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Delaney.Dissertation.2003.Pdf SETTING NETS ON TROUBLED WATERS: ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMICS, AND AUTONOMY AMONG NORI CULTIVATING HOUSEHOLDS IN A JAPANESE FISHING COOPERATIVE by Alyne Elizabeth Delaney B.A., Macalester College, 1993 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2003 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Alyne Elizabeth Delaney It was defended on January 13, 2003 and approved by L. Keith Brown, Ph.D. Billie R. DeWalt, Ph.D. Richard Smethurst, Ph.D. Richard Scaglion, Ph.D. Dissertation Director ii SETTING NETS ON TROUBLED WATERS: ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMICS, AND AUTONOMY AMONG NORI CULTIVATING HOUSEHOLDS IN A JAPANESE FISHING COOPERATIVE Alyne Elizabeth Delaney, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, 2003 Fishing Cooperative Association (FCA) members in Tohoku, Japan cultivate nori seaweed for the personal autonomy and quality of life this maritime-based occupation provides. However, their fishing territories are severely degraded, their occupational income is unpredictable, and their production expenses remain high. Given such uncertainties, more than 85% of the peak FCA nori growers’ population (1972) made the rational choice (in neoclassical economic terms) to quit nori cultivation. The remaining members made the rational choice (in substantivist terms), to continue this way of life in large part because it enables them to “not lower their heads” and “make decisions themselves.” This research, conducted in Shichigahama, Miyagi Prefecture over an 18-month period, employs ethnographic interviews, participant observation, archival research, and a demographic quantitative survey to examine nori growers and their lifestyle. Research focused on FCA members’ use of social ties to gain access to extra-community fishing territories. Since Japanese maritime resources are managed under a common property regime and are not open access, the degradation of fishing territories is problematic. Often, FCA members vote to sell their rights and quit fishing. In Shichigahama, remaining FCA members have instead opted to rent and barter for access to healthy fishing territories. This use of networks and social capital to make use of outsiders’ fishing grounds shows a partiality for friendship and horizontal relationships over kinship and hierarchy in this segment of Japanese society. By “helping one another out” with exchanges of fishing ground areas, FCA members iii are able to continue working on their own rather than resorting to wage labor and losing their autonomy. Resource managers and common property theorists often cite Japan as a useful example for developing common property institutions elsewhere. Despite general success, however, Japan suffers from industrialization; this case study provides evidence of the negative impacts of pollution and eutrophication on FCA livelihoods. Yet, the Shichigahama experience also highlights the agency of locals in the management of natural resources. Showing flexibility as they use the informal means of social networking to cultivate nori, these FCA members epitomize the significance of personal autonomy in the lives of Japan’s coastal communities. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As the writing of the dissertation draws to a close and I find myself thinking of the numerous individuals – friends, family, academic associates, fishermen/women, fictive kin— whom I owe sincere gratitude and debt, I find the lessons of the dissertation come to the forefront yet again. Specifically, I think of the importance of one’s social networks and the ties that bind people together. I can honestly say that without the guidance, support, enthusiasm, and faith in me that these many individuals showed throughout my academic career and the dissertation fieldwork/writing period that this project would have never been completed. Heartfelt thanks to each of the following individuals, as well as a good deal of feelings of indebtedness and obligation towards all, especially the generous FCA members of Shichigahama, Japan. I will never be able to repay their kindness to me, though with the completion of this thesis, I have at least begun my journey on the road to trying. Any failings of course, in the face of such overwhelming support, are mine, and mine alone. Given no idea how I should possibly begin to name these individuals, I will simply start chronologically with no emphasis placed on the order in which they are named. First, thanks extend all the way back to Macalester College, my undergraduate institution in Saint Paul, Minnesota. At Macalester, I found a friend in my advisor, Dr. James Laine and support for my senior project on Fishermen’s Wives in Japan through Drs. Phyllis Larson and David McCurdy. My early attempts at ethnography were woefully inadequate, but their tireless mentoring and suggestions led me to a Senior Honors Thesis and eventually, graduate school. The initial fieldwork period (1991-1992) was aided by a number of individuals. Most especially, I must thank the Katori family, especially their daughter Eiko, who recommended I interview Tetsuji and Katsuko Sato, a seaweed cultivating couple, and provided the initial introduction. Shigeru and Shigeko Kuwahara also provided housing and emotional support during this time. Classmates who provided invaluable interpretation (from a dialect of Japanese v to ‘standard’ Japanese) assistance and friendship include Yuko Sengoku and Toyomi Mizuno. The positive experiences from this time helped strengthen my desire to continue research with coastal peoples and this topic in graduate school and thus the importance of their assistance should not be underestimated. In graduate school, thanks go generally to all of the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh from whom I took classes with and with whom I enjoyed productive and informative discussions over the years. I must also thank the Asian Studies Program and the Japan Council for their financial support during my years at the University of Pittsburgh, including staff members Jonathan Wolffe and Dianne Dakis. Of the individual faculty members whom I owe sincere thanks, most especially: Dr. L. Keith Brown and Dr. John Singleton, for their unfailing support of my application and career in the Department of Anthropology and the Asian Studies Program. Dr. Brown, especially for his on-going support of my topic and for serving as my advisor throughout my years in the Department of Anthropology. Taihen o-seiwa ni narimashita. Dr. Steve Gaulin, for first suggesting I read Garrett Hardin’s (1968) article on the Tragedy of the Commons, thus beginning my research into common property and natural resource management issues. Dr. Rich Scaglion, for both his informal and formal advice over the years and especially for his ability to keep things in perspective. His practical view of academia and graduate school kept me on target and helped me to actually finish the dissertation. Thank you, Rich! To my dissertation and comprehensive examination committee members not already mentioned, including Dr. Gail Benjamin, Dr. Bill DeWalt, Dr. Jon Frechione, Dr. Dick Smethurst, doumo arigatou gozaimashita. The staff of the Department of Anthropology should not be overlooked: thanks, especially to Phyllis Deasy, Kathy Lancaster, and Felice Kappel for all of the logistical and practical help over the years. No graduate student could ever complete a degree without their help, so “hats off” to them. vi Support, advice, and most especially friendship from my colleagues and cohort members should not overlooked. We at the University of Pittsburgh (at least in the years I was in residence) have been blessed with a camaraderie and friendship, lacking the “cut-throat” behavior so often described in other graduate programs; I was fortunate in my choice of schools. I firmly believe the friendships made in my first years in the program paved the way for an enjoyable and successful time in graduate school. Those ahead of my cohort provided valuable insights and lessons on graduate school life; those in my cohort provided the social bonds human beings need as they make their way through life. Among the friends and fellow students whom I must thank, in no particular order, include, Mark Abbott, Elizabeth Blum, Dr. Florencio Delgado, Elissa Helms, Amy Kreithern, Jee Young Lee, Dr. Abby Margolis, Vernon Seguin, Cathy Serventi, Tammy Szatkowski, Mihnea Vasilescu, Ken Vickery, David White, and Dr. Patrick Wilson. Additional thanks to Andrea Cuellar for her kindness and expertise in map- making. Thanks, especially go to Dr. Joan Paluzzi, and (soon-to-be Dr.) Shawn Wells, for the shared experience of writing a dissertation. The pasta and wine were almost as great as the suggestions! For aid during the writing phase of the dissertation, additional thanks must go to the University of Pittsburgh’s Provost’s Office for a writing fellowship which allowed me to concentrate on writing. Also, Dr. Susan Abbott-Jamieson and Dr. Patricia Clay of NOAA Fisheries must be acknowledged for their support, practical advice, and time to write as I served as a Dean John A. Knauss Sea Grant Fellow in NOAA Fisheries, Office of Science and Technology, during 2002-2003. The time I spent at NOAA Fisheries while writing the dissertation helped immensely as I sought to broaden the nori cultivator experience and put it into the context of fisher peoples throughout the world. The thought of thanking everyone from the field remains a daunting one. There are literally hundreds of people who helped make this dissertation a reality through their kindness vii and generosity, interest and advice, patience and perseverance while I conducted research in Japan. Thanks must, of course, go to the Fulbright Program and the Japan-United States Educational Commission for my fieldwork funding, especially to Jinko Brinkman for her help while I was in the Japan. Drs. Ichiro Numazaki and Mutsuhiro Shima of the Department of Cultural Anthropology at Tohoku University for sponsoring my year abroad. Dr. Shibuya was especially helpful to me in using the department’s facilities and in checking my Japanese translation of my surveys.
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