throughout the entire Programme, expressed in us$ at the JuIy 1972 exchange rate. This must be regarded as a minimum and does not take into account expenditure on infra- structure, water supply, etectricity or postal charges. Nor have figures been given for the radio communication network, since it forms an essential part of the vector control activities and is costed as such (see Annex V-2). 36. With 10% added for unforeseen expenditure, atd 20% for management expenses should entomological surveillance be subcontracted, the average annual cost over 20 years works out at about $ 97O OOO. This is a large amount, but is not inordinate in relation to the average cost of the much more modest operations carried out recently under similar conditions in West Africa. Without such an entomological surveillance network, moreoverr it would be difficult to undertake the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the VoIta basin area. The development of automatic sampling devices for S. damnosum populations is very desirable, for it would make the surveillance network more reliable and would permit logistic reductions in that network, although it would not do away with the need for quatified senior staff and transport facilities and would therefore bring about only a modest reduction in the total cost of survei llance. Annex V-3 page 11
5. REFERENCES BELLEC, C. (L972) M6thodes d'6valuation des popu lations de Simulium damnosum Principes et premiers r6sultats. Mimeographed document occcE, Bobo- Dioulasso, 99/Oncno of 12.6.?2, 5 PP. DAVIES, J. B. (1965) An assessment of the insecticidal control of Simulium damnosum Theobald in Abuja Emirate, Northern Nigeria, from 1955 to 1960. II. The effect on the incidence of Onchocerca larvae in the vector. Ann. trop. Med. Pa!4sl! , 99, 43-45 DAVIES, J. 8., CROSSKEY, R. W., JOHNSTON, M. R. L. & CROSSKEY, M. E. (1962) The control of Simulium damnosum at Abuja, Northern Nigeria. BuIl. Wld HIth Org. , !], 491-510 DAVIES, L. & WILLIAMS, C.B. (r962) Studies on black flies (Diptera. Simuliidae) taken in a light-trap in Scotland. I. Seasonal distribution, sex ratio and internal condition of catches. Trans R ent. Soc. London E, t-2o DISNEY, R. H. L. (1972) Observations on chicken-biting blackflies 1n Cameroon with a discussion of parous rates of Simulium damnosum Ann. tro p. Med @!..1[., 99, 149-1s8 DOBY, J.-M., RAULT, B. & BEAUCOURNU-SAGUEZ, F. (1967) Utilisation de rubans de plastique pour la r6colte des oeufs et des stades larvaires et nymphaux de simulies (Diptdres Paran6matocdres) et pour l'6tude biologique de ceux-ci. Ann. Parasit. hum. comp , !?, 651-657 FALLTS, A.M.(1971) Onchocerciasis and control of Simulium damnosum. Report of a visit to Chana, 25 November - 20 December 196?. Mimeographed document wHo, Geneva, wtto/ouc1of68,7r, 10 pp. JAIvINBACK, H. & HIGGINS, A. E. H. (1969) The feasibility of aircraft spraying fo" E4!!g larval control in West Africa. Mimeographed document WHO, Geneva, vBcf6g.5, 12 pp., 4 maps + 4 annexes (19 pp., I map) JOHNSON, A. F. & PENOELLY, D. H. (f965) A cone trap for immature black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) Proc. ent. Soc. Ontario , $, L2o LAMONTELLERIE, M. (1967) Captures de diptdres Simuliidae de nuit en zone de savane sEche. Bu11. !E4N, s6r. A, 29, 1812-1832 LE BERRE, R. & LAMONTELLERIE, M. (f961) Observations sur la biologie et la phys io logi e de Simulium damnosum, 1903, en Haute-Volta. I. Zone de Karfigu6-la. Mimeographed document OCCGE, Bobo-Dioulasso, 11 pp. LE BERR.E, R. (fg?O) R6sultats des campagne s de lutte. Rapp. final lOlme Cqqt. techn. OCCGE , l, 199-201, 4 maps. Mimeographed document OCCGE, Bobo- Dioulasso Annex V-3 page 12
MARR, J. D. M. (1962) The use of an artificial breeding-site and cage in the
s tudy of Simulium damnosum Theobatd. 8u11. WId. HIth Or , 27, 622-62-9 MARR, J. D. M. (f973) WHO Onchocerciasis Consultative Services, Fourth Quarterly Report, October to December ).972, typed, Bolgatanga, 3 pp. TARSHIS, I. B. (1968) Use of fabrics in streams to collect black fly larvae. Ann. ent. Soc. America , jjl, e6o-e61 THOMPSON, B., WALSH, J. F. & WALSH, B. <1972) A marking and recapture expe riment on Simulium damnosum Mimeographed document WHO, Geneva, wHo/oNcHo 72-98, 13 pp., 5 figures TIMOFEEVA, L.V., MITROFANOV, A.M., MARKOVIC, N. I., MURAVIEVA, T. V., SHAI{KOV, M. E. & TUPITZINE, L. F. (1962) Essai couronn6 cle succEs de Iutte contre les moucherons buveurs de sang (Diptera, Simuliidae) par 1e traitement des lieux de reproduction, (En russe) Med. Parasit. Bol (Mosk.), 91, 3-9 WALSH, J. F (f97O) Lutte antivectorielle contre Simulium damnosum 1e long du Niger et de ses affluents en liaison avec Ie proJet de recherches concernant Ie lac Kainji pendant la p6riode 1961-1969. Mrmeographed document wHo, Geneva, PDf7O.4, 48 pp. WALSH, J. F. <1972) Observations on the resting of Simulium damnosum in trees near a breeding site in the west african savanna. Mimeographed document wHo, ceneva, wHo/oNc1of72.99, 4 pp. WILLIAMS, C. B.& DAVIES, L. (1966) A case for conducting Iight-trap studles on African vector Simulium. Mimeographed document WHO, Geneva, WHO/ONCHO/ 66.42, 6 pp., 3 figures WILLIAMS, T. R. & OBENG, L. (1962) A comparison of two methods of estimating changes in Simulium larvae populations, with a description of a new method. 4qq. trop. Med. Parasit , 99, 359-36r WOLFE, L.S. & PETERSON, D. G. (1958) A new method to estimate levels of infestations of black fly larvae Di tera Simuliidae). Canad. J. Zool gi, 863-867 WOLFE, L. S. & PETERSON, D. c. (1959) BIack-flies (Di tera Simuli idae of the forests of Quebec. Canad. J. Zool. , !, 137-159 Annex V-3 page 13
TABLE V-3.I. GMGRAPHICAL IOCATION A}.TD VOLUME OF ACTIVITY OF THE SECTORS AI'ID SUB-SECTORS OF THE EITOMOIOGICAL SURVEILLAI.ICE NEIIIORK, WITH ATITICIPATED DATES OF THE START OF opERATroNs Al.tD nRoBABLE DATEs FoR TrIE REDUcTIoN mo/on TRANSFER oF ACTIVITIES
Number of teams (and location of Date operations Dates for reduction and/or Sector and sub-sectors the permanent are due to start transfer of activities centre if there (if envisaged) is one)
BOBO.DIOULASSO I 1.05.19?4 1.Or. 1980 1980 Bobo-Dioulasso 2 I . 05. 1974 1.Or.1978 t. or. Banfora 2 I . 05. 1974 r.o1. 1978 Di6bougou 2 1.05. 1974 r . or. 1978 1.01. 1980
KORHOGO I I 05. 1974 Korhogo 2 I o5. 1974 t . o1. r980 Bouna 2 1 05. 19?4 I . ol . 1980 Dabakala 2 I 05. r9?4 I . 01 . r980 Odienn6 2 I os. 19?6 I .o1.I980
TAMALE I 1. 05. 1974 Wa 2 r . 05. 1974 r.or. 1978 Tamale 2 1.05.1975 r. orl rsao Yendi 2 1.05. 1975 1.O1. 1980 Bolgatanga 2 1. 05. 1975 l. o1 . 1978 1.Or.1980
OUAGADOUGOU 2 1.05.1975 Ouagadougou 2 1.05. 19?5 l.ot. I9?8 1.Or. r980 L6o 2 1.05.1975 1.01. r9?8 r.or. 1980 Tenkodogo I I . 05. 19?5 r.or.19?8 Pama I r Arly I . 05. 19?6 1. o1. 19?8 r.o1.1980 Niamey 2 + La Tapoa 1.05. 19?6 t.ol. 1978 1.O1. 1980
BAIUAKO I 1.05. 1976 1.O1. r980 1980 Sikasso 2 I . 05. 19?43 1.O1. Bamako 2 1.05. 1976 1. Ol . 1978 r . ol. 1980 Bougounl 2 r.05. r976 r. 01. 1980 Koutiala I + Bandlagara 1.05.1976 1.ot.1978
SOKODE I I 05.19?6 Sokod6 2 I o5.1976 1.Or. 1980 Dapango 2 I 05. r976 r.or. 19?8 1. Or . 1980
NATITINGOU I I o5 19?6 r.o1. 1980 Nati tingou 2 I o5 1976 r. o1. r980 Kandi 2 I o5 1976 r.o1. 1978 r.or. r980
3 F"o. t May I9?4 unttl 30 Aprll 19?6 the Slkasso Sub-sector wlll cone under the Bobo- Dloulasso Sector. Annex V-3 page 14
TABLE V-3.2. MANNINC TABLE AND TRANSPORT FACILITIES ENVISACED FOR THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SURVEILI,ANCE NETWORK, BY SECTOR, FROM I MAY 19?6 TO 31 DECEMBER 19??
Bobo- Ouaga- Nati- Category Diou- Korhogo Tamale Bamako Sokod6 TotaI dougou tingou las so
Entomologis ts I I I I I I I 7 Senior technicians I I I 2 I I I 8 Ordinary technicians 3 4 4 6 4 I I 23
Sec re ta ry/book-keepers I I 1 2 I I I 8 Storemen I I I 2 I I I 8
Mechanic/ari vers I I I I t 1 I 7 Assistant mechani-c/ dri vers 3 4 4 6 4 I I 23 Laboratory auxi liaries 4 5 5 7 5 2 2 30 Dri vers 10 1I I2 r3 L2 6 t) 70 Skilled labourers 7 9 9 I2 g* 5 5 56 UnskiIled labourers 20 26 26 32 25* t4 T4 157
Landrover stati on- wagons I 1 1 2 I I 1 8 Landrover pickups IO 13 13 I4 t2 6 6 74 Trucks (approximately 3 metric tons) I I I 2 I I I 8 Boats 3 4 3 4 4 I I 20 Outboard motors 4 5 4 5 5 I t 25 Bicyc 1es 18 24 24 3I 24 L2 t2 145
Number of bases 3 4 4 ? 5 2 2 27 Number of teams 9 I t2 I 5 5 55
With, in addition, during the rainy season, 2 skilled labourers and 4 unskilled labourers for insecticide treatments to be applied from the ground in the Bandiagara and Koutiala areas (cf. Annex V-2, section 4.2). Annex V-3 page 15
TABLE V-3.3. UNIT COST TH US El AT.ID PEIiIOD OF DEPRECIATION IN YEARS FOR THE MAIN TYPES OF EQUIPilIENT AI,ID MAiEEIAL TO BE USED BY THE E$ITOMOIOGICAL SURVETLI.AT.ICE NETWORKE
Deprec- Unl t Category iation cost period
Landrover stat ion-wagong 5 roo 3 c Landrover pickup- 4 500 3 Truck 7 200 6 400 I Outboard motor 600 6 I Winch (for freeing vehicles when stuck) 200 10 Jerrican r8 lo Jack 36 4 Bicyc Ie 60 5 Basic equipment for a sector: - Furniture, optical equiptoent, office equipDent 5 312 10-20 - Generating set, vacuum flasks 720 5 - Equipment for camplng and tours of lnspqctlon 945 3 6lr - Expendable minor iteDs, glassware, statlonery, etc. - 2 L40 I Basic equlpment for a sub-sector: - Furniture, optical equipment, offlce.equlpnent 2 580 10-20 - Isothermic containers L20 5 - Expendable minor items 388 I Basic equipment for a techniclan: - Equipment for camplng and tours of lnspectlon 386 5 - Expendable mtnor items 44 I Basic equipnent for a surveillance tean: - Equipment for camping and tours of inspectlop 141 3 - Expendable minor items 60 1 a -At the exchange rate of JuIY 1972. ! Hoa including water, electricity, postal cfiarges, and depreciatlon or rent of buildings 9 witn double fuel tanks and roof rack for boat. 9 Ar,n,,al expenditure to be reduoed to $ l14o as from I January 19?8. Annex V-3 page 16
TABLE V-3.4. MANNING TABLE AND TRANSPORT FACILITIES ENVISAGED FOR THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE NETWORK, By SEC'IOR, FROM r JANUARY 1978 TO 31 DECEMBER 1979
Bobo- Ouaga- Nati- Diou- Korhogo Tamale Bamako Sokodd Tota I Category dougou tingou lasso
Entomologis ts t I t I I I 6 Senior technicians 2 I 2 2 I I I 10 Ordinary technicians 2 3 I 3 2 I t l9 Sec re tar y fbook-keepers I I I I t I I ? Storemen I I I 2 t I I 8 Mechanic/drivers I I t I I I I 7 Assistant mechanic/ drivers 2 4 3 5 3 2 2 2t Laboratory auxi Iiaries 2 2 2 2 2 I 1 I2 Drivers 5 8 7 I c 5 5 45 Skilled labourers 4 I 7 9 6 4 4 43 Unskilled labourers t2 26 20 25 t8 t2 t2 r25
Landrover station- wagons I I I I I I 6
Landrover pickups 5 IO 8 t2 7 5 5 52 Trucks (approximately 3 tons) I I I I I I t 7 Boats 2 3 3 3 3 I I l6 Outboard motors 3 4 4 4 4 I I 2l Bi cyc les t2 24 18 t8 t5 9 9 105
Number of bases 2 4 3 6 3 2 2 22 Number of teams 4 I 7 I 6 4 4 42 Annex V-3 page 17
THE E'ITOMOLOGICAL TABLE V-3.5. MANNING TABLE AT.ID TRANSPORT FACILITIES NVISAGED FOR SURVEILI,AI\TCE NETWORK, BY SECTOR' AS FROM I JAI.IUARY I98O
Ouagadougou Sokod6 Korhogo (Bobo- Tamale TotaI Category (Nati tingou ) ( Bamako ) Dioulasso)
Entomologists I I t I 4 Senior techniclans 3 3 2 2 10 Ordinary techniclans 3 3 2 2 IO 4 Sec re tary/book-keepers I t I I Storemen 2 2 2 2 8 Mechantc/d rlvers 2 2 2 2 I Asslstant mechantc/ drivers 7 7 4 4 22 Laboratory auxi liarles 6 6 6 6 24 Drivers 7 8 4 4 23 Skilled labourers 20 16 10 10 56 Unskilled labourers 16 L2 7 7 42
4 Landrover s tatlon-waBons I I I I Landrover Plckups L7 T7 10 10 54 Trucks (approximately 3 tons) 2 2 2 2 8 Boats t 5 3 2 I6 Outboard motors 8 6 4 3 2L Bicyc les 39 30 t8 18 ro5
Number of bases 5 4 3 3 I5 Number of teams to I 5 5 28 Annex V-3 page 18
TABLE V-3.6. AVERAGEaANNUAL PAY, DAILY TRAVELLING EXPENSES AI.ID AVERACE ANNUAL TRAVELLING EXPENSES rN US $- FOR THE VARTOUS PERSONNEL TO BEbEMPIOYED By THE E{TOMOLOGICAL SURVEI LI,AT.ICE NETWORK-
Travelling expenses Category Annual pay Estimated Dai Iy annual
Entomologi st 15 000 10 72o,-1320 Senior technician 6 000 10 960- 1320
Ordinary technicI.an 3 000 3 540-660
[lechanic/dri ver 2 4o,0 3 48-r92
Sec re t a ry/book-keepe r I 800 3 72-288 Assistant mechanic/ariver 800 I 60.220 Laboratory auxiliary 800 I o-220 Driver 720 I 60-220 Storeman 600 Skr lled labourer 600 I o-220 Unskilled labourer 400 t o-220
a : At the exchange rate of July 1972. b I Accommodation and furniture for personnel are not included in these figures.
TABLE V.3.7. ANNUAL AVERAGE UNIT COST, IN US $3, FOR THE OPERATION OF THE VARIOUS MEANS OF TRANSPORT TO BE USED BY THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SURVEILT.ANCE NETWORK
Category Type of expenditure Cost
Landrover Petrol, oi1, tyres, inner tubes, repairs, 3 380 insurance (30 OOO knfyear) Truck PetroI, oi1, tyres, inner tubes, repairs, 3 128 insurance (tS OOO - 20 OOO Xnfyear) Boat + motor Petrol, oil, repairs 200 Bicyc Ie Tyres, inner tubes, repairs t2
3 et tn. exchange rate of July t9?2 6t: 816 t;
I ta e mi E; 85 qE baEE =di'i tr E!16 PH E=cr oR P= t, .4 ou =D>z 5 =0Oo a 8 ea I> geofll * 6O
9odiE g AE = !!t 8a 6i- fiE OE o ;i= o @ co t o- a 'odt2 ,-Ir otb6 *: 3s 628E 39 3; E:>ci h= 2d o>?i a oo2= , !2 !: L-.-^.. 1e 6- \ \ gG at -lF t/ o=Ei ;l 5 J o5 -$ oF co D ') ;E3B o (* 3*=zoa) E .: {. -> rp gE I> oxo *g ao I f, @- s * > = F a ) ) ) 8 6 o
I I
! 3
*
:! il ? !4r 33 o.!' oq op o_! 3
SEEiiElieaBf aP ao ee *a i:= i8 ir i3 i g E.*" n ) Hq = s cC) n gEiiiiiF*iEE E g; - ' -s_-, P * (?, I q o o x -l o o o v o o (o o !t I !! Ti i IT I E I Fat! .ii tT /\/ aa ,! aa IE tT : ta ,tii ri t; ;iil ETlr I 3c ft i!,E ;E !! ;! i! ii !i;i i; 5i a a a a a @tr I o iil ! a o a a a o a a o It t:I tr I :T E 7 I t I I Annex V-3 page 22 APPENDIX I ENTOMOLOGICAL SURVEILI.A}ICE PROGRAMME IN THE TAMALE SECTOR The TamaIe Entomological Surveillance Sector will cover the entire Ghanaian part of the Programme area. During the rainy season this will include about 24 permanent collection points. The number will be lower during the dry season because several large watercourses in the north of the Sector run dry. Each permanent point will be visited once a fortniBht and sample collections will be made r-n its vicinity on two days. The Sector headquarters w111 be set up at Tamale, and the Sector will be divided into four sub-sectors based at Tamale, Wa, BolBatanga and Yendi respectively. The boundaries of the sub-sectors and the locations of the permanent collection points are shown on figure V-3.2. T\rro teams of three collectors wiIl operate in each sub-sector, possibly accompanied by the entomologist, by a technician or by a laboratory auxiliary; they will travel from one catchment area to another by Landrover. Each team will search for S damnosum larvae in aIl favourable breeding sites encountered during its jaurneys and will note the water levels on the various hydrological gauges and the general meteoroloBical conditions (if necessary these responsibilities could be entrusted to the driver). In addition to the two-day collectlons at the permanent points, collections of shorter duration wiIl be carried out at other points whenever necessary or when the opportunity arises. The work schedules are shown on sheets A to D. The work reutes during the rainy season are described in the following pages. In the dry season there will be little work in the Bolgatanga sub-sector The staff of that sub-sector will be able to take leave, and then assist the staff of the other sub-sectors in turn to enable them to take leave themselves. It will not be possible to grant any leave between May and November. There is also provision for additional collection staff, together with vehicles and drivers, to carry out supplementary surveys outside the permanent points, to make spot checks on the work of the collection teams, to ensure liaison between the sub-sectors and outside the Sector, and where necessary to make a contribution from the Sector to other activities necessary for the proper implementation of the Programme. Provision is made for a truck to transport aIl the insecticide. Blackfly larvae collected at the breeding sites visited will be taken to the sub-sector or sector laboratory and examined to see whether they include S. damnosum. S. damnosum females taken on human bait will, depending on Annex V-3 page 23 Appendix I the circumstances, be dissected on the spot, be taken to the sub-sector head- quarters in isothermic boxes for dissection in the fresh state or be placed in preserving fluid for tater examination. When very large numbers are captured, only a sample will need to be examined. Provision is made lnitiatty for three Landrovers per sutrsector, two for the collectlon teams and one for the technician in charge of the sub-sector. Moreover, at the Sector headquarters, there wlll be a Landrover for the entomologist and a malntenance vehicle. It is intended that each of these vehicles should last an average of three years, travelling 30 OOO km each year. The surveillance operations should start before the campaign of insecticlde treatment, in order both to train staff and to complete the geographical reconnaissance and collect basic data on the density and infection rate of the vectors in places where no preliminary surveys were carried out in the past. In view of these conslderations the Wa sub-sector and the Sector headquarters witl become operatlonal in May 1974, whereas the other three sub- sectors will not begin their activities until May 19?5, in time for the second phase of the Programme. I .Annex V-3 page 24 Appeqdix ] Sheet A A Fortnishtly schedule for the Tamale Sub-sector A. I Permanent collecti on points No River Name of point Data so far available I Laboni Damongo none 2 MoIe Bridge, Lankatere road none 3 White Volta Bortupure or Kuto none 4 White Volta Kukuo none 5 White Volta Sugu good data on dry season - data on rainy season expected in 1973 6 Daka Dagonkade none 7 Daka Sabon Gida or Ekundipe none A.2 Itinerary and work of the first team Site studied Dis tance Type of work Day I tinerary covered or point no. I TamaIe-Damongo l4O km edge of the larval survey MoIe reserve 2 DamonBo-Laboni 40 km I daytime co I lec tion 3 Laboni -Lankatere 40 km I daytime coI lection 4 Lankatere bridge IO km 2 daytime col lection 5 Lankatere-Tamale 85 km 2 daytime coI lec t ion e/z rest 8 Tama 1e-Yapei -Tama le 90 km 3 daytime col lection I Tamale-Yapei -Tama le 90 km 3 daytime col lection IO Tama I e-Kukuo-Tamale 7O km 4 daytime co I lection 11 Tama le- Kukuo-Tama le 7O km 4 daytime coI Iection T2 unscheduled surveys Bf 14 rest Annex V-3 page 25 Ap xl Sheet A A.3 Itinerary and work of the second team Di s tance Site studied Type of work Day I tinerary covered or point no. I Tamale-Sugu, via Nasia 12O km Nasia larval survey collection of adults 2 Sugu Okm 5 daytime collection 3 Sugu-TamaIe 60 km 5 daytime collection 4 Tama le-Dagonkade-Sa laga 11O km 6 daytime collection 5 Sa t aga-Dagonkade-Tama 1e IlO km 6 daytime collection a/z res t 8 Tamale-southern Daka l4O km unscheduled surveys I SaIaga-Sabon Gida 4O km 7 daytime collection 10 Sabon Oida-Salaga 40 km 7 daytime collection LrfL2 southern part of sub- unscheduled sec tor 21O km surveys rest Bf 14 Annex V-3 page 26 Appendix I Sheet B B. Fortnightly schedule for the Wq Sub:ggglsr B. I Permanent collection points No River Name of point Data so far available 8 Kamba Bridge on Lawra road None I Black Volta Dobo Data from early 196Os probably exist 10 Black VoIta Wechiau Data from early l96Os probably exist 1t Black Volta BoIe region Data from early l96Os probably exist T2 BIack Volta Bui Data collected in 19?3 I3 Black Vo1ta Bamboi Data collected in 1973 8.2 Itinerary and work of the first team Di s tance Site studied Type of work Day I tinerary covered or point no. t Wa-Lawra 85 km examination of water-courses along the route 2 Lawra- Kamba- Lawra 25 km 8 daytime collection 3 Lawra-Kamba-Lawra-Wa llO km I daytime co1 lection 4 Wa-Dobo-Wa 20 km I daytime collection 5 Wa-Dobo-Wa 20 km I daytime collection e/t rest 8 Wa-Wechiau-Wa 80 km 10 daytime collection I Wa-Wechiau-Wa 80 km to daytime collection 10 Wa-Bo Ie-Vonkoro-Bo Ie 18O km examination of water-courses along the route, and liaison with the Korhogo Sector 11 15 km 1I daytime collect1on L2 BoIe-Wa 13O km 11 daytime collection Bf L4 res t Annex V-3 page 27 Appendi.x I Sheet B B.3 Itinerary and work of the second team (based at Bomboi if possible) Dis tance Site studied Type of work Day I tinerary covered or point no. I Bamboi-Bui, via Wenchi 185 km examination of water- courses along the route, and collection in the River Tombe 2 IO km L2 daytime collection 3 IO km L2 daytime collectiorr 4 Bui-Bamboi, via Wenchi 185 km examination of water- courses along the route 5 r3 daytime collection e/z res t 8 13 daytime collection e/ T2 Bamboi-BoIe region 35O km unscheduled col lections 13/I4 rest Annex V-3 page 28 Appendix I Sheet C C. Fortnightly schedule for the Bolgat Sub-sector c.1 Permanent collection points No River Name of point Data so far available t4 Ku Ipawn Funsi None 15 Sissr li Nakong bridge Detarled data 16 White Volta Duu Bend Limited data L7 Red Volta Nangodi bridge Detailed data l8 White Volta Zongoiri Rapids Detailed data l9 Morago Nakpanduri Limited data C.2 ltinerary and work of the fi rst team Dis tance Site studied Type of work Day I tinerary covered or point no. I Bolgatanga Tumu (or 165 km larvaI survey, KenYanbia Funsi ) bridge 2 t4 daytime collection 3 Funsi-Nakong I2O km t4 daytime collection 4 Nakong region 12 km 15 daytime collection 5 Nakong-BoIgatanBa region 12 km 15 daytime collection a/t rest 8 Bo I gatanga-NakPanduri 13O km examination of water-courses via Bawku along the route, t h collection on Tamne road I 19 daytime collection lo 19 daytime collection 11 Nakpanduri-Bo I gatanEa via Walewale 13O km examination of water-courses, I h collection at Nalerigu Dam. I2 I5O km unscheduled surveYs res t Bf 14 Annex V-3 page 29 Appendix 1 Sheet C c.3 Itinerary and work of the second team Dis tance Site studied Type of work Day I tinerary covered or point no. I Bolgatanga-Duu Bend- Bolgatanga lOO km l6 daytime collection 2 Bolgatanga-Duu Bend- Bolgatanga lOO km 16 daytime collection 3 Bolgatanga-Zongoi ri lOO km larval survey, I h collection at Kukurugu 4 Zongoiri vi Ilage-rapids 20 km 18 daytime collection 5 Zongoi ri -Bo lga tanga 90 km 18 daytime collection a/z rest I BolgatanBa bridge- Nangodi 60 km L7 daytime collection 9 Bolgatanga bridge- Nangodi 60 km L7 daytime collection ro) r1) 35O km unscheduled surveys 12) rsf14 rest Annex V-3 p.c; 30 Appendix I Sheet D D. Fortnightly schedule for the Yendi Sub-sector D.1 Permanent collection points No. River Name of point Data so far available 20 oti Kpani None 2I oti Saboba None 22 Daka Yendi None 23 oti Zabzugu road None 24 oti Bandiyili road None D.2 ItinerarY and work of the first team Di s tance Site studied Type of work Day I tinerary covered or point no. I Yendi. -Zabzugu-Yendi 7O km 23 daytime collection 2 Yendi-Zabzugu road- Yendi. 70 km 23 daytime collection 3 Yendi-BimbiIa region l2O km unscheduled surveYs 4 Bimbi la-Bandiyi li road 2O km 24 daytime collection 5 Bimbi la-Bandiyi li- Yendi 90 km 24 daytime collection 6h res t 8 Yendi-Kpani 1O5 km 20 daytime collection 9 Kpani-Saboba 1OO km 20 daytime collection 10 2T daytime collection 1I Saboba-Yendi 7O km 2L daytime collection T2 lOO km unscheduled surveYs Bf t4 res t Annex V-3 page 3I Appendix I Sheet D D.3 Itinerary and work of the second team Dlstance Site studied Type of work Day I tinerary covered or point no. collection 1 Yendi region 5km 22 daytime 2 Yendi region 5km 22 daytime collection 3/5 3OO km unscheduled surveys e/z res t afv 5OO km unscheduled surveYs in Yendi or Tamale sub-sectors Bf 14 res t Annex V-3 page 32 APPENDIX 2 TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE ENTOMOI,OGIST IN CHARGE OF TIIE ET.ITOMOI,OCICAL SURVEILLANCE SECTOR The tasks and responsibilities of the entomologist will be as follows: (a) Organization and technical supervision of his sector; - distrlbution of work in the light of the results obtained: - at sector level - at sub-sector level - determination, on the basis of results, of the geographical coverage to be given by the sector and sub-sectors. (b) Taking into account the facllities placed at his disposal, the establish- ment of an evaluation network that is representative of the area covered by the sector: - selection of control breeding sites to permit evaluation of the results of treatment on pre-imaginal populations; - selection of permanent collection points to permit observation of the effect on adult populations and on transmission; - development of the "roving" collection network, and alteration of that network in the light of the results obtained and logistic considerations; - dissection of captured blackfly females in order to determine their average age and the level of transmission; - analysis of results. (c) The preparation of the weekly treatment programme, in consultation with Programme headquarters and its vector control section, and taking into account the results of entomological evaluation, the hydrological conditions and logrstic considerations (meteorological conditions, number of treatment points and their distribution, amount of insecticide to be applied, distribution of supply bases, landing areas, camping sites). (d) In consultation with Prograrnme headquarters and its vector control section, immediate investigation of the cause of any setback in planninB, in treatment, or in the evaluation of results. (e) Transmission of results in accordance with the schedule drawn up by the Programme director (periodic reports, radio links, etc.). For this purpose the entomologist will maintain permanent contact with the heads of adjacent sectors in order to coordinate the evaluation activities and as far as possible to prevent any deterioration of the situation (particularly as regards the reinfestation of areas freed from the vector). Annex V-3 page 33 Appendix 2 (f) In collaboration with the Programme headquarters and its vector control section, application of fresh information obtained in the field of vector control. (g) Active participation in the research programme, i.n collaboration with I the headquarters vector control section. (h) Before the treatment operations start, and if necessary during the campaign'determinationofthesusceptib11ityofthe1arvaeofE@(or of other blackfly species) to different insecticides using the methods recommended for the Programme area. (i) Participation, in collaboration with the Programme headquarters and its vector control section, in studies on the effect of the treatment on the aquatic envi ronment : - direct study; - collection and dispatch of samples. (j) Regular checks on the hydrological data supplied by the sub-sectors of the entomological surveillance network. t Annex V-3 page 34 APPE}IDIX 3 TERMSoFREFERENCEoFTHETECHNICIAI.IINCHARGEoFASUB-sEcToR (a)Inconsultationwiththeentomologistinchargeofthesector'the physical organization of the work of the sub-sector' (b)ImplementationofthedirectivesgivenbytheentomotoBistinchargeof a the sector concerning: - the location of control breeding sites' - the location of fixed collection points' - the location of non-permanent evaluation points ' females)' (c) Identification of the samples collected (larvae, nymphs, (d)Dissectionofthecapturedfemalesinordertodeterminetheaverageage of the populations and the leve1 of transmission' data supplied by (e) Reading water-Ievel gauges and checking the hydrotogical outstation Personnel. (f)Transmissionofallthedatatotheentomotogistinchargeofthesector Headquarters in in accordance with a schedure prepared by the Programme consultation with the entomologist' -ifnecessary,collectionofsamplestobeusedfordeterminingthe susceptibilityofthevectortoinsecticidesandtheeffectoftreatmenton the aquatic environment' a