Learning Japanese

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Learning Japanese The Japanese language is spoken by over 130 million people in Language Family Japan and in Japanese communities around the world. Japanese Dialect Standard Japanese Writing Systems Kanji, Hiragana, Katakana, and Romaji Accent • Kanji (漢字) is used for nouns, parts of adjectives and verbs, and As spoken in Tokyo Japanese names. • Hiragana (ひらがな) is used for words that don’t use kanji, in certain Your Learning Options word endings, and in place of kanji characters that are difficult to read. Hiragana superscript is sometimes used as a guide to pronouncing kanji • Your Rosetta Stone course allows you to switch between kanji, kana, and romaji characters. Rosetta Stone provides this optional superscripting. scripts. The kana script contains both • Katakana (カタカナ) is used for foreign words, countries, names, and hiragana and katakana. technical words. Kanji Kana Romaji • Romaji, which uses the Roman script, is often used for acronyms, company names, foreign words, or as a transliteration of Japanese characters. Romaji allows learners of Japanese to read Japanese without learning the characters. • Rosetta Stone assists you in reading kanji by providing an optional Language Tips superscript. This option is useful once • Japanese is written with no spaces between words. you have learned to read hiragana. • Learning to read hiragana and katakana is simplified by the fact that each character generally corresponds to a single syllable. • Japanese words change depending on the formality of the situation. Rosetta Stone teaches you to communicate in informal or formal • If you are primarily interested in Japanese, as appropriate for the situation. learning to speak Japanese, you can go through the course in romaji. If you’re • Don’t be surprised if you see sentences without subjects. The Japanese interested in learning to speak and read language often does not specify the subject. The meaning of the subject is Japanese, we suggest you study using conveyed by the context. our recommended course. • Nouns in Japanese do not change in the plural form. Instead, a number or counter before the noun indicates the quantity. SLK-RS-NFO-JPN-ENG-0711.

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The Study of Old Documents of Hokkaido and Kuril Ainu
NINJAL International Symposium 2018 Approaches to Endangered Languages in Japan and Northeast Asia, August 6-8 The study of old documents of Hokkaido and Kuril Ainu: Promise and Challenges Tomomi Sato (Hokkaido U) & Anna Bugaeva (TUS/NINJAL) [email protected] [email protected]) Introduction: Ainu • AINU (isolate, North Japan, moribund) • Is the only non-Japonic lang. of Japan. • Major dialect groups : Hokkaido (moribund), Sakhalin (extinct since 1993), Kuril (extinct since the end of XIX). • Was also spoken in Tōhoku till mid XVIII. • Hokkaido Ainu dialects: Southwestern (well documented) Northeastern (less documented) • Is not used in daily conversation since the 1950s. • Ethnical Ainu: 100,000. 2 Fig. 2 Major language families in Northeast Asia （excluding Sinitic） Amuric Mongolic Tungusic Ainuic Koreanic Japonic • Ainu shares only few features with Northeast Asian languages. • Ainu is typologically “more like a morphologically reduced version of a North American language.” (Johanna Nichols p.c.). • This is due to the strongly head-marking character of Ainu (Bugaeva, to appear). Why is it important to study Ainu? • Ainu culture is widely regarded as a direct descendant of the Jōmon culture which was spread in the Japanese archipelago in the Prehistoric time from about 14,000 BC. • Ainu is the only surviving Jōmon language; there had been other Jōmon lgs too: about 300 lgs (Janhunen 2002), cf. 10 lgs (Whitman, p.c.) . • Ainu is likely to be much more typical of what languages were like in Northeast Asia several millennia ago than the picture we would get from Chinese, Japanese or Korean. • Focusing on Ainu can help us understand a period of northeast Asian history when political, cultural and linguistic units were very different to what they have been since the rise of the great historically-attested states of East Asia.
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PARAMASASTRA Vol. 6 No. 1 - Maret 2019 p-ISSN 2355-4126 e-ISSN 2527-8754 http://journal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/paramasastra FUNGSI ATEJI DALAM LIRIK LAGU PADA ALBUM MARGINAL #4 THE BEST 「STAR CLUSTER 2」 PRODUKSI REJET Meisha Putri M.R., Agus Budi Cahyono Universitas Brawijaya, [email protected] Universitas Brawijaya, [email protected] ABSTRACT This article aimed to describe why furigana in Japanese songs often found different furigana actually with kanji below it. Data uses the album MARGINAL # 4 THE BEST 「STAR CLUSTER 2」 REJET Production. This study uses qualitative descriptive to examine the type of ateji based on Lewis's theory (2010) and its function based on the theory of Jakobson (1960). Based on analysis, writer find more contrastive ateji than denotive ateji. Fatigue function is found more than other functions. The metalingual function is found on all data. Keywords: Ateji, Furigana, semantic PENDAHULUAN Huruf bahasa Jepang dibagi menjadi 4 yang digunakan sehari-hari. Adapun huruf tersebut adalah Kanji, Hiragana, Katakana dan Romaji. Pada penulisan huruf Kanji kadang diikuti dengan furigana yang merupakan bantuan cara baca serta memaknai kanji itu sendiri karena huruf kanji kadang mempunyai cara baca yang berbeda. Selain pembubuhan dengan furigana ada juga dengan ateji. Furigana itu murni sebagai cara baca dan makna aslinya, maka ateji adalah bantuan cara baca yang dilekatkan untuk menambahkan lapisan ide maupun makna di dalam kanji itu sendiri. Ateji merupakan penulisan bahasa Jepang yang tidak mengikuti cara baca jion (cara baca kanji China) dan jikun (cara baca kanji Jepang) ataupun jigi (makna asli) bahasa Jepang tersebut (Shirose, 2012: 103).
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Uhm Phd 9506222 R.Pdf
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UM! films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent UJWD the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adverselyaffect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-band comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms tnternauonat A Bell & Howell tntorrnatron Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800:521·0600 Order Number 9506222 The linguistic and psycholinguistic nature of kanji: Do kanji represent and trigger only meanings? Matsunaga, Sachiko, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 1994 Copyright @1994 by Matsunaga, Sachiko.
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Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms Range: FF00–FFEF
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Arxiv:1812.01718V1 [Cs.CV] 3 Dec 2018
Deep Learning for Classical Japanese Literature Tarin Clanuwat∗ Mikel Bober-Irizar Center for Open Data in the Humanities Royal Grammar School, Guildford Asanobu Kitamoto Alex Lamb Center for Open Data in the Humanities MILA, Université de Montréal Kazuaki Yamamoto David Ha National Institute of Japanese Literature Google Brain Abstract Much of machine learning research focuses on producing models which perform well on benchmark tasks, in turn improving our understanding of the challenges associated with those tasks. From the perspective of ML researchers, the content of the task itself is largely irrelevant, and thus there have increasingly been calls for benchmark tasks to more heavily focus on problems which are of social or cultural relevance. In this work, we introduce Kuzushiji-MNIST, a dataset which focuses on Kuzushiji (cursive Japanese), as well as two larger, more challenging datasets, Kuzushiji-49 and Kuzushiji-Kanji. Through these datasets, we wish to engage the machine learning community into the world of classical Japanese literature. 1 Introduction Recorded historical documents give us a peek into the past. We are able to glimpse the world before our time; and see its culture, norms, and values to reﬂect on our own. Japan has very unique historical pathway. Historically, Japan and its culture was relatively isolated from the West, until the Meiji restoration in 1868 where Japanese leaders reformed its education system to modernize its culture. This caused drastic changes in the Japanese language, writing and printing systems. Due to the modernization of Japanese language in this era, cursive Kuzushiji (くずしc) script is no longer taught in the ofﬁcial school curriculum.
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