DOCSLIB.ORG

New Zealand's Native Trees

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Zealand's Native Trees NEW ZEALAND’S NATIVE TREES JOHN DAWSON & ROB LUCAS with JANE CONNOR Contributions by Patrick Brownsey, Shannel Courtney, Peter de Lange, Phil Garnock-Jones, Mark Large, Don Morrisey, Barry Sneddon To our grandchildren: Contents Lucas and Noah Dawson; Angelina and William Hayter; Grace and Francis Lucas The authors and contributors 7 Clianthus 184 Authors’ preface and Coprosma 188 acknowledgements 9 Cordyline 220 Publisher’s preface and Coriaria 230 acknowledgements 10 Corokia 232 About the book 12 Corynocarpus 233 Map of the North Island 14 Discaria 236 Map of the South Island 15 Dodonaea 238 Dracophyllum 240 INTRODUCTION 17 Dysoxylum 256 Elaeocarpus 260 CONIFERS 36 Elingamita 264 Introduction to conifers 38 Entelea 266 Agathis 46 Fuchsia 268 Dacrycarpus 56 Geniostoma 270 Dacrydium 62 Griselinia 272 Halocarpus 66 Hedycarya 276 First published in 2011 by Craig Potton Publishing Lepidothamnus 72 Hoheria 278 Reprinted 2011 Libocedrus 74 Homalanthus 290 Craig Potton Publishing Manoao 79 Ixerba 292 98 Vickerman Street, PO Box 555, Nelson, New Zealand Phyllocladus 81 Knightia 294 www.craigpotton.co.nz Podocarpus 88 Kunzea 298 Text © John Dawson and Rob Lucas (unless specified otherwise) Prumnopitys 96 Laurelia 302 Photographs © Rob Lucas (unless specified otherwise) Leptecophylla 306 ISBN: 978-1-877517-01-3 (standard edition) TREE FERNS 102 Leptospermum 308 978-1-877517-65-5 (deluxe edition) Introduction to tree ferns 104 Leucopogon 312 Publisher: Jane Connor Cyathea 110 Litsea 314 Editorial: Jane Connor, Sue Hallas Dicksonia 118 Lophomyrtus 317 Index: Diane Lowther Macropiper 320 Design and layout: Jane Connor, Tina Delceg Prepress: Alan Bridgland, Spectra Graphics FLOWERING TREES 122 Melicope 323 Cover typography: Neil Pardington Introduction to flowering trees 124 Melicytus 326 Cover image: ‘Mist over Lake Mapourika’, © Andris Apse Ackama 132 Meryta 336 Printed in China by Everbest Printing Co. Ltd Alectryon 136 Metrosideros 338 Alseuosmia 140 Mida 352 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any Archeria 142 Myoporum 354 process without the permission of the publishers. Aristotelia 144 Myrsine 357 Ascarina 147 Neomyrtus 369 Avicennia 150 Nestegis 370 In keeping with its commitment to supporting science education, the Dick Roberts Community Trust Beilschmiedia 155 Nothofagus 376 generously contributed the cost of donating copies of this book to all New Zealand secondary, intermediate and composite schools to mark Conservation Week 2011. Craig Potton Publishing wishes to also acknowledge Brachyglottis 160 Olearia 394 the generous contribution from Nelson Pine Industries to the costs of publication. Carmichaelia 174 Pennantia 436 All other acknowledgements are on pages 9 and 11. Carpodetus 182 Pisonia 440 Pittosporum 442 Streblus 530 Plagianthus 463 Syzygium 536 Planchonella 466 Toronia 538 Pomaderris 468 Urtica 540 Pouzolzia 472 Veronica 542 The authors and contributors Pseudopanax 474 Vitex 552 Pseudowintera 498 Weinmannia 555 Quintinia 502 Raukaua 504 Appendix 560 DR JOHN DAWSON was Associate Professor of Botany at Victoria Rhopalostylis 508 Glossary 562 University until his retirement in 1988. Since then, he has been undertaking botanical research in New Caledonia, exploring its Schefflera 512 Bibliography and further reading 565 botanical links with New Zealand and researching its largest plant Solanum 514 Index 570 family, Myrtaceae. He has formally described about a quarter of the Sophora 516 c. 250 species of Myrtaceae in New Caledonia, has published two accounts of these and completed a third. John also runs extension courses on New Zealand native plants and guides groups around LIST OF BOXES Otari Native Botanic Garden in Wellington. He is the author of many Beech gaps 25 Pollinators of Hoheria 279 papers on aspects of New Zealand flora, in particular the Apiaceae, and several books, including New Zealand’s conifers 38 Identification: Rewarewa and Forest Vines to Snow Tussocks: The story of New Zealand plants (1988) and Seasons in the Forest Inside a kauri forest 48 hīnau 297 (with photographs by Brian Enting, 1990) Kauri dieback 52 Kānuka and mānuka 301 Epiphytes 54 Trunk buttresses 305 ROB LUCAS lectured in horticulture at The Open Polytechnic of Freshwater swamp forests 58 Mānuka blight 310 New Zealand until his retirement in 2006. He has been photograph- Rimu and kākāpo 65 Mānuka and mycorrhizae 311 ing plants for several decades, and his photographs have been widely Identification: Libocedrus bidwilli Kawakawa moth 322 published in books and magazines. He is the author of Managing and L. plumosa 78 The māhoe stripper 334 Pests and Diseases: A handbook for New Zealand gardeners and co- Identification: Mountain tōtara Australian Myoporum 355 author (with Isobel Gabites) of The Native Garden: Design themes and lowland tōtara 94 Sexual expression and flower from wild New Zealand (1988). Identification: Cyathea and variation in Nestegis 371 Dicksonia 104 Identification: Black and Epiphytes on tree ferns 107 white maire 373 John Dawson and Rob Lucas are co-authors of the award-winning Nature Guide to the New Zea- Tree ferns 108 Inside a beech forest 378 –9 land Forest (2000), Lifestyles of New Zealand Forest Plants (1993), Lifestyles of New Zealand Coast Identification: Hutu and pukatea 148 Thieving from a thief 379 and Mountain Plants (1996) and The Nature of Plants: Habitats, challenges and adaptations (2005). The lifestyle and ecology Cyttaria fungus on silver beech 382 of mangroves 152 Mistletoes 385 JANE CONNOR has been Managing Director and Publisher at Craig Potton Publishing since 2007. She has many years’ experience editing, designing and publishing books on plants, both in Tree daisies 160 What is treeline? 388 New Zealand and internationally. She co-founded Godwit Press and was later Publishing Direc- Magpie moth and Brachyglottis 171 Scale insect—honeydew— tor of Random House New Zealand, before moving to North America, where she was Publisher Pollination of kakabeak 185 sooty mould story 391 and Executive Vice-President of Timber Press in Portland, Oregon. Domatia 189 Hybrids in Olearia 399 Tree species of Coprosma 190–1 Moths and the twiggy olearias 428 DR PATRICK BrOWNSEY is a leading authority on the ferns of New Zealand, Australia and Plagianthus and Hoheria 465 Identification: Coprosma the Pacific. He is a Research Fellow at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wel- arborea and C. spathulata 193 Five-finger as epiphytes 477 lington, and is currently working with staff at Te Papa and Landcare Research in Christchurch Stipules 199 Juvenile and adult forms 489 to prepare an electronic flora of New Zealand. Cabbage tree decline 224 Patē and five-finger 512 How cabbage trees make Kōwhai caterpillar and moth 521 SHANNEL COUrtNEY is a Nelson-based plant ecologist, who has worked with the Depart- their trunks 225 Witches’ broom on Streblus 533 ment of Conservation since 1987, currently specialising in threatened plants. He has an MSc in Cabbage tree moth 229 Tree nettle and butterflies 541 plant ecology, and botanical survey work in Northland, East Cape, Taranaki, Wellington, Nelson, Pulvini 257 Pūriri moth 554 Marlborough, Canterbury and on the Chatham Islands has provided him with a good working Caulifory and ramiflory 259 Tōwai and makamaka 558 knowledge of regional floras. In 2008, he was the recipient of the Loder Cup for his contribution to native plant conservation. 7 DR PETER DE LANGE works as the Threatened Plant Scientist for the Department of Conserva- Authors’ preface and acknowledgements tion. Based in Auckland since 1993, his work includes plant biosystematics, cytology, ethnobotany, threatened plant management, and threat classification systems. A Fellow of the Linnean Society (FLS), Peter is the author of 14 books and 120 scientific papers. He has a particular interest in the conservation and documentation of island floras, and he has worked on the Kermadec Islands, Our forebears’ relentless destruction of large tracts of native forest is something most of us nowa- the Chatham Islands and many of the smaller offshore islands of northern New Zealand. days deplore. Given our now-comfortable lifestyles, it is easy to have this attitude—particularly when we survey the eroding hills and valleys, rapidly aggrading river beds and silt-filled waterways DR PHIL GARNOCK-JONES is a plant taxonomist and Emeritus Professor of Botany at Victoria that this destruction brought about. University of Wellington. After completing his PhD at the University of Canterbury on the tax- New Zealand’s early settlers were fearless forest-fellers—but they had to be. We, too, would onomy of Parahebe (now included in Veronica), he worked for 20 years at Botany Division, DSIR. have seen the world quite differently if we had been living in a flimsy, hastily cobbled-together Between 1994 and 2009, he was Professor of Plant Science at VUW, and taught botany and evolu- hut in the densely forested Hutt valley in the mid-nineteenth century. Given their pressing need tion. He has published 90 papers, mostly on the taxonomy and phylogeny of New Zealand plants. for shelter and security, is it realistic for us to expect them to have taken a more conservation- minded approach to tree felling and forest destruction? Probably not. DR MARK LArgE is a biologist with an interest in fern evolution and paleobotany spanning 30 As our living conditions have improved, so too has our relationship with our landscape, in- years. He has authored many publications, including Tree Ferns (2004) with John Braggins, and cluding our native trees and forests. We have belatedly realised that, if we don’t act now, a lot of acted as botanical consultant for the popular television series ‘Walking with Dinosaurs.’ He is cur- what we have previously taken for granted will soon vanish—forever. What’s more, we’ve learnt rently working, with Professor Peter Lockhart, on a book on the evolution of New Zealand plants.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The New Zealand Rain Forest: a Comparison with Tropical Rain Forest! J
    The New Zealand Rain Forest: A Comparison with Tropical Rain Forest! J. W. DAWSON2 and B. V. SNEDDON2 ABSTRACT: The structure of and growth forms and habits exhibited by the New Zealand rain forest are described and compared with those of lowland tropical rain forest. Theories relating to the frequent regeneration failure of the forest dominants are outlined. The floristic affinities of the forest type are discussed and it is suggested that two main elements can be recognized-lowland tropical and montane tropical. It is concluded that the New Zealand rain forest is comparable to lowland tropical rain forest in structure and in range of special growth forms and habits. It chiefly differs in its lower stature, fewer species, and smaller leaves. The floristic similarity between the present forest and forest floras of the Tertiary in New Zealand suggest that the former may be a floristically reduced derivative of the latter. PART 1 OF THIS PAPER describes the structure The approximate number of species of seed and growth forms of the New Zealand rain plants in these forests is 240. From north to forest as exemplified by a forest in the far north. south there is an overall decrease in number of In Part 2, theories relating to the regeneration species. At about 38°S a number of species, of the dominant trees in the New Zealand rain mostly trees and shrubs, drop out or become forest generally are reviewed briefly, and their restricted to coastal sites, but it is not until about relevance to the situation in the study forest is 42°S, in the South Island, that many of the con­ considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Metrosideros.Pdf
    Riding the ice age El Nin˜ o? Pacific biogeography and evolution of Metrosideros subg. Metrosideros (Myrtaceae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA S. D. Wright*†, C. G. Yong*, J. W. Dawson‡, D. J. Whittaker*, and R. C. Gardner* *School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, P.B. 92019 Auckland, New Zealand; and ‡School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, Box 600 Wellington, New Zealand Edited by Peter H. Raven, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, and approved January 10, 2000 (received for review August 17, 1999) Metrosideros subg. Metrosideros (Myrtaceae) comprises Ϸ26 The very small seeds of Metrosideros require wind speeds of species distributed widely across the Pacific basin. They occur on only 5–19 km per h to be lofted. The seeds can retain viability the ancient Gondwanan landmasses of New Zealand and New in temperatures of Ϫ30°C for at least 6 h and after seawater Caledonia, as well as on the volcanic islands of the remote immersion for more than 1 month (10). Carlquist (1) suggested Pacific, from Melanesia to tropical Polynesia and the Bonin that the more remote taxa had achieved long-distance dispersal Island. Phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ribosomal DNA to the isolated islands of Oceania on high-altitude jet streams spacer sequences from all named species showed Metrosideros that traverse the tropical Pacific from west to east. The most umbellata of New Zealand as basal in the subgenus, with the recent speculation on the dispersal history of subg. Metrosideros remaining species falling into three monophyletic clades. One (6) points to New Zealand rather than New Caledonia as the includes the seven New Caledonian species together with three landmass of origin and suggests that Samoa is the secondary axis daughters in western Oceania that probably dispersed during of dispersal into remote Polynesia.
    [Show full text]
  • International Review of Environmental History: Volume 5, Issue 1, 2019
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction James Beattie 1 Nature’s revenge: War on the wilderness during the opening of Brazil’s ‘Last Western Frontier’ Sandro Dutra e Silva 5 Water as the ultimate sink: Linking fresh and saltwater history Simone M. Müller and David Stradling 23 Climate change: Debate and reality Daniel R. Headrick 43 Biofuels’ unbalanced equations: Misleading statistics, networked knowledge and measured parameters Kate B. Showers 61 ‘To get a cargo of flesh, bone, and blood’: Animals in the slave trade in West Africa Christopher Blakley 85 Providing guideline principles: Botany and ecology within the State Forest Service of New Zealand during the 1920s Anton Sveding 113 ‘Zambesi seeds from Mr Moffat’: Sir George Grey as imperial botanist John O’Leary 129 INTRODUCTION JAMES BEATTIE Victoria University of Wellington; Research Associate Centre for Environmental History The Australian National University; Senior Research Associate Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg This first issue of 2019 speaks to the many exciting dimensions of environmental history. Represented here is environmental history’s great breadth, in terms of geographical scope (Brazil, the Atlantic world, Europe, global, Africa and New Zealand); topics (animal studies, biography, climatological analysis, energy and waste); and temporal span (from the early modern to the contemporary period). The first article, ‘Nature’s revenge: War on the wilderness during the opening of Brazil’s “Last Western Frontier”’, explores the ongoing trope of the frontier and ‘frontiersman’ in the environmental history of twentieth-century Amazonia, Brazil. The author, Sandro Dutra e Silva, does so by skilfully analysing the creation of the heroic image of the road-building engineer Bernardo Sayão, and his deployment by the state to underpin its aims of developing Amazonia.
    [Show full text]
  • Revegetation of the Stockton Coal Mine, Buller©
    114 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 57, 2007 Revegetation of the Stockton Coal Mine, Buller© Michael Kingsbury Solid Energy New Zealand Limited, P.O. Box 250, Westport Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Stockton Coal Mine is situated 25 km north-east of Westport and stretches from 1 km to 5 km from the coast. The 2,200-ha coal mining licence is located within the western sector of the Buller Coal Field on a plateau 400 to 1,100 m above the coastal plain. The opencast mine currently has a disturbed area of 750 ha and is expected to have a footprint of more than 900 ha at end of mine life. Thick seams of generally high quality coal exported for use in thermal, coking, and specialised markets overlies a basement of weathered granite rock. This ma- terial is quarried for mine road aggregate and, due to its phosphate content, is capable of supporting vegetation. Overlying the coal is a thick layer of hard, mas- sive quartz sandstone overburden, which is fragmented by blasting and stripped using 180-tonne excavators. It has poor plant-supporting characteristics, being low in fertility and having low water and nutrient-holding capacity. Remnants of the Kaiata mudstone exist on top of the sandstone and contribute to acid rock drainage through oxidation of sulphide-bearing minerals. Stockton Mine experiences a moist (some would say very moist) temperate cli- mate, which, combined with strong prevailing west/north westerly winds, means extreme weather conditions are common. Annual mean precipitation of 6,500 mm (predominantly as rain) and common, intense rainfall events (e.g., 140 mm in 6 h) produce extreme soil nutrient leaching and, along with severe winter frosts, causes high erosion rates of unprotected soil particles.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Changes in the Names of New Zealand Tree and Shrub Species
    -- -- - Recent changes in the names of New Zealand tree and shrub species - Since the publication of 'Flora of New Zealand' Volume 1 (A- iii) Podocarpus dacydioides Dacrycarpus ducydioides lan 1961),covering indigenous ferns, conifers and dicots, there (iii)Podocarpus ferrugzneus Prumnopitys ferruginea have been major advances in taxonomic research and the clas- Podocarpus spicatus Prumnopitys taxijolia sification of many plant groups revised accordingly. Most of (iv1 Dacrydium cupressinum (unchanged) these changes have been summarised in the Nomina Nova (v)Dacrydium bidwillii Halocarpus bidwillii series published in the New Zealand Journal of Botany (Edgar Dacrydium bijorme Halocarpus bijormis 1971, Edgar and Connor 1978, 1983) and are included in re- Dacrydium kirkii Halocarpus kirkii cent books on New Zealand plants ie.g. Eagle 1982, Wilson (vi)Dacydium colensoi Lagarostrobos colensoi 1982). A number of these name changes affect important (vii)Dacrydium intermediurn Lepidothamnus intermedius forest plants and as several of these new names are now start- Dacrydium laxijolium Lepidotbamnus laxijolius ing to appear in the scientific literature, a list of changes af- (viii)Phyllocladus trichomanoidi~(unchanged) fecting tree and shrub taxa are given here. As a large number Phyllocladus glaucus (unchanged) of the readers of New Zealand Forestry are likely to use Poole Phyllocladus alpinus Phyllocladus aspleniijolius and Adams' "Trees and Shrubs of New Zealand" as their var. alpinus* * main reference for New Zealand forest plants, all the name changes are related to the fourth impression of this book. * It has been suggested that the Colenso name P, cunnin- it is important to realise that not all botanists necessarily ghamii (1884)should take precedence over the later (18891 ark agree with one particular name and you are not obliged to use name (P.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Charts for Native to the West Booklet
    26 Pohutukawa • Oi exposed coastal ecosystem KEY ♥ Nurse plant ■ Main component ✤ rare ✖ toxic to toddlers coastal sites For restoration, in this habitat: ••• plant liberally •• plant generally • plant sparingly Recommended planting sites Back Boggy Escarp- Sharp Steep Valley Broad Gentle Alluvial Dunes Area ment Ridge Slope Bottom Ridge Slope Flat/Tce Medium trees Beilschmiedia tarairi taraire ✤ ■ •• Corynocarpus laevigatus karaka ✖■ •••• Kunzea ericoides kanuka ♥■ •• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• Metrosideros excelsa pohutukawa ♥■ ••••• • •• •• Small trees, large shrubs Coprosma lucida shining karamu ♥ ■ •• ••• ••• •• •• Coprosma macrocarpa coastal karamu ♥ ■ •• •• •• •••• Coprosma robusta karamu ♥ ■ •••••• Cordyline australis ti kouka, cabbage tree ♥ ■ • •• •• • •• •••• Dodonaea viscosa akeake ■ •••• Entelea arborescens whau ♥ ■ ••••• Geniostoma rupestre hangehange ♥■ •• • •• •• •• •• •• Leptospermum scoparium manuka ♥■ •• •• • ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• Leucopogon fasciculatus mingimingi • •• ••• ••• • •• •• • Macropiper excelsum kawakawa ♥■ •••• •••• ••• Melicope ternata wharangi ■ •••••• Melicytus ramiflorus mahoe • ••• •• • •• ••• Myoporum laetum ngaio ✖ ■ •••••• Olearia furfuracea akepiro • ••• ••• •• •• Pittosporum crassifolium karo ■ •• •••• ••• Pittosporum ellipticum •• •• Pseudopanax lessonii houpara ■ ecosystem one •••••• Rhopalostylis sapida nikau ■ • •• • •• Sophora fulvida west coast kowhai ✖■ •• •• Shrubs and flax-like plants Coprosma crassifolia stiff-stemmed coprosma ♥■ •• ••••• Coprosma repens taupata ♥ ■ •• •••• ••
    [Show full text]
  • Nzbotsoc No 86 Dec 2006
    NEW ZEALAND BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER NUMBER 86 DECEMBER 2006 New Zealand Botanical Society President: Anthony Wright Secretary/Treasurer: Ewen Cameron Committee: Bruce Clarkson, Colin Webb, Carol West Address: c/- Canterbury Museum Rolleston Avenue CHRISTCHURCH 8001 Subscriptions The 2006 ordinary and institutional subscriptions are $25 (reduced to $18 if paid by the due date on the subscription invoice). The 2006 student subscription, available to full-time students, is $9 (reduced to $7 if paid by the due date on the subscription invoice). Back issues of the Newsletter are available at $2.50 each from Number 1 (August 1985) to Number 46 (December 1996), $3.00 each from Number 47 (March 1997) to Number 50 (December 1997), and $3.75 each from Number 51 (March 1998) onwards. Since 1986 the Newsletter has appeared quarterly in March, June, September and December. New subscriptions are always welcome and these, together with back issue orders, should be sent to the Secretary/Treasurer (address above). Subscriptions are due by 28th February each year for that calendar year. Existing subscribers are sent an invoice with the December Newsletter for the next years subscription which offers a reduction if this is paid by the due date. If you are in arrears with your subscription a reminder notice comes attached to each issue of the Newsletter. Deadline for next issue The deadline for the March 2007 issue is 25 February 2007 Please post contributions to: Melanie Newfield 17 Homebush Rd Khandallah Wellington Send email contributions to [email protected]. Files are preferably in MS Word (Word XP or earlier) or saved as RTF or ASCII.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination Drop in Relation to Cone Morphology in Podocarpaceae: a Novel Reproductive Mechanism Author(S): P
    Pollination Drop in Relation to Cone Morphology in Podocarpaceae: A Novel Reproductive Mechanism Author(s): P. B. Tomlinson, J. E. Braggins, J. A. Rattenbury Source: American Journal of Botany, Vol. 78, No. 9 (Sep., 1991), pp. 1289-1303 Published by: Botanical Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2444932 . Accessed: 23/08/2011 15:47 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Botanical Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Botany. http://www.jstor.org AmericanJournal of Botany 78(9): 1289-1303. 1991. POLLINATION DROP IN RELATION TO CONE MORPHOLOGY IN PODOCARPACEAE: A NOVEL REPRODUCTIVE MECHANISM' P. B. TOMLINSON,2'4 J. E. BRAGGINS,3 AND J. A. RATTENBURY3 2HarvardForest, Petersham, Massachusetts 01366; and 3Departmentof Botany, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Observationof ovulatecones at thetime of pollinationin the southernconiferous family Podocarpaceaedemonstrates a distinctivemethod of pollencapture, involving an extended pollinationdrop. Ovules in all generaof the family are orthotropousand singlewithin the axil of each fertilebract. In Microstrobusand Phyllocladusovules are-erect (i.e., the micropyle directedaway from the cone axis) and are notassociated with an ovule-supportingstructure (epimatium).Pollen in thesetwo genera must land directly on thepollination drop in theway usualfor gymnosperms, as observed in Phyllocladus.In all othergenera, the ovule is inverted (i.e., the micropyleis directedtoward the cone axis) and supportedby a specializedovule- supportingstructure (epimatium).
    [Show full text]
  • Beetles in a Suburban Environment: a New Zealand Case Study. The
    tl n brbn nvrnnt: lnd td tl n brbn nvrnnt: lnd td h Idntt nd tt f Clptr n th ntrl nd dfd hbtt f nfld Alnd (4-8 GKhl . : rh At SI lnt rttn Mnt Albrt rh Cntr rvt Alnd lnd • SI lnt rttn prt • EW EAA EAME O SCIEIIC A IUSIA ESEAC 199 O Ο Ν Ε W Ε Ν ttr Grnt rd Τ Ε Ρ Ο Ι Ο Τ ie wi e suo o a oey Sciece eseac Ga om e ew eaa oey Gas oa is suo is gaeuy ackowege Ρ EW EAA SI ' EAME O lnt SCIEIIC A rttn IUSIA Wāhn ESEAC Mn p Makig Sciece Wok o ew eaa KUSCE G eees i a suua eiome a ew eaa case suy e ieiy a saus o Coeoea i e aua a moiie aias o yie Aucka (197-199 / G Kusce — Aucka SI 199 (SI a oecio eo ISS 11-1 ; o3 IS -77-59- I ie II Seies UC 5957(93111 © Cow Coyig uise y SI a oecio M Ae eseac Cee iae ag Aucka ew eaa eceme 199 ie y Geea iig Seices eso ew eaa Etiam pristina in aua Asο i a aua seig summa securitas et futura sweet tranquility and nature ., OISIECE e oe-eeig emoyci eee ioycus uuus (ou o is aie ooca os kaikaea (acycaus acyioies om e yie eee suey aea Aucka ew eaa e wie gaues o e eee ae oe cuses a ass ees is eee as a eic saus o uike a o e uaaa (Seoo as ossi eiece sows a e weei gou was iig i uassic imes way ack i e ea o e iosaus a gymosems moe a 1 miio yeas ago OEWO As a small boy in the 1930s I used to collect butterflies on the South Downs in southern England.
    [Show full text]
  • West Coast Crimson Trail
    WEST COAST CRIMSON TRAIL The West Coast is the rata capital of New Zealand. In the North, from the Heaphy Track to Greymouth, northern rata often dominates the forest landscape, mainly near the coast and on limestone faces. Huge trees festooned with climbing and perching plants billow above the forest canopy. On higher ground southern rata is scattered on bluffs and through beech forest. Northern rata South of Hokitika in the valleys and slopes of the beech-free main divide, Northern rata (Metrosideros robusta) is one of New Zealand’s tallest flowering trees and grows from southern rata becomes a dominant canopy tree reaching high into the Alps. Hokitika northwards. It usually begins life as an epi- And, in the far South, it forms emergent giants on the flood plains, or gnarled phyte (perching plant) high in the forest’s canopy. groups around the precipitous shores of the fiords. As its roots descend to the ground, the rata smoth- ers its host. Grows to 25m or more in height with a This Crimson Trail is a journey from the north to south on the West coast of trunk up to 2.5m in diameter. Prefers warm moist New Zealand’s South Island. As you travel some 500 kilometres you will see areas such as north-west Nelson and Northland. significant glaciers, wild coastline and large tracts of primeval forest. Northern rata grows from sea level to a maximum of 900m above sea level. Southern rata Southern rata (Metrosideros umbellata) is the most widespread rata, growing throughout New Zealand as well as in the sub-antarctic Auckland Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand's Threatened Species Strategy
    NEW ZEALAND’S THREATENED SPECIES STRATEGY DRAFT FOR CONSULTATION Toitū te marae a Tāne-Mahuta, Toitū te marae a Tangaroa, Toitū te tangata. If the land is well and the sea is well, the people will thrive. From the Minister ew Zealand’s unique While Predator Free 2050 is the single most significant and Nplants, birds, reptiles ambitious conservation programme in our history, it has to and other animal species be part of a broader range of work if we are to succeed. help us to define who we This draft Threatened Species Strategy is the are as a nation. Familiar Government’s plan to halt decline and restore healthy, emblems include our sustainable populations of native species. The Strategy flightless nocturnal kiwi looks at what steps are needed to restore those species and kākāpō, and the at risk of extinction, and what we should do to prevent silver fern proudly worn others from becoming threatened. by our sportspeople and etched on our war graves We are deliberately using the language of war because we and memorials. are up against invasive enemies that are hard to defeat. If we are to save the creatures we love, we have to eradicate They are our national the predators intent on eating them to extinction. taonga, living treasures found nowhere else on Earth – the unique creations of In response to beech tree seeding ‘mast’ years we have millions of years of geographical isolation. launched the successful Battle for our Birds – pest control on a landscape scale. We have declared a War on Weeds The wildlife on our islands of Aotearoa evolved in a with an annual list of the ‘Dirty Dozen’ to tackle invasive world without teeth, a paradise which for all its stunning plants that are suffocating vast areas of our bush.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactive Effects of Climate Change and Species Composition on Alpine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics
    Interactive effects of climate change and plant invasion on alpine biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics Justyna Giejsztowt M.Sc., 2013 University of Poitiers, France; Christian-Albrechts University, Germany B. Sc., 2010 University of Canterbury, New Zealand A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Te Herenga Waka 2019 i ii This thesis was conducted under the supervision of Dr Julie R. Deslippe (primary supervisor) Victoria University of Wellington Wellington, New Zealand And Dr Aimée T. Classen (secondary supervisor) University of Vermont Burlington, United States of America iii iv “May your mountains rise into and above the clouds.” -Edward Abbey v vi Abstract Drivers of global change have direct impacts on the structure of communities and functioning of ecosystems, and interactions between drivers may buffer or exacerbate these direct effects. Interactions among drivers can lead to complex non-linear outcomes for ecosystems, communities and species, but are infrequently quantified. Through a combination of experimental, observational and modelling approaches, I address critical gaps in our understanding of the interactive effects of climate change and plant invasion, using Tongariro National Park (TNP; New Zealand) as a model. TNP is an alpine ecosystem of cultural significance which hosts a unique flora with high rates of endemism. TNP is invaded by the perennial shrub Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. My objectives were to: 1) determine whether species- specific phenological shifts have the potential to alter the reproductive capacity of native plants in landscapes affected by invasion; 2) determine whether the effect of invasion intensity on the Species Area Relationship (SAR) of native alpine plant species is influenced by environmental stress; 3) develop a novel modelling framework that would account for density-dependent competitive interactions between native species and C.
    [Show full text]