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Treatment of Nausea in Pregnancy
Heitmann et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2015) 15:321 DOI 10.1186/s12884-015-0746-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Treatment of nausea in pregnancy: a cross- sectional multinational web-based study of pregnant women and new mothers Kristine Heitmann1*, Lone Holst1, Angela Lupattelli2, Caroline Maltepe3 and Hedvig Nordeng2,4 Abstract Background: The factors related to the treatment of nausea during pregnancy have not yet been investigated in several countries simultaneously. The present study aimed to describe differences in self-reported nausea during pregnancy and the patterns of use for both conventional and herbal medicines across countries. The factors related to nausea and its treatment and the relationships between different self-reported co-morbidities and nausea were also investigated. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data collected by a web-based questionnaire distributed between October 2011 and February 2012 in several countries within five regions: Western, Northern, and Eastern Europe, North America, and Australia. Women who were pregnant or had a child less than one year old were eligible to participate. Results: A total of 9113 women were included in the study, whereof 6701 (73.5 %) had experienced nausea during pregnancy. Among respondents with nausea, conventional medicines were used by 1201 (17.9 %) women and herbal medicines by 556 (8.3 %) women. The extent of self-reported nausea and its treatment varied by country. Education, working status, and folic acid use were significantly associated with the use of conventional medicines against nausea. Respondents who had nausea also had a high burden of co-morbidity. Conclusion: The prevalence of nausea was high across all participating countries but its treatment varied, possibly due to cultural differences and differences in attitudes towards medicines. -
Histamine Receptors
Tocris Scientific Review Series Tocri-lu-2945 Histamine Receptors Iwan de Esch and Rob Leurs Introduction Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division Histamine is one of the aminergic neurotransmitters and plays of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit an important role in the regulation of several (patho)physiological Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The processes. In the mammalian brain histamine is synthesised in Netherlands restricted populations of neurons that are located in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus.1 Dr. Iwan de Esch is an assistant professor and Prof. Rob Leurs is These neurons project diffusely to most cerebral areas and have full professor and head of the Division of Medicinal Chemistry of been implicated in several brain functions (e.g. sleep/ the Leiden/Amsterdam Center of Drug Research (LACDR), VU wakefulness, hormonal secretion, cardiovascular control, University Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Since the seventies, thermoregulation, food intake, and memory formation).2 In histamine receptor research has been one of the traditional peripheral tissues, histamine is stored in mast cells, eosinophils, themes of the division. Molecular understanding of ligand- basophils, enterochromaffin cells and probably also in some receptor interaction is obtained by combining pharmacology specific neurons. Mast cell histamine plays an important role in (signal transduction, proliferation), molecular biology, receptor the pathogenesis of various allergic conditions. After mast cell modelling and the synthesis and identification of new ligands. degranulation, release of histamine leads to various well-known symptoms of allergic conditions in the skin and the airway system. In 1937, Bovet and Staub discovered compounds that antagonise the effect of histamine on these allergic reactions.3 Ever since, there has been intense research devoted towards finding novel ligands with (anti-) histaminergic activity. -
G Genito Urinary System and Sex Hormones
WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.2 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Learning clinical pharmacology with the use of INNs and their stems. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.2). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. -
Etiology, Classification, and Treatment of Urticaria
CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION Etiology, Classification, and Treatment of Urticaria Kjetil Kristoffer Guldbakke, MD; Amor Khachemoune, MD, CWS GOAL To understand urticaria to better manage patients with the condition OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this activity, dermatologists and general practitioners should be able to: 1. Discuss the clinical classification of urticaria. 2. Recognize how to diagnose urticaria. 3. Identify treatment options. CME Test on page 50. This article has been peer reviewed and approved Einstein College of Medicine is accredited by by Michael Fisher, MD, Professor of Medicine, the ACCME to provide continuing medical edu- Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Review date: cation for physicians. December 2006. Albert Einstein College of Medicine designates This activity has been planned and imple- this educational activity for a maximum of 1 AMA mented in accordance with the Essential Areas PRA Category 1 CreditTM. Physicians should only and Policies of the Accreditation Council for claim credit commensurate with the extent of their Continuing Medical Education through the participation in the activity. joint sponsorship of Albert Einstein College of This activity has been planned and produced in Medicine and Quadrant HealthCom, Inc. Albert accordance with ACCME Essentials. Drs. Guldbakke and Khachemoune report no conflict of interest. The authors discuss off-label use of colchi- cine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, dapsone, intravenous immunoglobulin, methotrexate, montelukast sodium, nifedipine, plasmapheresis, rofecoxib, sulfasalazine, tacrolimus, thyroxine, and zafirlukast. Dr. Fisher reports no conflict of interest. Urticaria is among the most common skin dis- autoimmune mechanisms are now recognized as a eases. It can be acute, chronic, mediated by a cause of chronic urticaria. A search of the PubMed physical stimulus, or related to contact with an database (US National Library of Medicine) for urticant. -
Heft 55 Gastritis, Magen
ROBERT KOCH INSTITUT Statistisches Bundesamt Nach wie vor sind Magenbeschwerden ein häufiges Gesundheitsproblem. Nach aktuellen Studien- ergebnissen des Robert Koch-Instituts hatten ein Fünftel der Erwachsenen in Deutschland schon einmal eine ärztlich diagnostizierte Gastritis, sieben Prozent schon einmal Magen- bzw. Zwölf- fingerdarmgeschwüre (Ulkus). Letztere sind eine schwerere Krankheitsform, bei der es zu ernsten Komplikationen kommen kann. Sowohl die Sicht auf die Ursachen von Gastritis und Ulkus als auch die anteilige Bedeutung der Risiken haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten erheblich verändert. Vor der in den 1980er-Jahren gelungenen Entdeckung der weit verbreiteten bakteriellen Besiedlung mit H. pylori und dessen Heft 55 Beitrag zur Entstehung von Entzündungen und Geschwüren wurde vor allem psychosomatischen Gastritis, Magen- und Ursachen eine große Bedeutung zugeschrieben. Während in Deutschland die Verbreitung von Zwölffingerdarmgeschwüre H. pylori stark zurückgeht, gewinnt die weiter zunehmende Anwendung von potenziell magen- schädigenden Arzneimitteln (z. B. NSAR und ASS) eine wachsende Bedeutung. Weitere Faktoren, wie Tabakkonsum, psychosoziale Belastungen und Ernährung, spielen aber auch eine Rolle, und das Zusammenwirken der Einflüsse ist sehr komplex. Mit den Protonenpumpenhemmern (PPI) stehen inzwischen hochwirksame Arzneimittel für die Behandlung und zur Prävention (»Magenschutz«) zur Verfügung. Aber auch deren anhaltend starker Verbrauchsanstieg ist nicht unproblematisch. © Robert Koch-Institut ISBN 978-3-89606-220-8 -
Receptor Antagonist
Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.29.7.890 on 1 July 1988. Downloaded from Gut, 1988, 29, 890-893 Alteration of H2 receptor sensitivity in duodenal ulcer patients after maintenance treatment with an H2 receptor antagonist D B JONES, C W HOWDEN, D W BURGET, CINDY SILLETTI, AND R H HUNT From the Division of Gastroenterology, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada SUMMARY The effects of a specific H2 receptor agonist impromidine, on gastric acid secretion were measured in six patients with duodenal ulcer in clinical remission before and after three months treatment with ranitidine 150 mg nocte. After treatment basal acid output increased from 1 2 to 2-8 mmol/h and after maximal impromidine stimulation from 36-9 (4 7) to 44-2 (6 2) mmol/h (p<002). Intravenous ranitidine 50 mg was given at the end ofthe impromidine infusion on each study day; the antisecretory effect of intravenous ranitidine was accentuated after the treatment with ranitidine from a trough acid output of8 5 (1-2) mmol/h before, to 3-8 (1-5) mmol/h (p<0 05) after, treatment. The increased response to the H2 agonist impromidine and the H2 antagonist ranitidine after treatment with ranitidine suggests an enhanced sensitivity of the H2 receptor. This might be ex- plained on the basis of an increase in the number of H2 receptors ('up-regulation'). http://gut.bmj.com/ The discovery of the histamine H2 receptor on the a highly potent, and specific agonist for the H2 parietal cell' initiated the development of H2 receptor' exhibiting up to 27 times the affinity of receptor antagonists with potent gastric antisecretory histamine.9 In this study we have examined the effect activity and these agents have now become firmly of three months of treatment with ranitidine 150 mg established in the treatment of peptic ulceration.- nocte on impromidine stimulated gastric acid secre- After heaing of duodenal ulcer by the H2 receptor tion in six patients with duodenal ulcer in remission. -
Histamine and Antihistamines Sites of Action Conditions Which Cause Release Aron H
Learning Objectives I Histamine Pharmacological effects Histamine and Antihistamines Sites of action Conditions which cause release Aron H. Lichtman, Ph.D. Diagnostic uses Associate Professor II Antihistamines acting at the H1 and H2 receptor Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmacological effects Mechanisms of action Therapeutic uses Side effects and drug interactions Be familiar with the existence of the H3 receptor III Be able to describe the main mechanism of action of cromolyn sodium and its clinical uses Histamine Pharmacology First autacoid to be discovered. (Greek: autos=self; Histamine Formation akos=cure) Synthesized in 1907 Synthesized in mammalian tissues by Demonstrated to be a natural constituent of decarboxylation of the amino acid l-histidine mammalian tissues (1927) Involved in inflammatory and anaphylactic reactions. Local application causes swelling redness, and edema, mimicking a mild inflammatory reaction. Large systemic doses leads to profound vascular changes similar to those seen after shock or anaphylactic origin Histamine Stored in complex with: Heparin Chondroitin Sulfate Eosinophilic Chemotactic Factor Neutrophilic Chemotactic Factor Proteases 1 Conditions That Release Histamine 1. Tissue injury: Any physical or chemical agent that injures tissue, skin or mucosa are particularly sensitive to injury and will cause the immediate release of histamine from mast cells. 2. Allergic reactions: exposure of an antigen to a previously sensitized (exposed) subject can immediately trigger allergic reactions. If sensitized by IgE antibodies attached to their surface membranes will degranulate when exposed to the appropriate antigen and release histamine, ATP and other mediators. 3. Drugs and other foreign compounds: morphine, dextran, antimalarial drugs, dyes, antibiotic bases, alkaloids, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds, enzymes (phospholipase C). -
Guidance on the Use of H2 Antagonists for the Prevention and Management of Hypersensitivity
Guidance on the use of H2 antagonists for the prevention and management of hypersensitivity To guide for members on the prevention and management of hypersensitivity in situations where H2 antagonists are in short supply or unavailable www.bopa.org.uk Version 1.0 3rd June 2020 Contents 1. Scope ........................................................................................................................................ 3 2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 3. Approach ................................................................................................................................... 3 4. Guidance ................................................................................................................................... 4 5. Table 1: H2 Antagonists ............................................................................................................. 6 6. References ................................................................................................................................ 7 7. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 8 8. Document control ...................................................................................................................... 8 Guidance on the use of H2 antagonists for the prevention and management of hypersensitivity Page 2 of 8 1. Scope 1.1 This guidance -
Histamine H2 Antagonist (Oral Route, Injection Route, Intravenous Route)
Histamine H2 Antagonist (Oralvisited Route, Injectionon 8/21/2015 Route, Intravenous Route)... Page 1 of 7 Request an Appointment Log in to Patient Search Mayo Clinic Find a Doctor Account Find a Job Translated Content Give Now PATIENT CARE & DEPARTMENTS & RESEARCH EDUCATION FOR MEDICAL PRODUCTS & GIVING TO HEALTH INFO CENTERS PROFESSIONALS SERVICES MAYO CLINIC Drugs and Supplements Print Histamine H2 Antagonist (Oral Route, Injection Route, Intravenous Route) Proper Use Advertisement Description and Brand Names Drug information provided by: Micromedex Before Using For patients taking the nonprescription strengths of these Proper Use medicines for heartburn, acid indigestion, and sour stomach: Precautions • Do not take the maximum daily dosage continuously for more than 2 weeks, unless directed to do so by your doctor. Side Effects • If you have trouble in swallowing, or persistent abdominal pain, see your doctor promptly. These may be signs of a Products and services serious condition that may need different treatment. For patients taking the prescription strengths of these medicines for more serious problems: • One dose a day—Take it at bedtime, unless otherwise Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. directed. Proceeds from website advertising help • Two doses a day—Take one in the morning and one at support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse non-Mayo products and services. bedtime. • Several doses a day—Take them with meals and at bedtime Advertising & Sponsorship for best results. Policy Opportunities It may take several days before this medicine begins to relieve stomach pain. To help relieve this pain, antacids may be taken Mayo Clinic Store with the H2-blocker, unless your doctor has told you not to use them. -
Speed with Vision
Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Yamanouchi Speed with Vision Annual Report 2001 Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Annual Report 2001 d paper 01.9.18, 0:00 PM Adobe PageMaker 6.5J/PPC SPEED WITH VISION — Move quickly in preparation, implementation and achievement of goals — Corporate philosophy: “Creating and Caring ... for Life” — Products that contribute to the well-being of people everywhere Goal: Become a Market-Oriented, R&D-Driven Global Enterprise In Pursuit of Future Prosperity Accelerate global clinical development Start our own sales activities in the U.S. and turn profitable quickly Bolster genomics discovery research Growing Profits Expand sales of mainstay products and quickly launch new products Raising Corporate Value Aim for sustainable growth Raise management transparency Uphold the highest ethical standards Raise employee motivation Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information This annual report includes forward-looking statements based on a number of assumptions and beliefs in light of the information currently available to manage- ment and subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Actual financial results may differ materially depending on a number of factors including adverse economic conditions, currency exchange rate fluctuations, adverse legislative and regula- tory developments, delays in new product launches, pricing and product initiatives of competitors, the inability of the company to market existing and new products effectively, interruptions in production, infringements of the company’s -
Resistant Duodenal Ulcer: When, Why and What to Do?
Postgraduate Medical Journal (1988) 64, 369-372 Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.64.751.369 on 1 May 1988. Downloaded from Difficult Decisions Resistant duodenal ulcer: when, why and what to do? R.P. Walt' and T.K. Daneshmend2 'Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham BJ5 2TH and 2Department of Therapeutics, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. Introduction Duodenal ulceration is a chronic disease the causes Many people include ulcer relapse as evidence of of which remain unknown. Current medical treatment failure or resistance. Unfortunately treatment interrupts the natural history and relapse of duodenal ulcer is even less well accelerates ulcer healing. It does not cure ulcers. All understood and available data do not allow us to duodenal ulcers are generally considered together distinguish between expected and unexpected even though pathophysiological mechanisms differ relapse.6 A recent study has shown that asympto- from patient to patient. It should not be surprising matic relapse and subsequent healing are common that some duodenal ulcer patients respond relatively during maintenance and that most maintenance poorly. However, duodenal ulcers which do not trials have probably underestimated true ulcer heal in the 'usual' time have traditionally been recurrence by nearly half.7 There is also an unsub- labelled as difficult, refractory, intractable, stantiated belief that most ulcers which recur within copyright. stubborn, recalcitrant, persistent, or resistant. There a few days of stopping treatment had never really is no agreement on the definition of resistance and healed and were missed by endoscopists. For these such patients may merely represent one extreme of reasons we will not consider failure of long-term the 'normal' ulcer population. -
Drug Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease Bali A
SMGr up Drug Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease Bali A* - University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab Uni versity,*Corresponding India author: - - Alka Bali, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University In stitute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandi com garh,160014, India, Tel: 91-172-2541142; Fax: 91-172-541142; E-mail: alka.bali@rediffmail. Published Date: April 16, 2016 ABSTRACT Peptic ulcer disease is a widely prevalent upper gastrointestinal disorder worldwide. Gastric hypersecretion is recognized as the prime underlying cause of this disease. Earlier approaches towards alleviation of this disease have primarily focussed on symptomatic treatment of gastric hypersecretion with anti-secretory agents. Histamine H2 successful mechanistic intervention with acid hypersecretion and the prototypic drug cimetidine receptor antagonists represented the first earned the title of ‘first blockbuster drug’ due to its stupendous sales. Cimetidine, ranitidine2 and famotidine remained as first-line therapy for peptic ulcer disease for a very long time. H +/K + receptor antagonists had some limitations such as, ineffective daytime acid control, development of tolerance during therapy and acid rebound. Identification of the proton pump, H -ATPase, as final source of gastric acid secretion led to development of another novel class of antisecretory acid suppression compared to the H agents, termed as proton pump inhibitors2 (PPIs). These agents gave more potent and reproducible Peptic Ulcer Disease | www.smgebooks.com receptor antagonists and soon became first line drugs1 Copyright Bali A.This book chapter is open access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited.