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Geology of Glacier National Park and the Flathead Region, Northwestern Montana

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Geology of Glacier National Park and the Flathead Region, Northwestern Montana USGS: Geological Survey Professional Paper 296: Geology of Glacier National Park And the Flathead Region, Northwestern Montana Geological Survey Professional Paper 296 Geology of Glacier National Park And the Flathead Region, Northwestern Montana GEOLOGY OF GLACIER NATIONAL PARK AND THE FLATHEAD REGION, NORTHWESTERN MONTANA By Clyde P. Ross http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/pp/296/index.htm[3/13/2014 5:25:22 PM] USGS: Geological Survey Professional Paper 296: Geology of Glacier National Park And the Flathead Region, Northwestern Montana GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 296 1959 TABLE OF CONTENTS pp/296/index.htm Last Updated: 08-Jul-2008 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/pp/296/index.htm[3/13/2014 5:25:22 PM] USGS: Geological Survey Professional Paper 296 (Contents) Geological Survey Professional Paper 296 Geology of Glacier National Park And the Flathead Region, Northwestern Montana TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Abstract Introduction Location Scope Acknowledgments Previous publications Geography Nomenclature of the ranges Drainage Relief Climate Transportation Resources General geology Stratigraphy Outline of major points Belt series (Precambrian) Classification Ravalli group Altyn limestone Appekunny argillite Grinnell argillite Piegan group Siyeh limestone Missoula group Correlations and divisions Main body Greenish calcareous argillite Purcell basalt Shepard formation Limestone Chemical composition of rocks of the Belt series Precambrian intrusive rocks Paleozoic strata Basis for divisions used http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/pp/296/contents.htm[3/13/2014 5:25:23 PM] USGS: Geological Survey Professional Paper 296 (Contents) Cambrian rocks Devonian rocks Upper Paleozoic rocks Mesozoic rocks Jurassic rocks Cretaceous rocks Kootenai formation Colorado shale Montana group St. Mary River formation Undifferentiated Cretaceous deposits Cenozoic strata Old alluvium and associated deposits Terrace alluvium Glacial deposits Modern alluvium Landslide detritus Structure Structural highlights Broad flexures or warps Precambrian structural features Paleozoic structural features Mesozoic structural features Mountain-building structural features Lewis overthrust Thrusts in the eastern disturbed zone Folds of the disturbed zone Structural features in the overthrust block Steep master faults Steep minor faults Interpretation of the structure General structural features Erosion thrust concept Dates of deformation The concept of a sole Depth of fracture Uplift Displacement Structural features above the thrust Present shape of the Lewis thrust Adjustments after the thrusting Summary of structural interpretation Geomorphology General features of the geomorphology Effects of the early Tertiary uplift Concepts as to a summit peneplain Blackfoot erosional surface Post-Blackfoot erosional features Glacial features Recent erosional features Literature cited Index (omitted from the online edition) http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/pp/296/contents.htm[3/13/2014 5:25:23 PM] USGS: Geological Survey Professional Paper 296 (Contents) ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE 1. Reconnaissance geologic map of Glacier National Park, northwestern Montana. (omitted from the online edition) 2. Reconnaissance geologic map of the Flathead region, northwestern Montana. (omitted from the online edition) 3. Map of part of northwestern Montana, showing principal topographic features and outlines of quadrangles topographically surveyed in and near Glacier National Park and the Flathead region. (omitted from the online edition) 4. Hypothetical block diagrams illustrating steps in the development of the Lewis overthrust. (omitted from the online edition) FIGURE 1. View northwest from Bennie Hill Lookout in the Heart Butte quadrangle, Flathead region 2. Altyn limestone in the lower slopes of Appekunny Mountain, northeast of Many Glacier Hotel, Glacier National Park 3. Air view northeast from above Gunsight Pass toward the valley of St. Mary River, with Lake Ellen Wilson in the foreground 4. Grinnell argillite on Broken Leg Mountain, Nyack quadrangle, Flathead region 5. Grinnell argillite on Broken Leg Mountain, Nyack quadrangle, Flathead region 6. Photomicrographs of rocks of the Belt series 7. Molar-tooth structure in Siyeh limestone in roadcut along Going-to-the-Sun Highway, Glacier National Park 8. Irregular banding in Siyeh limestone in roadcut along Going-to-the-Sun Highway, Glacier National Park 9. Photomicrographs of rocks of the Belt series and associated igneous rocks 10. Conophyton in roadcut in Siyeh limestone above the big switchback on Going-to-the-Sun Highway, Glacier National Park 11. Stromatolite on Tongue Mountain, Nyack quadrangle, Flathead region 12. Argillite of the Missoula group with sand-filled mud cracks, Upper Twin Creek, Marias Pass quadrangle, Flathead region 13. Cusped ripple marks in argillite of the Missoula group, head of Grouse Creek, Marias Pass quadrangle, Flathead region 14. Clay spalls in argillite of the Missoula group below Mount Bradley, Marias Pass quadrangle, Flathead region http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/pp/296/contents.htm[3/13/2014 5:25:23 PM] USGS: Geological Survey Professional Paper 296 (Contents) 15. Laminated argillite of the Missoula group with a small stromatolite, in railroad cut nearly opposite the mouth of Coal Creek Nyack quadrangle, Flathead region 16. View north from the head of Avalanche Basin, Glacier National Park 17. Closeup of Hannan limestone with chert layers, gorge of Gateway Creek, Heart Butte quadrangle, Flathead region 18. Contorted shale and limestone of the Ellis group on Badger Creek near the mouth of Red Poacher Creek, Marias Pass quadrangle, Flathead region 19. North side of the Middle Fork of the Flathead River showing exposure of beds of early Tertiary age 20. Sketch contours on the major surface of the Lewis overthrust near the eastern border of Glacier National Park 21. The trace of the Lewis overthrust as seen from Marias Pass looking north 22. View south from below Bennie Hill Lookout, Heart Butte quadrangle, Flathead region 23. Crooked Mountain, Heart Butte quadrangle, Flathead region 24. Irregular folds in limestone of Cambrian age south of Swift Reservoir, Heart Butte quadrangle, Flathead region 25. Contorted Grinnell argillite on the north wall of the cirque on the south slope of Mount Thompson, Glacier National Park 26. View northwest from Sperry Glacier showing part of the intensely folded rocks west of the major syncline 27. View southeast from near Fifty Mountain Camp, Glacier National Park showing the syncline that dominates the structure in the central part of the park 28. Overturned Grinnell argillite on McPartland Mountain, Glacier National Park, viewed from the northwest 29. Railroad cut along the Middle Fork of the Flathead River below the mouth of Coal Creek showing exposures of minor fractures in argillite of the Missoula group 30. View showing topography after the Blackfoot surface had formed in the area of Glacier National Park 31. View showing topography in the area of Glacier National Park at about the middle of Pleistocene time 32. View showing topography in Glacier National Park at the present time 33. Diagrammatic contour map of the Blackfoot surface in the region now occupied by Glacier National Park, with sections diagonally across the park A report on fieldwork and available data on the geology, structural, and geomorphic studies of the rocks, ranging from Precambrian to Recent in age, in two adjacent mountainous regions of Montana. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/pp/296/contents.htm[3/13/2014 5:25:23 PM] USGS: Geological Survey Professional Paper 296 (Contents) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U. S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: Ross, Clyde Polhemus, 1891— Geology of Glacier National Park and the Flathead region, northwestern Montana. Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1959. iv, 125 p. illus., maps (part col.) diagrs., tables, 30 cm. (U. S. Geological Survey. Professional paper 296) Three colored maps and colored diagr. in pocket. Bibliography: p. 118-121. 1. Glacier National Park. 2. Geology—Montana—Flathead region. (Series) GE75.P9 no. 296 557.868 G S 58-174 ___ _______ Copy 2. QE133.R57 <<< Previous <<< Contents >>> Next >>> pp/296/contents.htm Last Updated: 08-Jul-2008 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/pp/296/contents.htm[3/13/2014 5:25:23 PM] USGS: Geological Survey Professional Paper 296 (Abstract) Geological Survey Professional Paper 296 Geology of Glacier National Park And the Flathead Region, Northwestern Montana ABSTRACT GEOLOGY OF GLACIER NATIONAL PARK AND THE FLATHEAD REGION NORTHWESTERN MONTANA By CLYDE P. ROSS This report summarizes available data on two adjacent and partly overlapping regions in northwestern Montana. The first of these is Glacier National Park plus small areas east and west of the park. The second is here called, for convenience, the Flathead region; it embraces the mountains from the southern tip of Glacier Park to latitude 48° north and between the Great Plains on the east and Flathead Valley on the west. The fieldwork under the direction of the writer was done in 1948, 1949, 1950, and 1951, with some work in 1952 and 1953. The two regions together include parts of the Swan, Flathead,
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